ANT101 Final Amy Young USM

***********Medical Anthropology works in: (5 parts)

1. The way culture intersects with health: how it impacts 2. What happens to make people sick and what they do to treat it: how to treat 3. Public health: what could be done to help improve 4. Medical pluralism- many therapeutic options: 5. Acceptability- how do cultural beliefs jive with medical practice

Applied Anthropologists are working mostly in: (4 parts) List Importance ****most important

1. Tribal and ethnic organizations** 2. Governments*** 3. Non-Governments**** 4. Corporations*

Urban Anthropology works in: (2 parts)

1. Urban vs. Rural Dynamic 2. People are moving to the cities Urban poverty and homelessness

International Development Anthropology works in (3 parts)

1. What do the little guys think 2.**** VICOS project: Peru's hacienda system, Cornell rented hacienda and made the leaders teach reading, math and crop techniques. Increased productions by 5x 3. Patrons and Peons (lords and sifts)

Define Myths: 3 parts

1. a people's traditional stories 2. provide a pedagogical model for the people 3. Pedagogical mans having to do with teaching and learning

Late Epipaleolithic (Natufian)

13-11,600 cal BP, return to high mobility (i.e. TBAS 209, Jordan-one structure indicative of lifestyle; Huwaynit in the Black Dessert of Jordan one structre with terrace wall)-hunt, collect wild plants, little art/personal ornamentation, use microliths in composite tools (arrows/sickles).

Boscombe Boy

14-15 year old boy buried with necklace of beads from the Baltic sea; Bronze age burial at 1500 BC; the boy grew up near the Mediterranean sea; maybe a visitor to a famous place, Stonehenge? = It suggests that ppl throughout the Europe knew about the stonehenge; All bronze age people came from other places and buried here.

Grandmother Hypothesis

A hypothesis stating that menopause in older women is an adaptive trait because it contributes to the survival of grandchildren by eliminating the possibility of childbirth and allowing older women to further their genetic interests by nurturing their grandchildren.

Law

A kind of social control characterized by authority, intension of universal application, obligatio, and sanction.

Bilateral Descent

A kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship equally through both parents.

Cognatic Descent

A kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships through both females and males.

Patrilineal Descent

A kinship system in which individuals trace their primary kinship relationships through their fathers.

Matrilineal Descent

A kinship system in which individuals trace their primary kinship relationships through their mothers.

lingua franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.

Rights of Intensification

A ritual that takes place during a crisis in the life of the group and serves to bund individuals together. i.e. funeral ceremonies, planting/harvesting ceremonies.

Mezhirich site

A site of mammoth bone dwelling at Russian plain; 18,000-14,000 bp, cold weather base camp, dwellings with large exterior storage pits, hearts, exterior piles of mammoth bones; lithics and mammoth ivory artifacts..etc also found.

Band

A small foraging group with flexible composition that migrates seasonally.

Role

A social position in a group, with its associated and reciprocal rights (privileges) and duties obligations).

offspring

A son or a daughter

Levallois technology

A specialized way of preparing a core to remove a flake, point, or blade of allegedly specific shape; appears during late Acheulian but is main technology of Middle Paleolithic and Middle stone age industries.

What is a burdash considered?

A third gender

causewayed camp

A type of Neolithic enclosure, built in Britain about 3800-3000 BC, consisting of one or more ditch and bank circuits broken by causeways. Most had settlement or ceremonial functions.

Lineage

A unilineal group larger than an extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related.

Stonehenge site

A visible monument in the landscape containing sarcens (large stones) and blue stones (small stones) in England; Idea: solar calendar? Lunar calendar? Burial grounds? Ritual gathering place? When peope die, they move the dead people to bluestone henge. The cremated body goes to the stonehenge, where people are buried

Agriculture: "_____ place is in the home"

A women's

Global Economy

A worldwide integrated system of buying and selling goods, materials, labor, and services in the global market.

Ethnography

A written description of the way of life of some human group.

Clan

A-kin group based on rules of residence and descent

First family

A. afensis, 13 individuals, 4 infants died together --> indicates social groupings, individual variation

moiety

An association that divides a society in half.

Tribe

An autonomous political unity that encompasses a number of distinct, geographically dispersed communities that are held together by sodalities.

Silbury Hill site

An example that explains that : Territories are much larger in size = suggests that there is a change in how people are organized; need more people to construct during Late Neolithic period. ;As territories grow in size, more people, need small handful of leaders to lead the large population; 18 million man hours to build.

Clans

An extended uni-lineal kinship group. Members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythological.

ethnicity

An imagined community large groups of people within a states borders, members share a common history and territory

Vision Quest

An individual practice in which a person attempts to enlist the aid of supernatural powers by intentionally seeking a deem or vision.

Ritual

An organized and stereotyped symbolic behavior intended to influence supernatural powers.

Science

An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world

etic

An outsider's understanding of another culture

Forensic Anthropology

Analysis of human skeletal remains resulting from unexplained deaths (often criminal activity)

Isotopic Analysis

Analysis such as dietary analysis can inform us about societal structure or settlement patterns

Human Variation

Anatomical and physiological differences among human population, researched primarily b biological anthropologists.

Ethnic Boundary Marker

Any cultural trait that serves to distinguish members of one ethnic group from members of other ethnic groups.

Incest

Any type of sexual contact between closely related people

What is anthropology?

Anything to do with the conditions of humans.

Why is Ardipithecus ramidus interesting?

Ape like dentition Bipedal, but with an opposable big toe Did not knuckle walk

Evolutionary Medicine

Applying evolutionary principles to understanding contemporary health challenges

Historic Archaeology

Archeology that supplements historical research through excavating sites and studying material remains.

Features

Artifacts that humans made that cannot be removed from site. Ex: building

applied anthropology

As a profession it is explicitly concerned with making anthropological knowledge useful. Applied or practicing anthropologists may be involved in one or more phases of a project: assembling relevant knowledge, developing plans and policies, assessing the likely social and environmental impacts, implementation, and evaluating the project and its effect

1. The universe can be understood 2. Things are as they appear

Assumptions of Science

Likely made the footprints at Laetoli

Australopithecus afarensis

Which of the following was the first definite hominid:

Austrolaithecenes

Types of peaceful resolution

Avoidance: people simply avoid each other until emotions settle down. Community action: societies tend to resolve conflict with community involvement. Communities can also administer punishment for certain crimes. Negotiation or mediation Ritual reconciliation-apology Oaths and Ordeals: Oath-the act of calling a deity to bear witness to the truth of what one says. Ordeal- a means used to determine guilt or innocence by submitting the accused to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under supernatural control. Adjudication, courts, and codified law

Background: • many techniques or "styles" of cave art; use of natural features of the cave walls • they drew what they saw in wild animals (genetic work in horses has shown that prehistoric wild horses came in three color types, so that spotted horses are not imaginary animals) • elements of cave art: most common animal • horse (small smiling horse), bison, woolly mammoth, aurochs, ibex, deer • elements of cave art: least common animals • bear, panther, "penguin" (Great Auk), rhino, owl, humans (some had Venus figurine-like qualities), scribbles of faces, • elements of cave art: "signs" and other things • patterns, abstracts, scribbles, dots, hands ("mutilated" hands: but possibly just that there was no paint on a certain area of the hand) Why Upper Paleolithic art occured: •art for the sake of art (Lartet and Christy 1864) •hunting magic/initiation rituals (Breuil 1901) • male and female pairings (Leroi-Gourhan 1964) • horses, deer, ibex, carnivores = male symbols • narrow signs = male symbols • bison, aurochs = female symbols • wide signs = female symbols • aggregation rituals (social identity) (Conkey 1980) • entoptic phenomena (Lewis-Williams 1988) see: entoptic phenomena • information recall device (Mithen 1990)

Background: • many techniques or "styles" of cave art; use of natural features of the cave walls • they drew what they saw in wild animals (genetic work in horses has shown that prehistoric wild horses came in three color types, so that spotted horses are not imaginary animals) • elements of cave art: most common animal • horse (small smiling horse), bison, woolly mammoth, aurochs, ibex, deer • elements of cave art: least common animals • bear, panther, "penguin" (Great Auk), rhino, owl, humans (some had Venus figurine-like qualities), scribbles of faces, • elements of cave art: "signs" and other things • patterns, abstracts, scribbles, dots, hands ("mutilated" hands: but possibly just that there was no paint on a certain area of the hand) Why Upper Paleolithic art occured: •art for the sake of art (Lartet and Christy 1864) •hunting magic/initiation rituals (Breuil 1901) • male and female pairings (Leroi-Gourhan 1964) • horses, deer, ibex, carnivores = male symbols • narrow signs = male symbols • bison, aurochs = female symbols • wide signs = female symbols • aggregation rituals (social identity) (Conkey 1980) • entoptic phenomena (Lewis-Williams 1988) see: entoptic phenomena • information recall device (Mithen 1990)

Regulatory adjustments

Behavioral, social, and cultural adjustments (clothing)

Out of Africa 2

Behaviorally Modern humans (Homo Sapiens) leaving Africa 70,000-60,000 years ago during wetter climate through Bab el-mandeb strait

animism

Belief in spirit beings animated by natural world

Define: Religion

Belief in supernatural powers and involves the use of rituals and the rituals are designed to influence those powers. Ex. (prayer)

Polygenists

Believe that all humans were descended from a number of pairs of humans

Monogenists

Believe that all humans were descended from an original pair of humans

What is an example of a culture in which the gender dichotomy is not accepted and men can behave as women?

Berdache or "two spirit" of the Cheyenne

Homo heidelbergensis

Between H. erectus and H. sapiens. Saw an increase in brain size and change in cranial width with less robusticity. Use of Levallois tools, lived in caves and hunted.

Define Sex

Biological: Etic

Which came first bipedalism or the expansion of the brain of hominids and when did these take place?

Bipedalism - first evidence 1mya - australophithecus

Eurasian Acheulian

Boxgrove, U.K. 500,000 yo, hand axe debris, hard and soft hammering, bones with cut marks wood spear - 400,000 ya use of fire, big game hunting - France, use of shelter - France

Putrefaction

Break-down of tissues by digestive fluids

brittle versus tough rachis

Brittle=Wild (seed is easily dispersed by nature) vs. Touch=Domesticated (takes a threshing by people to release seeds); change occurs from one to two mutations.

Define Spiritual Sanctions

Burdash/Hishra: Can be blessed: penalty for not following religious rule.

Functions of Music

Call game, lure enemies, attract women, religious ceremonies, identifier, songs w/ text= social functions. Songs express values, ideas, and worldviews of culture.

American Homo sapiens

Came to America via the Bering Land Bridge

Krapina site

Cannibalism?; Lots of Neanderal bones were broken up; issue of whether regarding cutmarks as cannibalism or defleshing for secondary burial; Russell compared Neandertal bones with 1. Butchery marks on fauna 2. Cutmarks on modern humans defleshed using stone tools for secondary burials, and concluded that straiations on Neandertals don't match animal butchery but do match deflshing on moderns.

Ossification

Cartilage replaced by bony tissue

Hohle Fels site

Caves in Germany found: earliest figurines date to ca 35 kya cal BP, the majority of Venus figures found at site are Gravettian in age, earliest musical instruments (22 cm long flute, hollow vulture wing bone, fragments of ivory flutes) 35 kya cal BP

Clinal variation

Changes in morphology that vary with geographic space

Evolution

Changes in the genetic makeup of a population over generations.

Younger Dryas

Climate-colder/drier, vegetation zones (Mediterranean forest, parkland, steppe) in the Levant shrank. Shaman burial-elderly woman with a multitude of animal bones and one human foot (not her own): 50 tortoise shells, wild boar leg, aurochs tail, golden eagle's wing, two martenskulls, gazelle horn, and leopard pelvis.

Margaret Mead

Coming of age in Samoa.

States that women's tasks tend to those most well-matched with childcare

Compatibility Theory

Biological determinism

Concept that various aspects of behaviors are governed by biological factors

Where do we find foragers today?

Continue in areas not suited to agriculture, undeveloped countries

Multinational Corporations

Corporations that produce and market goods and services globally.

neolocal

Couple establishes an independent residence

Ambilocal

Couple lives with either the bride's or the groom's family

matrilocal

Couple lives with the bride's family

patrilocal

Couple lives with the groom's family

Courts of Mediation

Court systems in which the sanctions imposed are designed more to restore harmonious relations between parties than to punish.

Global Knowledge

Cultural knowledge that is widely disseminated by means of a written language.

kinship

Culturally defined relationships based on descent, marriage, and agreement

sororate

Custom by which a widower married the sister of his deceased wife.

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative pathology caused by workload stress on joints

Neanderthal Symbolism and Culture

Deliberately buried dead. Lived in open sites and caves and used open fire. Large-game hunters.

Striking political change in recent history

Democracy has been spreading rapidly in the past few decades. In 1992, about half of the world's countries had some form of democratic society and freedoms. Scholars can't really explain why this is happening but many think it is due to the spread of ideas through technology such as the internet, television, and social media.

bilateral descent

Descent system in which kinship is traced through both parents

Unilineal Descent

Descent through one "line"; includes both patrilineal and matrilineal descent.

Patrilineal

Descent traced though male line

matrilineal

Descent traced through female line

1.Inference 2. Explanation

Diachronic Studies

Development

Differentiation of cells into tissues

mammoth steppe

During Ice ages, Europe (From Spain to Canada) was considered as the mammoth steppe, a unique tundra-grassland with sparse arboreal vegetation/low grass, thickly covered by grass, herbs, and shrubs; animal biomass and plant productivity nearly equal to African savanna today even during coldest periods of last glacial; species that today have widely different ecological requirements;

Narikotome II/ Turkana Boy

E. Africa (Lake Turkana) "Strapping youth" 90% complete, 12 year old male, 5'3" (adult estimate 6'), heavily muscled, modern pelvis, body proportions, reduced sexual dimorphism 1.6 mya

Out of Africa 1 3⁄4

Early (archaic) modern humans- skeletally modern humans (Homo Sapiens); does not seem to have gone beyond Middle East

v Interpretations by some archaeologists of the Neolithic landscape in Great Britain (see slides at end of lecture 23_social interactions in NE and Europe). [Slide 52-54, 58, 60, mainly 62-65 Lecture 23]

Early Neolithic architecture: see: Stonehenge see: Hambeldon Hill Late Neolithic architecture: see: Silbury Hill The Neolithic landscape can also be described as consisting of the domains of the living and of the dead. Structures used for rituals for the living and for everyday life are built of timber, while structures such as the megahenges are built of stone and represent long-term memorials for ancestors. The dead are transferred from the domain of the living (Durrington Walls) along the River Avon to Bluestonehenge (where they are cremated), and then over the avenue to Stonehenge (where they are buried). see: Bluestonehenge see: Boscombe Boy

Foragers: What is the typical religion?

Earth force

social environment affects disasters

Earthquakes in the U.S. do not kill many people when they occur due to adequate construction. In other countries, thousands of people are killed when the same earthquake hits because of poor living conditions. A disaster can affect a region differently due to the social conditions of that society

Australopithecus boisei

East Africa 510-530 cc, hyper-robust form, originally called Zinjanthropus, 75-110 lbs, large supraorbital tori, large, broad face, somewhat larger than A. robustus 2.3 -2.1 mya

Australopithecus aethiopicus

East Africa co-existed, intermediate between A. afarensis & robust forms, primitive cranial traits: 410 cc, prognathic face, flaring zygomatic, large nuchal crests, large supraorbital tori and sagittal crest 2.7 - 2.5 mya

Homo rudolfensis

East Africa larger brain: 780 cc av (752-810 cc range), larger body, flatter face, no brow ridges or sagittal crest, broad, grinding teeth, weight: 110-135 lbs, 4'9" 2.4 - 1.6 mya

Early Homo

East Africa stone tools, very fragmentary fossils 2 - 1.5 mya, several Homo species -- Industry: spatial and temporal depth 2.5 mya

Capitalism

Economies organized by using market principles, including both national economies and the global economy.

States that because men and women are more suited to certain tasks they will be more likely to accomplish related tasks

Economy of Effort Theory

Indigenous Minorities

Ethnically distinct groups of foragers, horticulturalists, and pastoralists who occupy their historic homelands and who are politically subordinate to larger national governments.

Discovery of Homo erectus

Eugene Dubois, Indonesia, 1891 skull cap, femur --> 2 individuals Pithecanthropus erectus, "ape-man", was 50,000 years old, now dated to be 1.0 my - 800,000 years old

Archaic Homo sapiens

Europe, Asia, Africa Archaic humans: mix H. erectus traits, anatomically modern humans appeared 500,000 until 28,000 ya

Principle 1 :Evolutionary change most often occurs through small incremental steps Principle 2: Each incremental step builds on prior adaptations Principle 3: Behavioral change drives genetic change Principle 4: Complex features evolve only if they are adaptive. = These evolutionary principles suggest that : 1. Continuities with other species are to be expected (e.g. Common chimps, bonobos, gorilla language capabilities) 2. Behavioral adaptations that require minimal genetic changes will be favored.

Europe: Paleoenvironmental data and animal bone assemblages from Happisburgh show that 800,000 ya, England had a boreal forest setting, a novel environment which hominins were able to exploit. Common animals include red deer, southern mammoth, and extinct types of elk and horse. Tree cover included pine and spruce, both indicative of cool climates. Boxgrove, in England, dates to ca 500,000 years ago and has a few hominin remains attributed to Homo heidelbergensis. England is still joined to continental Europe by a land bridge (now the English Channel). For the first time in northern Europe, we find handaxes typical of Mode 2 industries. There are two main areas at Boxgrove with numerous sites dating to ca 500,000 ya. Animals found at Boxgrove include elephant, rhinoceros, giant deer, red deer, and horse. They were attracted to the wet grassland and shrub habitat and likely the abundance of these animals, in turn, attracted hominins who hunted them. Asia: see: Lapita culture Middle East: see: Out of Africa 1 3/4 see: Out of Africa 2 Australia: see: Lake Mungo (The Willandra freshwater lakes were present until about 22,000 ya) (Lake Mungo burials: about 40,000 ya) Early sites in Australia such as Carpenter's Gap (ca 42,000 bp) and Mandu Mandu (ca 32,000 bp) have evidence of personal ornamentation/symbolism. America: see: Beringia Strait (Genetic evidence documents several waves of migration, the oldest occurring after 20,000 ya.) see: Monte Verde (14,600 cal BP) see: Clovis culture (13,200-12,800 cal BP)

Horticulture: Name environmental constraints 2. If it's an environment that's safe to walk, ______can take the babies/kids

Example: Quinlan's field work, men did most of the gardening. Clay soil and mountains and tropical. The clay soil when whet is slippery, woman fall (miscarriage or if you are holding an infant and fall = not good) 2. Women

v Social consequences of agriculture (population growth and organization, trading networks, settlements etc). [Slide 21 to 46, Lecture 22: most of them are pictures so don't feel intimidated by the coverage]

Examples: see: desert "kite" site see: 'Ain Ghazal see: Jericho accumulation of material goods • building materials (e.g., stone, timber, massive mudbrick) • heavy objects such as ground stone tools • "knicknacks" social complexity in status of people • personal ornamentation and grave goods NW Coast dances and songs social complexity in rituals monumental architecture - Cliff Palace & Pueblo Bonito • temples or shrines see: Stonehenge see: Catal Hoyuk see: 'Ain Ghazal treatment of the dead ceremonial artifacts sacred places in the landscape social complexity in status of people • larger houses for "elites" • ownership of motifs and oral traditions by families

Negative Reciprocity

Exchange motivated by the desire to obtain products, in which the parties try to gain all the material goods they can (bartering).

States that men are more expendable then women

Expendability Theory

High Altitude Adaptions

Face hypoxia D: Increased heart and lung capacity A: RBC production, higher breathing rate R: Clothes, shelter, chewing coca leaves

True or False: Women seek out sex more often than men.

False

Culture Change: (True/False) Some cultures are static. (True/False) Societies are always changing even if you can't see it from the outside. __________-(new stuff)- from independent invention (True/False) Without a need there is no discovery.

False True Innovation True

kinship

Family in which ego is a parent

family of orientation

Family in which ego is born/grows up

matrilineage

Family line is traced through the mother's side

Famine as it relates to social conditions

Famine almost always has some social causes albeit from war, drought, over growing, and diseases. In the case of a famine, governments may provide relief in the form of food aid. In many instances, the aid in unequally distributed due to bias against certain groups. In socially stratified societies, the poor suffer particularly. A society most helps those it values the most.

Australopithecus garhi

Middle Awash, Ethiopia, East Africa small brain (450 cc), partial cranium, upper jaw, similar to A. afarensis, large teeth, not specialized, transition between A. afarensis and homo, with animal bones --> butchery marks, tool use?, flakes: these rock types are not natural to area so had to transported, marrow = higher caloric intake = increased socialization and brain size 2.5 mya

Europe

H. antecessor (not erectus) 1.2 mya, Spain based on: canine fossa, 1000 cc, double brow, came between H. ergaster & H. heldleborgensis H. heldleborgensis: last ancestor of Modern humans & Neanderthals

Diets

H. habilis - omnivore, Olduvai Gorge fossils, H. rudolfensis - vegetarian - Koobi Fora fossils could have changed due to drift, natural selection, mutation

Anatomically Modern Humans

Middle East Qafzehand Skul, Isreal = 92,000 ya Europe: by 35,000 - 45,000 best site: Mladec, CZ 9 skulls, 35,000 ya

Fertile Crescent

Middle East, origin area for food production

Homo sapiens sapiens

Modern - 200,000 ya - evolving to modern form trends: increased population density, artistic traditions, fishing, trapping technology, more areas inhabited traits: globular braincase - 1400 cc, vertical/vaulted forehead, reduced brow ridges, chin, face under skull, reduced body mass and thinner bones, narrow trunk, unique pelvic shape, reduced tooth size earliest sites: Omo, Ethiopia = 190,000 ya Border Cave, S. Africa = 115,000 - 90,000 ya

Cultural Fluorescence

Modern humans began to act "modernly" 40 kya. Modernly, however, tended to mean "European". But, behaviorally, modern humans are those that behave in complex fashions.

Partial replacement/Assimilation theory

Modern humans emerge from archaic humans in Africa and interbreed with those in Africa, Asia, and Europe including Neanderthals.

What happened with the initial shift from foraging to agriculture and when was this? Why would people have turned to agriculture?

Population pressure Climate change Resource depletion Nowhere left to go

Breeding isolates

Populations are isolated geographically and/or socially from breeding with other groups

Lagar Velho site

Portuguese fossil hominin dated 27 kya which is possibly a hybrid child (modern human and Neandertal)

1.gametic mortality 2.zygotic mortality 3.hybrid mortality 4.hybrid inviability

Post-Mating Isolation

Communal Practices

Religious practices in which the members of a group cooperate in the performance of rituals intended to benefit all.

Priests

Religious specialists, often full-time, who officiate at rituals.

Fieldwork

Research that involves observing and interviewing the members of a society, region, or community to describe their contemporary ay of life.

Acclamatory adjustments

Reversible physiological adjustments of an individual after the development period (muscle building, red blood count)

"hostile Pleistocene" theory

Richerson, no plant-rich intensifications BUT human population sophistication, last glacial climates hostile to agriculture-dry, regionally variable-subsistence intensification, low in CO2≠agriculture

Horticulture: A lot of the time: ______garden and_____take produce to the market

Men Women

What is one support of the Compatibility Theory?

Men cannot breast feed making women naturally specialized for caring for infants

Interviews

Methods of collecting information about a culture by systematic questioning; may be structured (questionnaires) or unstructured (open-ended questions).

Surveys

Methods used by fieldworkers to gather information from a lot of individuals or families very quickly; common survey instruments are censuses and form questionnaires.

consanguineal

"blood" relatives, relationship based on descent from a common ancestor

Modernization

"dirty word" . developing societies acquiring some of the cultural characteristics of Western industrial societies.

Incest taboo

prohibition of sexual contact between certain close relatives, usually parent and child and sibling relations at a minimum.

Postpartum Taboo

prohibits husband from having sex with wife after she's given birth and some cases when she's still brest feeding

ompared to modern humans, Homo erectus had:

prominent brow ridges

Count Buffon

proposed microevolution and Epigenesis over Preformation

The general functions and purposes of clothing around the world.

protection from the elements, modesty, supernatural protection, and communication of status, intentions, and other messages

Allen rule

protruding body parts are relatively shorter in cooler areas of a species range than warmer areas

The term for the kind of paralanguage that includes interaction distance and other culturally defined uses of space.

proxemics

Ruth Benedict

published "Patterns of Culture" in 1934. Theme=deviance should be understood as a conflict between an individual's personality and the norms of the culture to which the person belongs. It focused attention on the problem of interrelation between culture and personality. It essentially popularized the reality of cultural variation.

habitually walk on 4 legs

quadrupedal (gorillas and bonobos)

ilium

quadrupeds: elongated, parallel to spine bipeds: shorter, broader, laterally placed pelvic muscles, attachments ilium, glutus maximus, hip joint, hamstrings, knee glute - shortened in humans hamstring - longer

femoral articulation

quadrupeds: small angle, legs parallel hips to feet bipeds: larger angle, inward, knock-kneed knee-joint rearranged, valgus angle tibia, fibula - more perpendicular to foot

foramen magnum

quads: back of skull bipeds: under skull

Expansion of Hominin World

radiation over by 1.4 mya, only: genus Homo survival, species erectus survived dispersal began 1.8 mya - single species increases its range (H. erectus out of Africa)

stratified sample

random sample with divisions into categories such as age, gender, of socioeconomic level

A society with equal access to wealth and power, but unequal access to prestige is called

ranked

Polytheism

recognizing many gods, none of whom is believed to be superodinate

Your parents and neighbors pay taxes, your brother in-law drives a truck on public roads

redistribution

A dialect associated with a geographically isolated speech community. An example is the Texas in contrast to the Midwestern American dialect.

regional dialect

transnational migration

regular movement of a person between two or more countries resulting in a new cultural identity

consanguinity

related by blood

Sympatric Species

related species that are ecologically or behaviorally isolated

Allopatric Species

related species that are geographically isolated

Paleospecies

related species that are temporally isolated

According to the Law of Superposition, if two artifacts are found at an archaeological site, but one is in a stratum (layer) of soil located above the other, then that artifact was deposited more recently. This is an example of_______ dating

relative

Seriation and stratigraphy are forms of what kind of dating method?

relative

Serial Monogamy

remarrying more than one time

circular migration

repeated movement between two or more places, either within or between countries

naturalocality

resides with either mother or fathers side of the family

Sexual Permissiveness: Greater______on premarital sex occur in_______societies where inheritance and property rights belong to men.

restriction/sanction patriarchal

bipedalism morphology

restructuring: pelvis, lower limbs lower limbs - longer

earliest hominins

result of mosaic evolution, bipedal, fossils date between 6 and 2 mya, small cranial capacities, several species lived at same time, earliest traces in East Africa

Pastoralism: What kind of land to they dwell on?

rocky, infertile

Incest Taboo

rule forbidding incest

judgement sample

sample that is chosen based on the judgement of the ethnographer: Key informants

How do the Tepoztlan Indians of Mexico feel about premarital sex?

say it will bring disgrace and insanity

Tasks that involve processing and preparation of food resources for eating or storing

secondary subsistence activities

Define Horticulture, what kind of land?

sedentary small scale plant/animal domestication on hilly/sloped fertile land

You are in a zoo and see a primate. How will you decide if it is a monkey and not an ape?

see if it has a tail

Religion

set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, whether that power rests in forces, gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons

What is the difference between sex and gender?

sex is defined by biology while gender is defined by culture and can be changed

Sexual Dimorphism: Men: have bigger_____dimorphism.

sexual

homosexuality

sexual attraction to the same sex

Marriage: What are the rules based off of?

sexual selection

Types of religious practitioners

shamans: usually a part time male specialist who has fairly high status in his community and is often involved in healing. Sorcerers and Witches: even in both sexes, sorcerers and witches have very low social and economic status. They are usually feared because people believe they know how to invoke the supernatural to cause illness, injury, and death. Mediums: mediums tend to be female. These are part time practitioners are asked to heal and divine while in possession trances, that is when they are thought to be possessed by spirits. Priests: generally full time male specialists who officiate at public events. They have high status and are thought to be able to relate to superior or high gods who are beyond the ordinary person's control.

How did the remains at Laetoli appear to be at one point structurally?

short, slow, with a brain like a chimpanzee

What are some physiological female tendencies?

shorter wider greater percentage of body fat

Are gender roles very different from culture to culture, or more similar?

similar

Dialect

similar/different language

Hunting

small and large game, not primary food (vegetable matter was), Zoukoudian, China - caves (550,000 - 300,000 ya)

Homo erectus derived traits

smaller, less prognathic face, less robust, higher skull, smaller jaw, smaller teeth than H. habilis, sagittal keeling (Asia), thick enamel, nuchal torus - larger in E. African, 970 cc ave: 750-1250 cc range, large, projecting nose

Bergmann rule

smaller-sized subpopulations of a species inhabit warmer parts of geographic range and larger-sized subpopulations the cooler areas

A dialect spoken by a speech community that is socially isolated from others. These kinds of dialects are mostly based on class, ethnicity, gender, age, or particular social situations. "Black English" in North America is an example.

social dialect

ascribed status

social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life

achieved status

social status that comes through talents choices actions and accomplishments rather than ascription

ascribed status

social status that people have little or no choice about occupying

social structure

social structure of the gods mirrored the social structure of society. ranked society= ranked gods. not ranked society= no ranked gods

Ranked societies

societies that don't have any unequal access to economic or power but with social groups that have unequal access to status positions and prestige

Castes

societies to which membership and types of labor are ascribed at birth

Egalitarian societies

societies which all people of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.

Egalitarian societies are least likely to be found among

societies with intensive agriculture

study of use of languages in communication in everyday life

sociolinguistics

societies allow the institution of change

some societies welcome change because it will be beneficial to societies. In Taiwan, women were introduced to family planning methods to slow the birth rate. They wanted less kids so they welcomed the new changes and the birth rate quickly fell to a manageable level.

Achieved Political leadership

someone who goes out and wins the support of the people. It must be worked for and is not given. Example: "big men" in south america who have many wives, plenty of property, and take care of their family and friends

internally displaced person (IDP)

someone who is forced to leave his or her home or community but who remains in the same country

displaced person

someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country

An artifact is

something made or changed by humans

revitalization movements

sometimes social stress gives rise to new religious movements. Seneca indians

Polyandry: First _______ inherits the land which makes the land go farther.

son

atlati

spear thrower, sometimes carved to represent animal figures

If two populations of primates were separated for a substantially long period of time by geographically, causing them over time, to begin developing characteristics that distinguished them from each other result in

spectiation

A term referring broadly to patterned verbal behavior used by humans.

speech

Wernike's

speech perception

Broca's

speech production development of Broca's area in endocranial casts

Trobriander & yams

spend lots of time/effort to raise yams for other people, normally their sisters and married daughters. Purpose- to enhance his own influence.

Roles of Shaman

spiritual leaders and traditional healers. Act as mediators between spirit & physical world.

Cultural anthropology

study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings. Focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture reproducing creatures.

Descriptive linguistics

study of how language are constructed

Historical linguistics

study of how language change over time

Paleoanthropology

study of human evolution

Phonology

study of sound in language and how they are used

Paleo-anthropology

study of the origins and predecessors of the present human species

Ethnology

studying cultures from a comparative or historical point of view.

Race

subpopulation or variety of a species that differs somewhat in gene frequencies from other varieties of the species.

Nicolas Copernicus

sun centered galaxy

hominins

super family: hominoidea, family: hominidae - humans, extinct ancestors and great apes, extinct ancestors, subfamily: homininae - African great apes, humans, ponginae - orangs, tribe: hominini - humans and extinct ancestors

hominids

super family: hominoidea, group together because of morphology, family: hominidae - humans/extinct ancestors, pongidae - great apes, hylobatidae - lesser apes, humans and chimps should be grouped closest, chimps and gorillas too, orangs on their own

Religion: Getting in Touch

supernaturals

irrigation

supplying land with water through a network of canals

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis

The term for sounds or things which have meaning given to them by the users. The meaning can not be discovered by mere sensory examination of their forms. They are abstractions created by people.

symbols

The general term for a standardized set of rules that determine how words should be combined to make sense to speakers of a language. Grammar consists of these rules and morphology.

syntax

What are some physiological male tendencies?

taller heavier skeletons broader shoulders

Cultural pluralism

term used when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and whose values and practices are accepted by the wider culture.

Tribe

territorial population in which there are kin/non kin groups with representatives in a number of local groups

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

that each language provides particular grooves of linguistic expression that predispose speakers of that language to perceive the world in a certain way. "the picture of the universe shifts from tongue to tongue".

What are some supports of the Economy of Effort Theory?

that women are more able to do home chores men make musical instruments

right of return

the United Nations' guaranteed right of a refugee to return to his or her home country to live

In the egalitarian societies people may differ in prestige, but these differences are not related to

the economic status of one's parents

reciprocity

the exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties

FOXP2

the first gene relevant to the human ability to develop language; One from dad and one from mom (FOX p2) = if one of them is bad, then you get a language impairment; two functional copies of FOXP2 are required for acquisition of normal spoken language; Figuring out when human started to have human FOXP2. If you can figure out when that appears, you can figure out when the modern human language appeared in the past. Because you need FOXP2 to have a modern human language; a feature responsible for the symbolic expression

Law of superposition

the geologic principle that states that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it.

Cultural relativism

the idea that one must suspend judgment of other people's practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms.

If a culture believes it is best for people to marry a cousin, but only 4% of people actually do so is an example of

the influence of indirect cultural constants

social capital

the intangible resources existing in social ties, trust, and cooperation

poverty

the lack of tangible and intangible assets that contribute to life and the quality of life

syntax

the manner in which minimum units of meaning are combined

comparative method

the methodological approach of comparing data

Neolithic

the new stone age. Presence of domesticated plants and animals

Fixity of species

the notion that species, once created, can never change

Social complexity

the number of groups and their interrelationships in a society

Archaeology is the study of

the past through material remains

Social structure

the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

Lower Paleolithic

the period Oldowan and Acheulian stone tool tradition

cultural relativism

the perspective that a foreign culture should not be judged by the standards of a home culture and that a behavior or way of thinking must be examined in its cultural context

Atheism

the position that there are no deities. It can also mean the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. A broader meaning is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist. Atheism is distinguished from theism, which in its most general form is belief that at least one deity exists.

kinship system

the predominant form of kin relationships in a culture and the kinds of behavior involved

paleoanthropology

the study of human biological evolution

sociolinguistics

the study of linguistic behavior as determined by sociocultural factors

Anthropology

the study of mankind in all times and places

culture

the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by members of a society

culturentism

the sum total of the knowledge, ideas, behaviors, and material creations that are learned, shared, and transmitted primarily through the symbolic system of language

descent

the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations

Upper Paleolithic

the time period associated with the emergence of modern humans & spread around the world

unilineal descent

the tracing of descent through only one parent

bilineal descent

the tracing of kinship relationships through parentage

descent

the tracing of kinship relationships through parentage

dowry

the transfer of cash and goods from the bride's family to the newly marriage couple

An explanation (not just an association) supported by a reliable body of data

theory

James Hutton

theory that the earth was very old due to the slow pace of geological change dependant more on presently observable agents like water, wind and ice.

Uniformitarianism

theory that the earth's features are the result of longterm process that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past.

Which of the following is true about the distribution of variation among modern humans?

there is more variation within each "race" than between them

What part do women of the iriquois have in the political process?

they can nominate, elect, and impeach representatives can forbid males from going to war and negotiate peace (informal influence)

Tannen suggests that men and women may develop different speaking styles because

they grew up in different kinds of social groups and subcultures

Jebel Faya site

they had Levallois like Neandertals

How do the Etoro of New Guinea feel about homosexuality?

they prefer it over heterosexuality (forbidden 260 days/year)

Mosaic evolution

things change at different rates, continuous variation, things change very slowly

What kind of forager is most likely to live in a sedentary settlement with land ownership

those relying on both substances

Ethnocentrism (negative aspects)

too easy to take this idea as a charter for condemning other cultures as ingerior and to denigrate and exploit them for the benefit of ones own.

Cultural Innovations

tools, hunting, fire, shelter, birthing

Culture

tools: more sophisticated, specialization, Upper Paleolithic, more precisely made, blades: hard to make, carving - burins, gravers, bone - awls, needles, knives, harpoons, Atlatl - device for throwing spear, Solutrian tool type, more efficient

Genotype

total complement of inherited traits or genes of an organism

Neanderthal Morphology

traits shared with other archaic humans: sloping forehead, long, low skull, little or no chin, large brow ridge traits unique: 1520 cc (range 1200 - 1800 cc), long faces, large nasal region, occipital bun, broad front teeth, low forehead compared to modern: absent chin, double arched brow ridge, thicker skull bones, larger molars, stock build, broad rib cage, slightly bowed, long bones, well developed musculature, generally robust bones

Foragers: __________: still want to be foragers but can't. 3 reasons why?

transitional 1. they start to use domesticated plants 2. Still foraging for part or most of the year 3. Start to see gender roles

Clovis culture

we now know that Clovis culture was not the first paleoamericans; hunted big animals (due to evidence of kill.butchery sites), evidence of clovis spear points,

What separates us from our relatives

we walk upright

ideal behavior

what people believe they should do; not what people really do

real behavior

what people do realistically. There are always acceptions to the ideal

Levirate

when a widow marries her dead husband's brother

Sororate

when a wife dies and man marries his sister in-law

Ghost Marriage

when a woman marries a dead man

disaster

when large areas or large numbers of people are affected by an event

Fundamentalist Mormons

who practices Polygyny in the US?

humans have a ____ pelvis, while the great ape's pelvis is ____ and ____.

wide, long, narrow

Fraternal Polyandry

wife married to brothers

11,000 years old tools found at Natufian suggest they harvested ____ intensively

wild grains

Movie on Maasai Women: Who has primary responsibility for the safety of the family herd of cattle? Who has responsibility for building the house? Who has responsibility for milking the cows and collecting food?

wives

Polyandry: Define, What type of environment? Why?

woman with many husbands at the same time. Only works in really harsh environment. You don't want to split up land inheritance.

Horticulture: _____ do most of the cultivating cross-culturally

women

In traditional hunter-gatherer societies, ___ bring in more calories in the form of plants, while ___ bring in more valued calories in the form of meat.

women; men

Agriculture: The______requires a lot of upper body strength (Before tractors)

work

ethnography

written description of a culture based on data gathered from fieldwork

With the Iriquois, what kinship do they have in the family?

you are of the mother's family not the father's

How long did H. erectus last?

youngest fossils 200,000 ya (Africa) Indonesian site: 53,000 ya overlap w/ moderns

The number of languages in which speakers must memorize all possible sentences that can be created. In other words, simply learning the rules for creating sentences is not adequate to be able to speak and understand other people using these languages.

zero

Totemistic Rituals

Rituals during which members of a kinship group focus on their totem, a natural object with which they are associated.

Ancestral Rituals

Rituals performed to worship or pleas a kinships group's ancestors.

v Major results/points, and how they apply to ANTH 122 topics, for the following readings: Roebroeks 2005 Hodgson 2006 Diamond 1992 Munro & Grossman 2010 Golitko & Keeley 2007

Roebroeks 2005 - Life on the Costa del Cromer - Flint fragments from eastern England are earliest known evidence of human occupation of Britain. - 700,000 ya, UK was connected to Europe, and sediments laid down by the lowland rivers are found today along the coastline. As the sediments were deposited, remains of animals and plants became trapped in them. - Partiff et al. à Early humans were roaming the banks of the rivers during a warm interglacial period, earlier than thought before. - Findings were found near the village of Pakefield, Suffolk. - 32 pieces of worked flint à clear evidence for presence of humans at 700,000 years ago. - Small assemblage consists mostly of waste flakes produced during flint knapping. - Impossible to suggest technological advancement, but Roebroeks suggests butchering toold. - Implications: o Pakefield findings show that humans were not confined to the Mediterranean perimeter of Spain for a few hundreds of thousands of years before moving into the north. (Site 200,000 y older than previous evidence). o Pakefield artefacts do not testify to a colonization of the colder temperate environments of northern Europe, but more to a short-lived human expansion of range, in rhythm with climatic oscillations. - Because the Cromer Forest-bed is among most researched sites à what are the implications of other parts of the world? - "Careful with translating absence of evidence into evidence of absence." Derek Hodgson 2006 - ASC and Palaoart: an Alternative Neurovisual Explanation - A rebuttal of Lewis-William's notion that altered states of consciousness and shamanism can explain Paleolithic art. - Lewis-Williams suggests that individuals ten to hallucinate those things that have a particular cultural significance. Hodgson, however, refutes this, by showing that animals are not absent amonst urban populations undergoing hallucinatory experiences. o Must be another reason for the appearance and persistence of animals in such instances other than cultural affinities. - Lewis-Williams suggests that depicted animals were all about seeming to emerge from cave walls. à Not true, for nearly all depicted animals are sideways on. - Conclusion: Shamanism and ASC are unable to provide a coherent and consistent explanation of palaeoart. à Geometric are intimately connected with early visual brain's preferences relating to lower brain, and higher brain is primed to be sensitive to animal forms. Jared Diamond 1992- The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race - Recent discoveries show that the transition from food foraging to farming (Neolithic revolution) may have been the worst mistake. - People began domesticating plants and animals 10,000 years ago. - Progressivist view à Lives improved with the switch to farming. (Art) - Three sets of reasons wgtagriculture was bad for health: 1. Malnutrition (Hunter-gatherers much more diverse diet) 2. Starvation (Dependent on crop, what is it failed?) 3. Epidemic diseases (Crowding led to parasites and infectious diseases) 4. Deep class divisions - Agricultures allowed for art à modern hunter-gatherers have at least as much free time as do farmer. So do gorillas. - It's not that hunter-gatherers abandoned their life-style, but that those sensible enough not to abandon it were forced out of all areas except the ones farmers didn't want. Munro & Grossman 2010 - Early evidence for feasting at a burial cave in Israel - Paper emphasizes the mportance of local/cultural contributions to the agricultural transition. - Evidence for feasting is common in the early agricultural societies of the Neolithic, but evidence in pre-Neolithic contexts is more elusive. à cultural remains from Hilazon Tachtit provide best vevidence for feasting in pre-Neolithic context. - Hilazon Tachtit: small burial cave containing the remains of at least 28 individuals in the Lower Galilee region of Israel. The fill of structures contained large quantities of identifiable animal remains à aurochs (wild cattle) and toroise. - Community members coalesced at Hilazon Tachtit to engage in special rituals to commemorate the burial, and feasts were central elements of these events. - Feasts served important roles in the negotiation and solidification of social relationships, integration of communities. à These social changes mark significant changes in human social complexity. - Investigation of social factors by providing evidence for feasting for explaining how transition to agriculture began. - Aurochs remains exhibit clear signs of butchery and bone processing and are fragmented. - Results indicate that the cattle remains in structure B were fully exploited for both meat and fat before deposition. - Implemented breakage strategy allowed meat to be removed from the shell while preserving the carapace intact. - Hilazon Tachtit meets all of the criteria of feasts: 1. Special foods (unusually large amount of important animals) 2. Energy and time investment (aurochs were largest and most dangerous, hard to acquire) 3. Special context (bones in burial of shaman) - Identification of feasting in the Natufian record relates t the expansion toof public ritual as part of increases social complexity initially triggered by sedentization (going from nomadic lifestyle to one that stays in one place permanently) à provides support for social models for agricultural origins. - Natufian evidence suggests that increased social complexity enabled society to successfully adopt the major subsistence changes that agriculture entailed à yet, unique environmental and demographic circumstance were required. Golitko & Keeley 2007- Beating ploughshares back into swords - Purpose: review the evidence for warfare found at LBK archaeological sites, particularly burial trauma and the fortification sites. - Conclusion: (1) conflict was highly prevalent, particularly at later period western sites, and that (2) this conflict not only occurred between LBK communities, bt also between LBK farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers. - Linearbandkeramik (LBK) people first attacked the hunter-gatherers they encountered and then entered a period of increasingly violent warfare against each other, culminating an intense struggle in the area of central and western Germany. - Most obvious evidence for conflict = presence of certain types of traumatic injury in burial populations. No healing à trauma was probable cause of death. - Talheim: pit containing LBK cultural material that contained a whole population of a small LBK village. - More violence present in the western LBK area. - Argued that LBK enclosures cannot represent defensive installations because ditches are too shallow, enclose too small an area, have limited evidence of internal settlement, or contain evidence of ritual activity. - Ethnographic evidence indicating that fortification is a response to violence. Where there was less violence (east), there were fewer fortifications. - Remains from Schletz-Asparn and Talheim indicate that enemies came from other LBK villages, and that LNK-style axes and adzes inflicted the crushing blows. o Archeological evidence and ethnographic analogy demonstrate that warfare was a frequent occurrence during the earliest LBK expansion. In later western contexts its frequency seems to have been comparable to that found amongst the most violent tribal types of society known ethnographically. o Correlation violence and frequence of LBK enclosures à fortifications. o Does not rule out practice of ritual, for the ritual was likely to be connected to conflict. Lindeatbandkeramik is perhaps the best-studied Neolithic culture in all of Europe, with hundreds of sites having been subjected to excavation iver the last century. It was initially believed that the movement of agriculture into central Europe occurred via a process of peaceful migration of peoples deriving from the Near East. Many researchers of LBK still believe that physical migration of a substantial number of people offers the best explanation for the sudden appearance of a radically new material culture and subsistence system between 5700 and 4900 calBC.

Peasants

Rural people who are integrated into a larger society politically and economically.

The early 20th century idea that language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, we see the real world only in the terms and categories of our language. This hypothesis was later mostly rejected by anthropologists.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Patterns pertaining to war

Scholars believe smaller groups go to war usually out of fear of unpredictable but devastating natural disasters such as storms or droughts. large nation states go to war less likely with allied nations because usually they depend on each other for trade. Democratic nations are less likely to go to war than authoritarian government do.

Settled life is called

Sedentarism

ego

Self

magic

Supernatural techniques used to manipulate natural forces and beings

1.Observation/Experimentation 2.Replication 3.Generalization 4.Predictions

Synchronic Studies

Court Systems

Systems in which authority for settling disputes and punishing crimes is formally vested in a single individual or group.

taboo

Taboo things should not be touched. Taboos surround food not to be eaten, places not to be entered, animals that are not to be killed, people not to be touched sexually

Unilineal Evolution

The 19th century theory that held that al cultures pass through a similar sequence of stages in their development (savagery, barbarism, civilization).

matrilineal descent

a descent system that highlights the importance of women by tracing descent through the female line, favoring marital residence with or near the bride's family, and providing for property to be inherited through the female line

Redistribution

The collection of products or money by a central authority, followed by distribution to the group's members (taxes).

Culture Shock

The feeling of uncertainty and anxiety that an individual experiences when placed in a strange cultural setting.

shaman and prophet

The first individual who, through ecstasies and dreams acts as an intermediary to the spirit world

totem and totemism

The first is a non human representation of the apical ancestor of a clan, while the second is a cult to the ancestors

Generalized Reciprocity

The giving of goods without expectation of a return of a gift of equal value at any definite future time.

Balanced Reciprocity

The giving of valuable goods with expectation of a return of equal value at some future time.

Civilization

The highest level of ethnic identity encompassing numerous ethnic nationalities whose cohesion is based on shared cultural tradition, usually religion.

Enculturation (socialization)

The transmission of culture to succeeding generations by means of social learning.

Prestige

The respect, esteem, and overt approval other members of the group grant to individuals they consider meritorious.

Compartmentalization

The simultaneous practice of the rituals of two competing religious traditions; one in public and the other in private.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that speakers recognize as distinct from other sounds.

Phoneme

The smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language

Paleopathology

The study of disease as evidenced on ancient skeletal remains

Sociolinguistics

The study of how language is related to culture and the social uses of speech.

Witchcraft

The use of psychic power to cause harm to others by supernatural means.

proxemics

The use of space as a means of communication

Income

The value of what is earned during a given period of time, usually figured on an annual basis.

World View

The way a people interpret reality and events, including how they see themselves in relation to the world around them.

Evolutionary Psychology

The study of how natural selection affects the way we think and behave. However, there are no genes that code for specific behaviors.

Auxology

The study of human growth and development

Bioarchaeology

The study of human remains from archaeological contexts. Aims to interpret ancient behavior based on evidence in skeletons.

Phonology

The study of the sound system of a language.

Morphology

The study of the units of a meaning in a language.

Kinesics

The study of the way in which certain body movements and gestures serve as a form of nonverbal communication.

Transhumance

The wide spread pastoral pattern of migrating to different elevations in response to seasonal differences in temperature and pastureland.

Phonetics

The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language.

Holism

The theory that parts of a whole are in intimate interconnection, such that they cannot exist or be understood independently of the whole.

Grammar

The total system of linguistic knowledge that allows the speakers of a language to send meaningful messages and hearers to understand them.

Reciprocity

The transfer of goods for other goods between two or more individuals or groups.

hunter/gatherers, or foragers

These are social groups who earn their livliehood acquiring food by hunting fishing and collecting wild pplants and animals

double descent

Traces descent through both parents

unilineal

Traces descent through only one parent

Polygyny: (True/False) Great for men as far as reproductive success

True

Polygyny: (True/False) Other resources are depleted with this such as time, money, etc.

True

True or False: Males are driven to maximize reproductive success.

True

True or False: Men have more sexual partners than women.

True

True or False: Men like sex for its own sake.

True

True or False: Men want women who are faithful and willing to commit to fidelity.

True

True or False: More men than women want/approve of casual sex.

True

True or False: Women have bonding issues tied to sex.

True

True or False: Women look for good genes, decent resources, and willingness to commit.

True

(True or False) Polyandry: Rarest marriage form _____woman marries _____ husbands

True 1 Many

Getting in Touch: (True/False) Common in religious experience. 1. churches, temples, sin-agog are examples of______. 2. What other place could Number 1 be at?

True 1. sacred spots 2. A place in nature or a spot in the home such as a rug to pray on or an alter

Polygyny: (True/False) Divorce is rare. Explain this last True/False:

True Explain: Partnership (arranged marriage)

(True/False) Masses tend to be most often "manipulated" by religion (True/False) Religion is good for social control because knowing right from wrong in religion might be a good thing

True True

patrilineal descent

a descent system that highlights the important of men in tracing descent, determining marital residence with or near the groom's family, and providing for inheritance of property through the male line

Ethnography

a detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork

diaspora population

a dispersed group of people living outside their original homeland

nuclear household

a domestic unit containing one adult couple (married or partners) with or without children

Band

a fairly small, usually nomadic local group that is politically autonomous

True or False: Men have more orgasms than women.

True: -Men have about 100% chance of orgasm during sex because they're built to "stick and move". -Women have < 25% chance of orgasm during sex because they hold emotion to it and want to give that emotion to someone with commitment.

slash and burn

a farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops

horticulture

a food- procurement strategy based on crop production without soil preparation, fertilizedrs, irriagation, or use of draft animals

intensive agriculture

a form of agriculture using a great amount of human labor and/or capital (machines) to farm small amounts of land

Silent trade

a form of barter in which no verbal communication takes place.

assimilation

a form of cultural change in which a culture is thoroughly acculturated, or decultured and is no longer distinguishable as having a separate identity

acculturation

a form of cultural change in which a minority culture becomes more like the dominant culture

generalized reciprocity

a form of exchange in which persons share what they have with others but expect them to reciprocate later

v Gravettian/Eastern Gravettian ways of life on the "mammoth steppe."

Upper paleo humans used culture as a buffer (well-built structures, tailored clothing, and symbolic interactions) to exploit new niches and explore climatic extremes during ice ages in Europe. Examples: -Kostenki, Russia: tent-like huts, bone needles for clothing, animal figurines, venus figurines -Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic: Semi-subterranean huts built on hillside, hearts, burials, abundant lithics and bone tools, mammoth bones, clay figurines fragments, kilns. -Sungir, Russia: A lot of personal ornaments and personal goods in burial.

Define Applied Anthropology

Use of anthropological data perspectives, theory and methods to identify assess and solve social problems

Applied Anthropology

Use of anthropological methods, theories, and concepts to solve practical, real-world problems; practitioners are often employed by government agencies or private organizations.

"oasis" theory "readiness" theory

V. Gordon Childe=oasis theory 1920/1930s, coined Neolithic Revolution, climate drier, people/plants/animals forced to cluster at oasis, observation of plan/animal cycles=sedentary people, FLAW-no evidence to support VS. Robert Braidwood=readiness theory, 1950s, assumed no climate change, agriculture in Fertile Cresent=natural distribution of cereal grasses, accumulated plant/animal knowledge=familiarity and readiness for food production, based on field research/data.

Art & Culture

Visual, Verbal, and Musical art in varying cultures.

modernization

a model of change based on belief in the inevitable advance of science and Western secularism and processes, including industrial growth, consolidation of the state, bureaucratization, a market economy, technological innovation, literacy, and options for social mobility

creole

a person descended from French ancestors in southern United States (especially Louisiana)

family of orientation

a person's childhood family, where enculturation takes place

status

a person's position, or standing, in society

achieved position

a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through action

ascribed position

a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through birth

biomedical paradigm

a person's viewpoint in the way a patient should be treated. You have the Western medical system and the non Western system

Species

a population, or group of populations having common attributes and the ability to interbreed and produce live, fertile offspring. Different species are reproductively isolated from one another.

Hypothesis

a provisional explanation of a phenomenon

Caste

a ranked group, often associated with a certain occupation, in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one own caste

polytheistic

a religion that recognizes many important gods, no one of which is supreme

Olduwan Tradition

a rock with 4+ flakes taken off to create sharp edge, many uses, tools get more complex with age, repeated flakes = skill "direct precison technique" --> from core scavenging, tools, diet, settlement

transhumance

a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

development project

a set of activities designed to put development policies into action

social stratification

a set of hierarchical relationships among different groups as though they were arranged in layers, or "strata"

pidgin

a simplified form of speech developed from two or more languages

primary group

a social group in which members meet on a face-to-face basis

Nuclear family

a social unit composed of father, mother, and children.

Culture

a society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions.

incest taboo

a strongly held prohibition against marrying or having sex with particular kin

social impact assessment

a study conducted to predict the potential social coasts and benefits of particular innovations before change is undertaken

Ethnolinguistics

a study of the relations between linguistic and nonlinguistic cultural behavior

life shock

a sudden unexpected experience that cause one to faint, become hysterial or vomit. More likely to occur when immersed in an unfamilar setting

patrilineal descent

a system of kinship in which males and females acquire the lineage of their father

long barrow/gallery grave

a type of Neolithic tomb structure (megaliths and monuments) with a a long structure with one entrance on one side; some of them are wooden but lots of them are standing stones with a cap stone; the idea is to bury person inside; overtime, more and more people get buried.

dolmen

a type of Neolithic tomb structure (megaliths and monuments) with a standing stones with a cap stone (a big stone on top of them) The idea: putting a person in the middle for a burial.

passage grave

a type of Neolithic tomb structure (megaliths and monuments) with small chambers are built aside on the long path - same principle (after people die, they bury people with goods, and seal it and walk away)

Menhir

a type of megaliths and monument structure that are a single standing stone; Presumuly they might have raised it top

Alignment

a type of megaliths and monument structure that is composed of a number of menhirs stretching; Couple of roads of standing stones; often parallel

traditional development anthropology

an approach to international development in which the anthropologist accepts the role of helping to make development work better by providing cultural information to planners

critical development anthropology

an approach to international development in which the anthropologist takes a critical-thinking role and asks why and to whose benefit particular development policies and programs are pursued

push-pull theory

an explanation for rural-to-urban migration that emphasizes people's incentives to move because of a lack of opportunity in rural areas compared with urban areas

society

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

new immigrant

an international migrant who has moved since the 1960s

scientific study of humankind in all times and places

anthropology

Religion

any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, whether that power be forces, gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons

The field of anthropology concerned with making anthropological knowledge useful is

applied anthropology

Forensic anthropology

applied subfield of physical anthro. Studying human skeletal remains for legal purposes

the study of past human culture by the things they left behind

archaeology

Skeletal features associated with bipedalism include

arched feet, a "knock-kneed" posture

basal ganglia (language)

are a group of nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem area responsible for initiating a sequence of things

rites of passage

are cultural ceremonies that mark the transition from one stage of life to another (baptism, confirmations, weddings) or from life to death (funerals)

Prestige

being accorded particular respect or honor

polytheism

belief in many dieties

monotheism

belief in one diety

Totemism

belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits.

Monotheism

believing in only one high god

Sexual Dimorphism: Females tend to be the________. 3 reasons why?

choosers/selectors (picky): 1. Because they have more to lose 2.They have the biggest investment 3. They put in so much effort

Henge

circles of standing stones within a bank and ditch enclosure; often built in wood; many also had large circular timber buildings; Lots of stone rings visible in landscapes. The henges also have a bank and ditch.

The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of the society's problems and opportunities is called

cultural relativism

no culture, taken as a whole, is inherently superior or inferior

cultural relativism

theories about the world and reality based on assumptions and values of one's own culture

culture bound

LBK (linearbandkeramik)

culture of the first true farming communities in central Europe; refers to the distinctive banded decoration found on pottery vessels on sites spread throughout central Europe; This group of people had 1.long houses 2.rapid migration from central to North 3. Relied on domesticated plants and animals

The kinds of cultures that have languages with extremely large vocabularies.

cultures with complex, diverse economies and advanced technologies

levirate

custom by which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband

matrilocality

customary residence with the wife's relatives after marriage so that children grow up in theirs mothers community

Homo habilis

dating about 2 million years ago, an early species belonging to our genus, Homo, with cranial capacities averaging 630-640 cc, about 50% of brain capacity of modern humans

Australopithecines gracile

dating to about 2.5 mya

Why did A. robustus go extinct?

decline in global temperatures --> change in plants highly specialized diet made adaptation harder, culture changed

Archaic H. sapiens traits

decreased prognathism, little, no chin, occipital bun, mastoid process beginnings

genocide

deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder

ethnocide

destruction of cultures of certain ethic groups

Ordeal

determining guilt or innocence by submitting the accused to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under supernatural control

Convergent evolution

developing similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures. i.e. Comanche and Lakota on the Great Plains.

Speciation

development of new species

A variant form of a language. (Hint: it usually sounds somewhat different.)

dialect

The phenomenon in which different dialects of a language or different languages are spoken by a person in different social situations. People who do this may quickly switch back and forth between dialects or languages, depending on the person they are talking to at the time.

diglossia

Jacques Boucher de Perthes

discovered ancient stone tools in association with the remains of extinct animals and believed that this established an early period of European occupation that is called "Prehistory"

Isaac de la Peyere

discovered tools from a group of humans that pre dated the descendants of Adam

ethnomedicine

discovering the health related beliefs, knowledge, and practices of a cultural group

pellagra

disease resulting from deficiencies in Maize (amino acids lysine/tryptophan and Niacin (Vitamin B complex≠protein)=Lock, *** Not a lot in Mesoamerica because of KEY cooking with alkali (base compounds: soda,potash, ammonia/New World: lime, lye, wood ashes)

John Ray

divided nature into Species and Genus and also common reproduction

age sets

division of people by age to divide up work

What is the gender dichotomy? Is it accpeted across all cultures?

division of sex into two categories, male and female; no

Fire

earliest example: 1.6 mya, E. Africa best evidence: 440,000 ya, Beeches Pit - 400,000 ya, Zoukoudian, China warmth, protection, light, cooking, hunting

bipedalism

early hominin skeletons East, South Africa very old condition, possibly arouse around 7 mya, no single reason, combination of different factors

Natural selection works because of

ecofact

Foragers: They have gender roles but are still_________: they do this because it makes more sense.

egalitarian

Sexual Permissiveness societies tend to be____ with shared resources.

egalitarian

artistic differences in egalitarian and stratified societies

egalitarian repetition of simple elements much empty or irrelevant space symmetrical design unenclosed figures stratified integration of unlike elements little empty space asymmetrical design enclosed figures

household

either one person living alone or a group of people who may or may not be related by kinship and who share living space

Movie on Maasai Women: Who in the group is the closest to a religious leader?

elder (male) "iban"

The upper Paleolithic was characterized by

emergence of art, proliferation of artifact types

The term referring to a classification of things according to the way in which members of a society classify their own world. In other words, this is the way their culture and language divide up and interpret reality.

emic category

Horticulture: Who is doing the most gardening depends on_______

environment

Famine

episodes of severe starvation and death, often appear to be triggered by physical events such as severe drought or a hurricane that kills or knocks down food trees and plants.

unilineal descent

establishes group membership exclusively through either the male or female line

usually separates a group of people with common origins and language shared history and selected cultural differences such as difference in religion

ethnicity

Movie on Medical Anthropology: What are some of the cultural elements in which the researchers engaged in participant observation?

ethnobotany eat monkey

If a person reacts to a new food by saying it is disgusting, this is quite probably an example of

ethnocentrism

Comparing modern cultures archaeologists remains in order to understood the past is better called

ethnographic analogy

detailed written account of a society

ethnography

In order to be a competent speaker a person needs to go beyond the grammatical rules and vocabulary of a language to understand the social and cultural norms of specifc situations

ethnography of speaking

investigate written documents to study how the ways of life of people have changed over time

ethnohistory

study of the relationships between language and culture

ethnolinguistics

study of contemporary human cultures

ethnology

The term referring to a classification of things according to some external system of analysis brought in by a visitor to another society. (Hint: this is the approach of biology in using the Linnaean classification system to define new species. It assumes that ultimately, there is an objective reality and that is more important than cultural perceptions of it.)

etic category

The idea that because of the interconnections and interdependence of various aspects and culture can only be understood when viewed in the broadest possible perspective

evolution

How do the Siwans of North Africa feel about homosexuality?

expect male homosexuality but forbid females

Data

facts from which conclusions can be drawn

Polygyny: (True/False) Is the most common form of marriage cross-culturally Most societies allow poylygyny

false

Polyandry: _____ is extremely valuable there.

farmland

Dolni Vestonice site "Venus" figurines

female figurines found in Kostenki hut 1; most carved in marl, a few in ivory. There are differences in Kostenki-Lespugue type and Western type figurines; symbolizes fertility; variety of forms - symbolizes stages in human life.

Most archaelogists believe that the____ was one of the earliest centers of plant ans animal domestication

fertile crescent

Religion

fertility or goddess cult? "Venus" figurines: made of stone, bone, ivory

The goals of historical linguistics include all of the following except

figure out what languages is best adapted to a environment

Hawaii kinship system

generational system, not a strong unilineal system

Microevolution

genetic alterations within a population.

Natural selection

genetic change in frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals.

Adaptation

genetic changes that allow an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

Negative reciprocity

getting as much for as little as possible, cheating/false scales may be used.

ancestral spirits

ghosts of dead relatives

Cline

gradually increasing/decreasing frequency of a gene from one end of a region to another

The part of language analysis that is concerned with how the sounds are used to make sense. It consists of morphology and syntax.

grammar

Erasmus Darwin

grandfather of charles darwin who wrote poems of evolution

Define Brideservice

groom works for bride's family before and/or in beginning of marriage

Species

group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

kindred

group of people related by blood or marriage

monotheism

people who worship only one god. They do believe in many beings though such as angels, demons, spirits, etc.

Magic

performance of certain rituals that are believed to compel the supernatural powers to act in particular ways

Middle Stone Age

period in Africa between ca .250,000 to 50,000ya involved with the use of prepared core technique, Levallois and notch/denticulates & various points.

morpheme

in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

devine intervention of the gods

in some societies, gods play a direct role in human cultures and, in others, gods play almost no role. Gods are asked to intervene for the good of oneself, or for the evil or another. Many times people ask for the gods blessing when traveling, hunting, etc.

Consequences of state formation typically include

increased inequality

If you try to buy food in Mississippi with Canadian dollars you will not eat. This is an example of

indirect constraint

In general which type of economic activity provides the most leisure time

industrial agriculture

Alfred Wallace

initiated the theory of evolution through natural selection which prompted Charles Darwin to to publish his own ideas.

The linguists general term for the distance our bodies are physically apart while talking with each other. (Hint: this is an aspect of proxemics.)

interaction distance

Anthropologists agree that race

is a cultural category

The part of non-verbal communication consisting of gestures, expressions, and postures. (Hint: it is also known as body language.)

kinesics

The study of non-verbal languages fro example: body movement, facial expression

kinesics

affinity

kinship by marriage or adoption

A specific set of rules for generating speech.

language

The most important kind of human symbolic communication system. (Hint: all societies have such a communication system even though they may be illiterate.)

language

The Sapir Whorf hypothesis suggests that

language affects how individuals perceive and conceive reality

Sapir- Wharf Hypothesis

language both shapes and reflects a culture

Birthing

large brain = less developed baby = more care provisioning?

Homo erectus primitive traits

large brow ridge - E. African, post-orbital constriction, receding forehead, broad flat face, no chin

Agriculture: Define, Example?

large scale crop production, Western Culture

Sexual Dimorphism: Men: have _______ muscles and are ________.

larger taller

H. sapiens traits

larger cranial capacity, decreased molar size, decreased robusticity, top of skull wider

Robust australopithecines differ from gracile ones in the following way

larger molars, jaws , and muscle attachments for jaw muscles

Nicolas Steno

law of superposition

Sir Isaac Newton

laws of gravity

Culture is

learned and shared with a social group

Participant observation

learning a culture through social participation and personal observation in a community being studied. Also includes interviews and discussions with individual members of a group over an extended period of time.

What is one support of the Expendability Theory?

less men are needed to maintain a healthy population of women making women's reproductive value more prized

the study of the great variety of languages; scientific study of human communication

linguistic anthropology

The term for what happens when learning a second language can be affected by the patterns of the first language (e.g., blending of phonemes from the different languages).

linguistic interference

The study of the function, structure, and history of languages and the communication process in general.

linguistics

mestizaje

literally, a racial mixture; in Central and South America, indigenous people who are cut off fro their Indian roots, or literate and successful indigenous people who retain some traditional cultural practices

Define: Matrilocal

live near mother (couple lives with wife's parents)

life project

local people's definition of the direction they want to take in life, informed by their knowledge, history, and context

Bipedalism

locomotion in which an animal walks on its two hind legs

Olduvai Gorge

lots of stuff found here, in Africa

In preindustrial societies, women tend to have a ___ status.

lower

Neanderthal Genetics

mT DNA: significantly different to us, diverged 740,000 and 320,000 ya, evolved separately, cross bred w/ modern humans

ethnocentrism

making value judgements based on one's own culture when describing aspects of another culture

Although it is not universal, what gender tends to dominate the political arena?

male

Across all cultures, what gender brings in more calorires? Why is this?

male because the work is often farther away from the home than child rearing allows

Sexual Dimorphism: usual expressed through...

male-male competition

polygamy

man with more than one wife

undernutrition

many people are suffering from malnutrition throughout the world. Deprivation of food sometimes starts as early as infancy. In ecuador, baby girls are weaned from their mothers alot earlier than baby boys. This leads to a higher infant mortality rate among girls compared to boys.

In primarily what geographics of the world do we find contemporary foragers

marginal areas

occurs when prices are subject to supply and demand

market exchange

monogamy

marriage between two people

polygamy

marriage involving multiple spouses

exogamy

marriage outside a particular group or locality

exogamy

marriage to a person belonging to a tribe or group other than your own as required by custom or law

Monogamy

marriage with only one person at a time

endogamy

marriage within a particular group or locality

Define: Monogamy

marry one person at a time

Sororal Polygyny

marrying sisters (polygyny)

Hominid

members of the family Hominidae, which include all bipedal hominoids back to the divergence from African great apes.

Primate

members of the order of mammals, which includes prosimians, monkey, apes and humans.

Andry means

men/husband

Ethnographic analogy

methods of comparative cultural study that extrapolates to the past from recent or current societies.

Fossils

mineralized remains or impressions of remains of plants and animals

Radiation Theory/Out of Africa/ African Replacement

modern humans developed in E. Africa, left and spread out around world, replacing whatever H. sapiens were there

dowry

money or property brought by a bride to her husband at marriage

Define: Patrilocal

more common (couples lives with husbands parents). *Western Culture

spine

more flexible, more curved

bipedalism disadvantages

more visible to predators, slower movement, increased risk of injury, restriction of habitat, restriction of birth canal

The smallest combination of sounds that have meaning and cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units. The English words "cow" and "boy" are examples. Words can be one or more of these units.

morpheme

How sound sequences convey meaning and how meaningful sound sequences string together from words is called

morphology

The study of how sounds are combined by language into larger units called morphemes.

morphology

international migration

movement across country boundaries

migration

movement from one place to another

internal migration

movement within country boundaries

Group Marriage

multiple number of males married to more than one female simultaneously

sickle cell trait

mutation compensates for malaria, malaria parasite can't be reproduced in red cells, sickle cells burst when invaded by parasite. Horticulture=Stagnant pools of water=Mosquito population increases=Malaria Increases=Increase of AS heterozygotes(+HbA/+HbS)=Increase of allel in sickle cell.

informant

native members of a society who give information about their culture to an ethnographer

A 1973 study in the Galápagos Islands documented a drought that dramatically changed the availability of food to the island's finches. Finches with larger beaks tended to survive the drought over other finches with beaks. This study illustrates

natural selection

Why do physiological difference exist between the sexes?

natural selection throughout human development

universality of law

no matter how simple or complex the society is, each group of people have their own way settling disputes within their state.

Pastoralism: Define

nomadic society that keeps herds and follow the seasons, discouraged to marry outside, bigger family to herd

AIDS

non curable disease that affects millions of people world wide

Which of the following languages has the highest vocabulary

none of these, all languages are about the same

Phenotype

observable physical appearance of an organism which may/may not reflect its genotype or genetic constitution. Usually affected by both genetic & environmental conditions

Balancing selection

occurs when a heterozygous combination of alleles is positively favored even through a homozygous combination

cross-cousin

offspring of either one's father's sister or one's mother's brother

Initial Occupation of W. Europe

old sites > 500,000 yrs rare Atapuerca, Spain: 800,000 yo, 28 individuals, flakes and cores, H. antesessor? Isernia la Pineta, Italy: 700,000 yo, animal bones, dense layer of >1,000 stone tools

The age at which most children have learned to use about three words consisting of single morphemes, such as "eat", "mom", and "more".

one

Lake Mungo site

one of the earliest site of Australia. Burials both inhumation and cremation, fishing, simple lithic technology, constructing fish weirs, nets, hooks, spears..etc to catch fish, use of freshwater mussels, bird eggs, animal hunting, underground oven for cooking.

Monte Verde site

one of the earliest sites in the Americas (Chile) dates about 16,600 BP. Since it is so far South in Americas, coastal-hopping route into Americas is suggested; had tent-like structures (for 20-30 ppl) made of animal hides and woods, evidence of edible plants, nuts, berries, seeds; People collected shellfish and hunted extinct forms of Ilama and elephants

Chatelperronian

one upper paelo industry which we actually have some fossil neandertals remain; traditionally <Upper-Moderns> & <Middle-Neandertlas>, so discovery of neandertals burals in Chatelperronian level was shocking.

Polyandry

one wife married to multiple number of husbands simultaneously

accidents or emergency

only when a few people are affected by an event

Foramen magnum

opening the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes to brain

indigenous

original inhabitants of particular territories

study of skeletons

osteology

The kind of syntax error that young children learning English as their native language often make with the past tense of verbs (e.g., "give" becomes "gived", "take" becomes "taked", "eat" becomes "eated").

over regularize the common rule (i.e., inappropriately apply it to irregular words)

religious adaption for the needs of the people

page 385

study of early homonids

paleoanthropology

The term for auxiliary communication methods used by people talking to each other (e.g., variations in tone and character of voice along with non-verbal forms of communication).

paralanguage

god interaction mirrors child training

parent child interaction- if parents nurtured child when it cried, the child will want the god to nurture it after performing a ritual. If parents punished child, the child will believe the gods to punish it in life

Australopithecus bahrelghazali

partial hominin mandible in Chad similar to A. afarensis, 1,500 miles W about 3.0 - 3.5 mya

participant observation

participating in the culture while studying it at the same time

osmosis

passive transport of water

bridewealth

payment groom makes to father

Define dowry:

pays money, goods the women brings into the marriage. Western Culture*

Influences on characteristics and style of art in society

people different experiences affects art. Art like religion expresses the typical feelings, anxieties, and experiences of people in a culture

ethnic group

people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture

people's interaction with the supernatural

people pray, perform rituals or ceremonies to the gods, take drugs to interact with spirits, trances and altered states of consciousness

In the United States, the class system

perpetuated in part because members of different classes do not sustain significant social contact

If a young man has Type A blood, this is his

phenotype

The smallest unit of sound can make a difference in meaning is called a

phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that can be altered to change the meaning of a word. These units of sound do not have meaning by themselves. The initial sound in the words bit, kit, sit, and pit are examples.

phoneme

The part of language analysis that is concerned with the sounds of a language.

phonology

The linguistic term for what Chinook was. (Hint: it was used by Indians from different cultures on the Northwest Coast of North America to communicate with each other.)

pidgin

What gender roles are associated with both men and women? (5)

planting tending and harvesting crops perserving meat preparing skins making baskets, mats, clothing, and pottery

Chiefdom

political unit, with a chief at its head, integrating more than one community but not necessarily the whole society or language group

J.B. Lamarck

popularized macroevolution and called Transmutation a new species. evolution was result of spontaneous evolution

Gloger rules

populations or birds & mammals living in warm, humid climates have more melainin than populations of the same species living in cooler, drier areas

supernatural

powers believed to be not human or not subject to the laws of nature

Witchcraft

practicing attempting to harm people by supernatural means, but through emotions and thought alone, not through the use of tangible objects

The way most linguists believe that children learn their native language.

primarily by listening to and trying to communicate with adult speakers

Rift Valley

primary area, East Africa - Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, 1200 miles, volcanic activity, mountain building, erosion

Tasks that involve collecting or harvesting food resources

primary subsitence activities

the order of mammals including prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans, and our ancient homonid ancestors

primate

Acculturation

process of extensive borrowing of aspects of culture in the context of super ordinate-subordinate relations between societies

The language that is the most world wide in its distribution. It is an official language in 52 countries as well as many small colonies and territories. In addition, 1/4 to 1/3 of the people in the world understand and speak it to some degree. However, it is only the third most common language in terms of the number of native speakers.

English

Ardipithecus kadabba

Ethiopia 5.8 - 5.2 mya

Ancient Incas, Hawaiians, Egyptians

Examples of societies where sibling marriages are preferred _ _ _ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Market

Exchange by means of buying and selling, using money, at prices determined by the forces of supply and demand.

True or False: Sperm is expensive.

False

True or False: Women start sex at a younger age.

False

Factors influencing onset of puberty

Fat reserves, genetics, nutrition, disease, activity level, and stress

culture shock

Feelings of confusion, disorientation, and anxiety that result from being immersed in a foreign culture

Australian Homo sapiens

First arrive 40 kya at Lake Mungo. Very robust with Archaic traits.

Agriculture: What kind of environment?

Flat rich land

Anthropological Linguistics

Focuses on interrelationships among language and other aspects of a people's culture.

plant based subsistence strategies

Foraging managing cultivation extensive agriculture and intensive agriculture

Ways to identify individuals

Forensic odontology (dental records), prostheses and healed fractures, facial reconstruction, ancestry/sex/stature

Tattoos

Form of visual body art. Tattoo communities are everywhere. Some tattoos are spiritually related and significant.

Sodalities

Formal institutions that cross-cut communities and serve to unite geographically scattered groups; may be based on kinship groups (clans or lineages) or on non kinship groups.

1. Empirical 2. Self-Correcting 3. Probabilistic 4. Parsimonious

Four attributes of Science

1.Insight 2.Mastery of Subject 3.Evidence 4.Logic

Four criteria of scholarship and Science

Claude Levi-Strauss

French anthropologist saw exogamy as a form of inter-group social exchange in which "wife giving/taking" created social networks and alliances between distinct communities.

African Homo sapiens

From Herto, Middle Awash. Shows a clear African origin for humans.

The culturally prescribed set of traits used to define what is "masculine" "feminine" or "other"

Gender

The amount of power men and women have in relation to each other

Gender Stratification

the three types of reciprocity

Generalized, balanced and negative

Uyun al-Hammam site

Geometric Kebaran site, earliest cemetery in the Levant, warmer/wetter habitats of LGM may have contributed to the increase in social complexity, 2 humans buried with foxes.

Why leave Africa?

Georgia and SE Asia 1.8 mya, migration soon after appearance, Africa to Asia to Europe Why not the same time? --> environment, cold, danger, food Adapt: fire -> fuel, cook clothing, shelter, hunt/tools, preserve

Define Bridesprice

Groom (or family) presents property to bride (or bride's family) before marriage

brides service

Groom works for bride's family before or after marriage

Hypoplasia

Grooves or pits in teeth that marks points where enamel deposition was disrupted by disease or malnutrition

Flores

H. florensiensis 380- 420 cc 50 k - 18 k pathological?

Australopithecus afarensis

Hadar, Ethiopia "Lucy","First family", 200 fossils, sexual dimorphism in body size, woodland, scrub, grassland, mixed traits, ape-like: curved phalanges, big toe, prognathic face, 400-500 cc, canine diastema, flat cranial base, longer arms hominin-like: heel, height: 3'6" - 5' 4 -3 may (3.9 - 4.2 mya), older are more human-like

Foragers: Name 4 cultures that hunt.

Hadzabe, Native Americans, Akaa, Aborigines

Destruction of Biodiversity

Half of all plants and animals live in rainforests and by 2022 only half of current rainforest will be left

Preagricultural diet

High in animal protein, low in fats; highly varied

Ecclesiastical Practices

Highly organized religious practices in which a full-time priesthood performs rituals believed to benefit believers or the whole society; occur in complex societies.

What is distinctive about anthropology?

Holistic, Comparitive, and Relativistic

What was the first hominid to leave Africa?

Homo Erectus

Homo erectus vs. Homo habilis

Homo erectus had a larger, rounder cranium and smaller teeth. It was the first to have human-like proportions.

Order

Homo rudolfensis came first, overlapped with Australopithecines - time & place, increased brain size & complexity, facial reduction, refined bipedalism, hand and finger bones more human-like, first stone tool, industry

We are

Homo sapiens sapiens

Taxonomic family to which humans and other now extinct relatives belong

Homonid

Philip Lieberman

How did Language evolve: Three principles: (1) evolution occurs in incremental steps, (2) evolution builds upon prior adaptations, ***(3) behavioral changes drive genetic changes.*** Postulated extinct species are indicative of intermediate stages of language development. Example: Parkinson's disease demonstrates basal ganglia (sequencing engine - important for motor control, learning, and cognition) dysfunction causes walking problems/running impossible. *** Natural selection for walking may be implicated in the evolution of human speech, language, and cognition. *** Evidence - Narikotome boy-WT15000-H. Ergaster, small thoracic vertebral canal indicative of less control over diaphragm/muscles in torso postulated prevented language use because of control issues. ***

What do "Anthropos" and "Logos" mean?

Human Study

Burdash: the phenomena was documented in the ___ tribes.

ISS, Native American

Forensic Anthropologists

Identify and analyze human skeletal remains. Archaeology: Studies the human past through excavation and analysis of the material remains left behind by past peoples.

correlation between music and childbearing

If a society cares for its infant by keeping them in slings or pouches that the mother wears, the society usually has a rhythm to their music. Societies that put infants into cradles usually have an irregular beat or free rhythm.

Laura Nader

Immigrant from Lebanon. Plays a lead role in the development of the anthropology of law. First women faculty @ UC Berkeley. Taught during the Vietnam War era.

Acclimatization

Impermanent physiological changes that people make when they encounter a new environment

Hopi lineage roles

In Hopi culture, the actual functional social units consists of lineages, and there are several in each village. Each lineage is headed by a senior woman (usually the eldest) although it is a male who keeps the "medicine bundle". Most female authority is exerted within household.

neolocality

In a house following this residence pattern a husband wife and children get their own home

phoneme

In a spoken language, the smallest distinct sound unit

body decoration and adornment

In all societies, people decorate or adorn their bodies. These decorations may be permanent-scars, tattoos, or changes in the shape of a body part. Can also be temporary, in the form of paint or objects such as feathers, jewelry, skins, and clothing that are not strictly utilitarian. Jewelry can also indicate social status in society and tattoos can reflect political rank.

Thrifty phenotype

In ancestral populations, this ability to store calories for lean times was a crucial adaptation

arranged marriage

In most societies parents arrange marriages for their children. Marriage for love is rare cross-culturally.

the right of passage

In the film "The Nuer" the boys got their foreheads cut in order to undergo this

Bride wealth & dowry

In the first case, the woman brings wealth of some sort into the marriage, groom pays the woman's family

egalitarianism

In this form of society status is not a sign at birth, in fact what little status there is, is based of achieved works

Siblings

Incest occurs more often among _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ than parents & their offspring

Define Emic

Insider Perspective

Comparative Perspective

Insistence by anthropologists that valid hypotheses and theories about humanity be tested with data from a wide range of cultures.

Biocultural evolution

Intelligence, body shape, and growth result from interaction of environment and genetics. Since good health and adequate nutrition are important for child growth, socioeconomic status affects how they develop.

Hilazon Tachtit site

Israel, 12 kya cal BP, Late Natufian forrest site, evidence of social complexity

Kharaneh IV site

Jordan, Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran occupations, associated with wet conditions near a seasonal lake/marsh (1,000+ sea shells from Red Sea/Mediterranean used as ornaments from long distances (130-270 km (80-168 miles).

Who stated, "religion is the opium of the masses"

Karl Marx

lock and key hypothesis

Katz, (LOCK) is the biological plant adaptations that have Toxic/Anti-Nutritive Defences against insect/animal predation, however, cultural adaptation provides the (KEY) or knowledge to neutralize biological locks/unlock nutritive potential. Examples: Manioc (cassava) root crop processing neutralizes poisonous prussic acid: peeled, grated, placed in press and squeezed out

Movie on Maasai Women: What country was this is?

Kenya and Tanzania

Kenyanthropus platyops

Kenya, East Africa contemporaneous with A. afarensis, somewhat prognathic, mixed traits, ape-like: small brain (400-500 cc), prognathic, small earholes hominin-like: small molars, flat face, tall cheek region evidence for adaptive radiation? 3.5 - 3.2 mya

Why do women have a higher status in some societies and not others?

Kinship organization

Gravettian/Eastern Gravettian Eastern Gravettian organized by rivers:

Kostenki-Avdeevo and Kostenki-Borshevo (Don R.), Molodova (Dnestr R.), Central Russian Plain (Dnepr-Desna R.)

Dark-skinned people

Lack of vitamin D leads to rickets.

site of footsteps dating over 3 million years ago associated with what great anthropologist

Laetoli Mary Leakey

Tone Languages

Languages in which changing the voice pitch within a word alters the meaning of the word.

Obesity

Largely caused by physical inactivity, this is directly linked to heart disease. 80% of all new diabetes will be developed by 2025.

What are the trends in hominid evolution?

Larger brains and skull sizes Bipedalism Foramen magnum Smaller teeth Heavy to lighter bones More pronounced chins Slight to no brow ridge Spinal column Bowl shape pelvis

Ascribed political leadership

Leadership is passed down from generation to generation example: monarchy

Who coined the phrase, "Subsistence is the core to culture?"

Leslie White

Tribe

Level of Political integration: sometimes multilocal group Little specialization of political officials. informal leadership Extensive agricultural and/or herding small communities with low density egalitarian Form of distribution: mostly reciprocity

chiefdom

Level of political integration: Multilocal group Some specialization of political officials Extensive or intensive agriculture and/or herding Large communities: medium density Rank society Form of distribution: reciprocity and redistribution

entoptic phenomena

Lewis-Williams states the effect of trances can be found in the depictions on rock art regardless of the means that achieve it. Entoptic visions (with either open/shut eyes)-(1)flickering/wavy geometric lines translate into (2)familiar objects (3)shaman groups visions blended into animal/human hybrid images or other fantastical imagery.

skeletal remains at Laetoli are named what?

Lucy

Paleolithic cave art

Mainly found in SW France and N Spain. Reached climax during Magdalenian period.

The language that is spoken by the most people in the world today as a native, or first, language.

Mandarin Chinese

economy

Marriage outside the family or social group

Exogamous Rules

Marriage rules that prohibit individuals from marrying a member of their own social group or category.

polygyny

Marriage to multiple women (occurs in the majority of societies to wealthiest men only)

endogamy

Marriage within the family or social group

Acculturation

Massive culture change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society.

Social Control

Mechanisms by which behavior is constrained and directed into acceptable channels, thus maintaining conformity.

Light-skinned people

More likely to get cancer and folate vitamin deficiencies caused by solar radiation.

Define: Nuclear Family

Mother, Father, Kids

state

Multilocal group: often entire language group Much specialization of political officials Intensive agricultural and herding Cities and towns: high density Class and caste society Form of distribution: mostly market exchange

Know a Kinship Chart

NOTEBOOK

Mousterian

"Neanderthal tool industry". Found in Southwest Asia/Europe. About 40,000 to 124,000 yrs. Ago.

Two archaic Homo sapiens

"Petralona skull" "Rhodesian Man" broken H. erectus/ergaster + AHS Acheulian tools/variations "Steinheim man" skull - assigned to "archaic H. sapiens" but has some more modern traits

Georges Cuvier

"Pope of Bones" or "Father of Paleontology"

Homo rudolfensis

(1.9-1.6 mya) Large cranium and very robust mandible. Some consider to not be Homo.

Burdash: ___/___ tribes had females

*Not important

Chiefdoms, tribes, bands, states

...

Post modern anthropology

...

legal anthropology

...

myth

...

Oldest evidence of Early Homo

2.3 mya

Age set

A category of people based on year of birth. i.e. "baby boomers", or "generation X".

Chiefdom

A centralized political system with authority vested in formal, usually hereditary, offices or titles; exchange is often organized by redistribution.

State

A centralized, multilevel political unit characterized by a bureaucracy that acts on behalf of the ruling elite.

Semantic Domain

A class of things or properties, hierarchically organized, that are perceived as alike in some fundamental respect.

Morpheme

A combination of phonemes that conveys a standardized meaning.

Revitalization movement

A common reaction to repressive change. Usually rebellion or revolution.

Subculture

A cultural identity within the legal boundaries of a nation-state, based upon various recognized and relevant criteria.

Racism

A cultural, NOT biological, phenomenon that is found worldwide based on the false belief that intellect and cultural factors are inherited along with physical characteristics

Nuclear Family

A family unit consisting of only parents and children.

Rite of Passage

A public ceremony or ritual recognizing and making a person's transition from one group or status to another.

Dialect

A regional or subcultural variant of a language.

Chiefdoms

A regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people.

Bands

A relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically independent.

Puberty (initiation) Rite

A religious ceremony that symbolically transforms the individual from a child into an adult.

Beringia (Bering land bridge)

A route where the peopling of the Americas occurred; today is submerged under water and known as Bering Strait. (If you simply cross Beringia, then they are basically blocked. Because they are blocked by two ice sheets. These ice sheets began to separate)

Myth

A sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence- origin of life, purpose, and ultimate future.

Symbol

A sign, sound, emblem, or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way.

sibling

A sister or brother

Cueva Antón site

A site from spain recently yielded possible evidence for Neandertal symbolism at 50,000 ya cuz by 50,000 ya, there were no modern humans! = so there's no way they can copy modern humans; evidence of perforated and painted shell with orange-colored pigment on interior - maybe used as container or personal ornament?

Hambledon Hill site

A site of banks and ditches in England; circular construction Human skulls buried in the ditch of the causewayed camp about 350 people (also truncated skeletons and occasional whole skeletons); hypothesis: maybe a defense?

Mitochondrial DNA

A small amount of DNA that is located in the mitochondria of cells. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only through the mother.

Homo floresiensis:

A species which lived 95,000 and 17,000 years ago while modern humans rapidly developed elsewhere; used bladelet technology; brains smaller than Austropithes and not proportionate limb portions; debates

Legend

A story about a memorable event or figure handed down by tradition and told as true but without historical evidence.

Intensive Agriculture

A system of cultivation in which plots are planted annually or semiannually; usually uses irrigation, natural fertilizers, and (in the Old World) plows powered by animals.

market economy

A system of exchange without currency

Class

A system of stratification in which membership in a stratum can theoretically be altered and intermarriage between strata is allowed.

Caste

A system of stratification in which membership in a stratum is in theory hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact or relationships between members of different strata are governed by explicit laws, norms, and prohibitions.

Folklore

A term coined to distinguish between "folk art" and the "fine art" of the literature elite. (for rural unwritten stories).

Materialism (cultural materialism)

A theory holding that the main influence on human way of life is how people produce and distribute resources from their environment.

Hunting and Gathering (foraging)

Adaptation based on harvesting only wild (undomesticated) plants and animals.

Agriculture (cultivation)

Adaptation based primarily on the planting, tending, and harvesting of domesticated plants (crops).

Composite Bands

Autonomous or independent political units consisting of several extended families that live together for most or all of the year.

Simple Bands

Autonomous or independent political units, often consisting of little more than an extended family, with informal leadership vested in one of the other family members.

v Hypotheses for the origins and function of Upper Paleolithic cave art [Slides 36-56 mainly 45 to 53, Lecture 19] - unsure about the origins if they just serve the same purpose as function

Background: • many techniques or "styles" of cave art; use of natural features of the cave walls • they drew what they saw in wild animals (genetic work in horses has shown that prehistoric wild horses came in three color types, so that spotted horses are not imaginary animals) • elements of cave art: most common animal • horse (small smiling horse), bison, woolly mammoth, aurochs, ibex, deer • elements of cave art: least common animals • bear, panther, "penguin" (Great Auk), rhino, owl, humans (some had Venus figurine-like qualities), scribbles of faces, • elements of cave art: "signs" and other things • patterns, abstracts, scribbles, dots, hands ("mutilated" hands: but possibly just that there was no paint on a certain area of the hand) Why Upper Paleolithic art occured: •art for the sake of art (Lartet and Christy 1864) •hunting magic/initiation rituals (Breuil 1901) • male and female pairings (Leroi-Gourhan 1964) • horses, deer, ibex, carnivores = male symbols • narrow signs = male symbols • bison, aurochs = female symbols • wide signs = female symbols • aggregation rituals (social identity) (Conkey 1980) • entoptic phenomena (Lewis-Williams 1988) see: entoptic phenomena • information recall device (Mithen 1990)

________:cultural phenomena that happened among Native American people.

Bardash

Egalitarianism

Because surplus commodities are not practical in food foraging societies, no one person owns largely more than another. Material equality, not necessarily social equality.

58&

Between 1980-1992, deaths increased by ____ due to resistance to antibiotics

The term for a common social dialect spoken by many African Americans.

Black English or Ebonics

Mousterian tools

Black-core tools used by Neanderthals.

god

Chief among the beings of nonhuman origin. They are often anthropomorphic- that is, conceived in the image of a person

Ecofacts

Natural objects used or affected by humans

What is the relationship between climate change and the evolution of hominids?

Coincides with shift in African environment from rainforests to savannas/woodlands

Courts of Regulation

Court systems that use codified laws, with formally prescribed rights, duties, and sanctions.

Agents of enculturation

Cultur is SHARED and Culture is LEARNED. Shared through society's values, ideas, and messages. Learned one on one usually from family and friends. However, in this age of technology, t.v. and computer also teach culture as well.

Local Knowledge

Cultural knowledge that is disseminated orally and is thus known only by members of a local group.

Define Gender

Culture: Emic Example: Baby blue and pink colors

Autolysis

Degeneration of body tissues by digestive fluids

Zoonosis

Disease transferred to humans through contact with animals

division of labor

Dividing up workers so that each worker completes one job, which is one part of a larger job

Peyote art

Divine Visions among the Huichol. Huichol Indians living in Mexico's mountainous region create very colorful art from the peyote plant. The colorful designs express a religious worldview tied to the chemical "peyote". Its like a "getting high" religion.

Horticulture: Name 3 cultures

Dominicans, New Guinean, Mayans

Middle Pleistocene Homo Trends

No constant brain size Mosaic evolution

What are the earliest known stone tools?

Olduwun Tools - 2.5 - 1.5 mya

plastered skull

People cut the head of the dead bodies and sometimes carried with them/stored inside the house; known from pre-pottery Neolithic contexts at 'Ain Ghazal and Jericho; Plastered statues of humans are interpreted as religious in function, representing "mythical ancestors that founded clans or even humanity itself"

Acclimatization

Physiological adjustments to environmental changes

Horticulture: What is the typical religion?

Polytheism

Read the articles. Hadzabe

Read the articles.... Tanzania, People are taking their land, Hunter gatherer

Sexual Permissiveness:____are females

Responsibility

Arid Ecozone Adaptions

Scare supply of water A: 1-2 wk adjustment period, reduced salt in sweat and urine, reduced sweat, lower body temp R: Clothes, shelter, low population density

States that because men have greater strength and superior capacity to mobilize strength, they are more capable of performing certain tasks

Strength Theory

Monogamy: What are the two types? What is the difference between the two?

Strict: marry one person for the rest of their life. Sexual: Serial: Divorce, Marry, Divorce, Marry, etc.

Influence

The ability to convince people that they should act as you suggest.

pastoralists

These are people whose subsistence pattern focuses on herding domesticated animals

Postmortem interval

Time since death.

(True/False) Arranged Marriage is still the most common form cross culturally.

True

(True/False) Divorce is more common in marriages for love.

True

(True/False) Marriage for love is becoming more common around the world.

True

(True/False) The incest taboo is universal.

True

Agriculture: True or False: Gender roles switch from horticulture.

True

Kostenki site:

Upper paleo humans used culture as a buffer (well-built structures, tailored clothing, and symbolic interactions) to exploit new niches and explore climatic extremes during ice ages in Europe. Examples: -Kostenki, Russia: tent-like huts, bone needles for clothing, animal figurines, venus figurines

Example of a culture in which men could be considered masculine OR feminine even though they dress like women

Waria of Indonesia

culture

Well, this is a course "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts morals, law, custom

What is the main debate of homosexuality?

Western vs. Nonwestern views

If we have some cut marks on a bone, how can we know if the people who made them killed the animal or scavenged it?

What marks were made on top of each other

Parallel Evolution

Whatever H. sapiens was in a place evolved into modern humans

450 ppm

When CO2 levels reach ______, life continues almost as today.

norms

When you violate these you may be sanctioned by society but not punished.

Difference between Magic and Religion?

With magic you demand, with religion you try to influence

polyandry

Woman with more than one husband

Define: Gyny

Women/Wife

Frederica De Laguna

Worked in southeastern Alaska with Tlingit Indians of Yakutat. Published "Under Mount St. Elias" in 1972. Studied the history of their life ways and traced their roots.

Globalization

Worldwide process through which diverse peoples and nations are integrated into a single system involving flows of technology, transportation, communication, travel, and market exchanges.

Example of a culture in which men would often dress as women but could still be considered masculine in society

Xanith of Oman

parallel cousins

Your father's brother's children, or your mother's sister's children.

Define: Kin

Your relatives

Class

a category of people who have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige

emic

an insider's view of a culture. this perspective in ethnography uses the categories and ideas that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under study

endocasts and language

are fossilized impressions, or synthetic casts, or the interior of crania that provide some idea of the relative size of lobes of brain inside the cranium in different primate and hominin species (The most famous endocast is a Taung child's). Based on the position of lunate sulcus (between parietal and occipital regions) researchers have argued for & against potential language capabilities in Australopiths.

Mutations:

are very important from an evolutionary perspective because they introduce new variation (new alleles) into the gene pool

The number of languages that have added words to modern English.

at least 240

Ethnocentrism

attitude other societies customs & ideas can be judged in context of own culture

Cultural relativism

attitude that a society custom & ideas should be viewed within context of that society's problem and opportunities

Charles Lyell

author of "Principles of Geology" which popularized James Hutton's concept of uniformitarianism

State

autonomous political unit with centralized decision making over many communities with power to govern force

Clothing

awls, bone needles - 19,000 ya -> infer clothes, residues of clothing - 22,000 ya, subsistence, hunter-gathers, big-game hunters: one species

The higher than expected frequency of Hbs (sickle cell) gene in malarial regions is an example of_________ selection

balancing

Empirical

based on observations of the world rather than on intuition or faith.

Why is it that men control craft production in highlu specialized societies?

because doing this can detract from the time spent looking after children and is not suitable for women

Culture

behavioral aspects of human adaptation

curve of spine

bipeds: weight centered above pelvis quads: center of gravity = front of body, spine vertical, not straight in bipeds

The general term for a morpheme that has meaning but can not stand alone. The prefix "dis" in the English word "disable" is an example.

bound morpheme

Semantics

branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning

cross cousins

children form parent's opposite sex sibling

How do most societies view extramarital sex?

double standard allowing it for men but not for women

Which of the following climate changes is associated with the emergence of hominids

drying that reduced forests and the growth of Savannas in Africa

barter

exchange goods without involving money

Which of the following is an example of a feature?

fountain

Language

group typical spoken language

polyandry

having more than one husband at a time

Polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

polygyny

having more than one wife at a time

Participant Observation

he main technique used in conducting ethnographic fieldwork, involving living among a people and participating in their daily activities.

What are some tasks that support the Strength Theory?

heavy lifting using weapons chasing game animals

Forensic anthropology

help to identify human remains and assist in solving crimes

Though these things are not considered to be directly expected gender roles, what things do men usually have a tendency to do? (5)

herd animals prepare soil for planting butcher animals build houses exercise political leadership

Chimpanzee behavior

highly social, size/strength male dominance, high ranking females outrank lower ranking males. Complicated hunting strategies. Sharing meat=creating alliances/attracting sexual partners. Complex social system. Young chimps learn by observation (childhood development). Made simple tools, i.e. a stick to eat ants with, and stones to cruch things...etc.

reconstructing origins of languages and language families

historical linguistics

niche construction theory

humans' role in modifying/shaping environments in Holocene=food production, small scale societies, well-defined, ownership, protection of wild resource areas=year round settlement/stress on niche=food production, maintain/update comprehensive knowledge of local ecosystems=transferring of engineering ecosystems through TEK(traditional ecological knowledge). Increases abundance/accessibility of wild species through experimentation. Attracts animals which leads to (1) domestication (2) comensal ( a relation between two kinds of organisms in which one obtains food or other benefits from the other without damaging or benefiting it).

Cultural evidence

hunter-gatherers, geographic tool variation, Acheulean hand axes, retouched flakes: levallois or prepared, core technique, maximum use of core, sharp, symmetric tools

What are some of the gender roles associated with men? (5)

hunting and trapping mining rock gathering lumber combat making musical instruments

Neanderthal Lifeways

hunting medium-sized animals, close distance = very risky, shelter, burial of dead: first evidence of intentional burial: Shawdar Cave, Iraq La Chapelle, France Krapina, Croatia, had healed fractures = care of the sick? symbolic expression: supernatural beliefs?, symbolism, deliberate burials

Food foraging

hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods.

Cultural adaptation

ideas, technologies, and activities that allow a people to survive and even thrive.

According to the Compatibility Theory, the roles women perform are roles that..

keep them closer to the home or allow them to bring children with them

parallel cousin

offspring of either one's father's brother or one's mother's sister

Fieldwork

on location research

study of primates

primatology

Sedentarism

settled life

refugee

someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country

Paleopathology

study of disease in early humans

classes

system of differentiation not based on kinship but on access to wealth

Transmutation

the change of one species to another

invention

the discovery of something new

remittance

the transfer of money or goods by a migrant to his or her family in the country of origin

Catastropism

the view that the earth's geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events.

How do Trobriand Islanders feel about premarital sex?

they encourage the practice

Pidgin

two groups in area to have trade language (bits and pieces) example: "Spanglish"

Creole

two languages put together: blend Example: Patwa

paleoanthropology

understand human evolution, multidisciplinary, reconstructs relationships, behaviors, dates and morphology

Class, or stratified societies are characterized by

unequal access to resources, power and prestige

patrilineal descent

unilineal descent rule in which people join the fathers group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life

matrilineal descent

unilineal descent rule in which people join the mothers group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life

Monogamy

Only recognized form of marriage in U.S.

Rebellion

Organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power.

What might have happened to Neanderthals?

Outclassed by homo sapiens

Define Etic

Outsider Perspective

Wealthy

Polygyny is usually a sign that a man is _ _ _ _ _ _

Authority

The recognized right of an individual to command another person to act in a particular way; legitimate power.

Edward Tyson

chimpanzee anatomical exam

matriarchy

the dominance of women in economic, political, social, and ideological domains

Bipedalism

walking on two feet

Syntax

ways in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences

Kin Group

A group of people who culturally consider themselves to be relatives, cooperate in certain activities, and share a sense of identity as kinfolk.

race

A group of people who share biologic and physical characteristics.

Extended Household

A group of related nuclear families that live together in a single household.

sapir-whorf hypothesis

A hypothesis about the relationship between language and culture that states that language constructs perseption

Revitalization Movement

A religious movement, usually based on the teaching of a prophet, to change the existing world.

Ambilocal Residence

A residence form in which a couple chooses to live with either the wif's or the husband's family.

Neolocal Residence

A residence form in which a couple establishes a separate household apart from both the husband's and wife's parents.

Patrilocal Residence

A residence form in which a couple lives with or near the husband's parents.

Matrilocal Residence

A residence form in which a couple lives with or near the wife's parents.

Horticulture: In __/__societies, women do more gardening

1/2

Karma

'Karma' is an Eastern religious concept in contradistinction to 'faith' espoused by Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), which view all human dramas as the will of God as opposed to present - and past - life actions. In theistic schools of Hinduism, humans have free will to choose good or evil and suffer the consequences, which require the will of God to implement karma's consequences, unlike Buddhism or Jainism which do not accord any role to a supreme God or gods. In Eastern beliefs, the karmic effects of all deeds are viewed as actively shaping past, present, and future experiences. The results or 'fruits' of actions are called karma-phala. Witchcraft

Wealth

(1) Ownership of or access to valued material goods and to the natural and human resources needed to produce those goods, or (2) the total value of all property owned less the amount of debt owed.

Homo habilis

(1.9-1.4 mya) Found in Olduvai. More gracile and smaller teeth. Cranial capacity of 650 cc.

Homo erectus

(1.9-1.5 mya) First to leave Africa and use fire. First appears outside of Africa in Indonesia ~1.6 mya.

Neanderthals

(130-28 kya) Large cranial capacity but lack of chin. Very robust and broad and displayed Allen's and Bergman's rules.

Homo floresiensis

(850 kya) The stone tools made by this early Homo most closely resemble Upper Paleolithic tools. Like tiny Homo erectus.

Historical Particularism (historicism)

(American) An early 20th century approach that challenged evolutionism by emphasizing that each culture is a unique result of its distinctive past, which makes cross-cultural generalizations questionable.

Blombos Cave site

(Around 100,000 yrs ago, interesting features such as art, ochre, use of bone for tools and personal ornament appeared in Africa. Traditionally it has been assumed that these types of "modern human behaviors" did not appear until Upper paleo period in Western Eurasia around 40,000 yrs ago.) ca 100,000-75,000 yra: bone tools, perforated shells, art on ochre, Bifacial points, scrapers, perforated marine shells (possibly for necklaces), use of bone to make awls or bone points, ochre carved with designs

Functionalism

(British) Analyzes cultures in terms of their usual effects for individuals and/or for survival and persistence of the whole society or other groups.

ego

(Latin for I) The starting or perspective point of a genealogy (if you are drawing your own genealogy then you are this, if you are interviewing your friend and drawing his chart, than he is this)

Neolithic transition

(Neolithic Revolution) Around 10,000 yrs ago, where transition from food foraging to domestication of plants, animals, and settlement in permanent villages occurred.

Cultural Anthropology

(social, sociocultural anthro.) Studies the way of life of contemporary and historically recent human populations. (main focus is culture [customs and beliefs of some human group]).

Who is the father of anthropology of religion?* What 2 things did he say about them? Example?

*Not Important: E.B. Tyler* 1. People believe in dreams and death and souls 2. Death separates them Example: Animism souls/spiritual beings (found in bands and tribes) Polytheism, Monotheism

Horticulture: In __/__ societies, men and women do the same amount of gardening

1/3

When did the Neolithic transition begin

10,000 years ago

Bluestonehenge site

-Bluestonehenge is not far away from stonehenge; Bluestonehenge are taken and moved to reconstruct the stone hence; -maybe a site to cremate (burn) people; Durrington walls. When peope die, they move the dead people to bluestone henge. The cremated body goes to the stonehenge, where people are buried.

v Hypotheses about the extinction of Neandertals.

-Neandertals kept focusing on large animals for food while large animals became more scarce over time (VS. Modern humans ate abundant small game e.g. rabbits) -Volcanic eruption: not lava, but ashes which created a "nuclear winter" - might have cause extinction of Neandertals in central Europe and Eastern Europe. (VS. Modern Humans were in Africa/Southern parts of Eurasia of which are not affected by ash clouds) =whether we regard Neandertals behaviorally same as modern humans, Neandertals became extinct during the coldest periods.

settlement types

...

spirituality

...

*Polyandry: A lot of people went from _______ to______to practice this.

... Not Important

Polyandry: What percentage is it seen in societies?

.5%

The percent of languages in the world that are primitive in the sense of not having a system of sounds, words, and sentences that can adequately communicate the content of culture.

0%

practitioners and social complexity

1 type of practitioner: usually shaman and its society is nomadic, semi-nomadic food collectors. 2 types of practitioner: usually shaman and priests and have agriculture. 3 types of practitioner: agriculturalists or pastoralists with political integration beyond the community. 4 types of practitioner: have agriculture, political integration beyond the community, and social classes

The average price for an average girl is the same as _______________

1 year production of crop

Influences of Skin Color

1) Hemoglobin (red tint) 2) Carotene (yellow tint) 3) Melanin

4 Criteria of IQ tests

1) Intelligence must be based on one, single overarching factor of general intellectual capacity 2) This "amount" of intelligence must be measurable as a number 3) The number must measure an inborn quality of genetic constitution passed from generation to generation 4) An IQ must be permanent

Marriage: Infatuation/Passion Phase: Name 3 characteristics.

1. Attraction Phase (Phase 1) 2. Phenylthyiamine 3. Brain becomes used to this at about 2 to 3 years

John Shea

1. By calculating TCSA (tip cross-sectional area), he refutes points as projectiles in the MSA. "MSA points are not projectile points, but tips for thrusting spears, of which technology no different than Neandertals" 2. He found out that the type of Levallois used is different for NEandertals compared to archaic modern humans. He hypothesizes that this reflects different cultural traditions. 3. They hunted different animals : Neandertals (gaelle/fallow dear) and archaic moderns (aurochs/ovicaprids)

Sexual Dimorphism: Behavior: What are 3 reasons for both sexual characteristics?

1. Helps to have better sex 2. Select the best mate for the environment 3. Want to take care of the kids

Polyandry: Name 2 cultures that practice it?

1. Inuit 2. Marquesans 3. Tibetan

Marriage: Attachment Phase: Name 4 characteristics

1. Kicks in at about 2 to 3 years 2. Endorphins 3. Kids usually come along at this phase 4. Most commonly get divorced at 4 years with 2 or 3 children

Marriage: what are the two points of marriage? 1. It is natural to_____ 2. Where there is marriage there is also_____

1. Love 2. Divorce

Business Anthropology works in: (2 parts)

1. Market Research: selling to people who don't need it 2. Company relations and efficiency: moving "lost in translation"

Exogamy: 1. Define 2. Must marry_____ the society. 3. Usually seen in______ societies.

1. Marrying outside of the group 2. out 3. tribe/band

Endogamy: 1. Define 2. Must marry_____ the society. 3. Usually seen in______ societies.

1. Marrying within limits of community 2. in 3. large

The percent of all living languages that change over time.

100 %

Burdash: 2 reasons why males opt out of masculine gender role:

1. some were asexual 2. some lived like females

What are the four major areas of Applied Anthropology?

1.Corporate /Business (Industrial) Anthropology 2. International Development Anthropology 3. Urban Anthropology 4. Medical Anthropology

Patterns of Political Participation

16% of all societies have widespread participation and decision making is open to all adults. 37% of all societies have widespread participation but not all adults(men not women, certain groups and not others). 29% of all societies have some but not much input by the community. 18% of all societies have low or nonexistent participation, which means leaders make most decisions

Homo sapiens emerged at least

160,000 ya

Horticulture: ___% of societies where men do more gardening

17%

Magdalenian

17,000 -11,600 bp the most late period of Upper paelo; a long -distance networks; maybe a simple form of trade or people travelling?;

Neanderthals

1856, Neander Valley, Germany first skeleton found (human ancestor), stereotype: brutish, stupid, violent cavemen Oldest: France - 175,000 ya, Germany - 200,000 - 250,000 ya Youngest: Eastern Europe: 30,000 ya Generalized: Middle East, 150,000- 75,000 ya, haven't developed classic traits yet, last interglacial Classical: W. Europe, 75,000- 28,000 ya, first part of last glaciation 150,000 - 28,000 ya

Australopithecus africanus

1924, South Africa 430-530 cc, gracile Australopithecine, limestone caves (Karst set up), flat forehead, low vault, teeth- hominin, small incisor-like canines, fruit, leaves, grass, meat, longer arms to legs, remnant of grasping big toe, short, broad pelvis, fully bipedal, grasslands, few to no trees sexual dimorphic- height: male - 4.5 ft, female - 4 ft, weight: male - 90-130 lbs, female - 55 -66 lbs "Taung child": cranium, 3 years old 3.0-2.0 mya

Lactoli footprints

1978 75 feet in length, volcanic ash, non-divergent big toe, arch, heel strike: human-like 3.7 - 3.5 mya

Ardipithecus ramidus

1992 - 1995, Middle Awash, Ethiopia, East Africa 300- 350 cc, 17 fossils, one 45% complete, features mixture of primitive & derived, "root ground-ape", 1992, Ethiopia, Aramis site more --> 56 fossils, many post-cranial, most 4.4 mya 3 ft tall, 65 lbs, teeth -ape, pelvis/humerous/foraum magnum/big toe - derived 4.5- 4.3 mya, K/Ar

Homo sapiens

1st emerged about 200,000 yrs ago. All living people belong to one biological species. Which means that all human populations on earth can successfully interbreed.

Homo erectus

1st hominid species to be widely distributed in old world. 1.8 million yrs old. The brain was larger than that found in any of the Australopithecines or H. Habilis but smaller then modern human

Bipedal locomotion occurred prior to the expansion of hominid brains by approximately

2 million years ago

The earliest known stone tools are from

2.5 million ya

The earliest definite Australopithecine fossils date to approximately___ ya

3.6

Denisovans

30 - 40,000 ya link to Neanderthals

The number of phonemes that English usually uses.

40

Robust Australopthecines

410-545 cc, specialized diet, extinct, aka Paranthropus, not large body size, hominin-like: non-projecting canines, no canine diastema three species sharing: very large, robust posterior teeth, jaws, face, sagittal crest and flaring cheekbones, extinct 2.5 - 1.2 mya

In __% of world's societies, women do engage in extramarital sex.

57

Marriage: _____ year itch = ______ year itch

7...3

___% of surveyed societies were completely led by men

85

*Agriculture: ____% of men do more agriculture labor

85%* unimportant

In __% of societies, women never participate in war

87

___% of societies in one study view frequent sex as bad.

9

v Possible reasons for the success of "Out of Africa 2" migrations.

:The movement was successful because modern humans went everywhere -Controlled use of fire & its use to heat treat rocks to make stone tools -Use of symbolism to frame personal relationships the world -use of compound glues for hafting -invention of composite tools using microliths after 71,000 bp -invention of bow and arrow after 70,000 bp -invention of snares to capture animals after 70,000 bp -The "rugged fitness landscape" model for cognitive and behavioral evolution : Different groups will use different combinations of technologies, equipment, and behaviors to adopt to their specific contexts; dynamic and flexible = (you have a whole set of options, and you put some elements together, that helps you rise to that challenge. A process of putting things together leads to a cognitive development)

Ashley Montague

A British student of Boas (from England). A GUY? ...yes a man named Ashley. Also fought ethnocentrism/racism. Published, "Man's Morst Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race" in 1942.

Sungir site

A Eastern Gravettian/Gravettian site that shows a lot of personal ornaments and personal goods in burial, Upper paleo humans used culture as a buffer (well-built structures, tailored clothing, and symbolic interactions) to exploit new niches and explore climatic extremes during ice ages in Europe; adult male burial contained 3500 beads, arctic fox teeth, ivory bracelets, and arm bands. Tailored clothing with ornamentation; a lot of ornamentations in Sungir double child burial

Animism

A belief that nature is animated (enlivened or energized) by distinct personalized spirit beings separable from bodies.

berdache

A blurred gender category, usually referring to a person who is biologically male but who takes on a female gender role.

Age grade

A category of people based on age. i.e. "teen-agers", or "adults".

Civilization

A form of complex society in which many people live in cities.

Nomadism

A form of seasonal mobility, usually referring to pastoral peoples who move their livestock to seasonally lush pasturelands.

Ranked Society

A form of society in which there are a fixed number of statuses (e.g. titles, offices) that carry prestige, and only certain individuals are eligible to attain these statuses.

Egalitarian Society

A form of society in which there is little inequality in access to culturally valued rewards.

Stratified Society

A form of society with marked and usually heritable differences in access to wealth, power, and prestige; inequality is based mainly on unequal access to productive and valued resources.

pastoral nomadism

A form of subisistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

Catal Höyük site

A large Turkish Neolithic site that has many artifacts preserved well e.g. double-headed stone statue, Neolithic 'shrines or cult rooms', leopards wall relief & the village and volcano plaster painted picture, goddess figurines; a room with plaster reliefs of bulls with inset horns and exotic items. A recent excavation of new "shrine" room shows that they were used for everyday activities.

Key Consultant (informant)

A member of a society who is especially knowledgeable about some subject and supplies information to a fieldworker.

Horticulture

A method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used.

Free Morpheme

A morpheme that can stand alone as a word.

Bound Morpheme

A morpheme that is attached to a free morpheme to alter its meaning.

Secondary Ethnic Identity

A named ethnic group which is a subgroup of an ethnic nationality and thus does not have a claim to a separate homeland.

Ethnic Nationality (primary ethnic identity)

A named ethnic group with a claim to a geographic region or homeland over which they should have political autonomy.

Ethnic Group

A named grouping of people who identify themselves as members of a social distinct "people" based on shared cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from all other groups.

Clan

A named unilineal descent group, some whose members are unable to trace how they are related but still believe themselves to be kinfolk.

Shaman (medicine man)

A part-time religious specialist who uses his special relationship to supernatural powers for curing members of his group and harming members of other groups.

clan

A person recognized (acknowledged) as a family member

Shaman

A person who enter an altered state of consciousness-at will-to contact and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality in order to acquire knowledge, power, and to help others.

status

A person's postition in society

achieved status

A position or rank that is earned through the efforts of an individual.

Herding (pastoralism)

Adaptation based on the control and breeding of domesticated livestock, which are taken to naturally occurring pastureland.

v Biological responses (adaptations) and health/disease issues associated with the advent of agricultural lifeway. [Slide 33 to 46, Lecture 21, Slide 1 to 14, 20, Lecture 22]

Adaptations: Balancing selection creates a genetic equilibrium between the allele's costs and its benefits As long as the benefits outweigh the costs, potentially harmful alleles can be retained at relatively high frequencies in populations see: lock and key hypothesis see: sickle cell trait see: pellagra *Urbanization and disease: High population densities create conditions for epidemics or pandemics, which affect large geographic areas [e.g., bubonic plague]; Non-infectious common diseases (modern) [cancer, heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure] *Increased disease exposure: •Zoonoses (transmitted from animals to humans) [vectors = ticks, worms, insects, protozoans] •Infectious diseases -Less typical of hunter-gatherers because of small population size and nomadism -Occur in agriculturists because of large population size and sedentism [sanitation, alteration of natural environment) •Nutritional diseases (pellagra) *Changes in lifestyle with the advent of agriculture affected health with consequences seen in malnutrition, skeletal pathologies (superior athletes mirror Paleolithic folk), increased risks for certain diseases, and cavities in teeth (Paleolithic: 2% cavities, Humans: 70% cavities) Pre-agricultural hunting-gathering peoples have more pitting and scratching on their teeth than later agricultural groups in various parts of world, reflecting shift in dietary practices from harder to chew to softer foods. Use of stone ground foods meant that grit was part of the "flour" made from cereals, acorns, etc. Over time, this grit, which was part of the meals eaten, wore down the tooth enamel to the dentine. Sticky foods such as gruels, porridges, and other soft foods made from cereals, in combination with poor dental care, created many opportunities for formation of cavities and gum disease. • abnormalities steadily increased as modern diets were adopted, e.g., the Inuit (Eskimo) • traditional diet: no caries • store-bought food diet: 20% caries • exclusive government supplied food: 30% caries • loss of teeth and lowered resistance to diseases comparing Archaic and Woodland groups: Archaic: •few caries •some tooth loss •low dental hypoplasia Woodland: •16%-24% caries •more tooth loss •50%-60% dental hypoplasia *many lifestyle factors we take for granted are unique in free-living mammalian experience: sedentary living alcohol and tobacco high salt, high saturated fat high refined carbohydrate diet

Asian vs. African

Africa/Georgia: H. ergaster or African erectus (1.8 mya - 1 mya) no sagittal keel more alveolar prognathism less occipital angle Asia: H. erectus (1.8 mya - 50 k)

Sapir-Wharf Hypothesis

Agreement that language influences other aspects of culture, and that it affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality

Example of a culture where women perform dangerous tasks that would seemingly be more suited for men

Agta women hunt deer and pigs

Kindred

All the bilateral relatives of an individual. (All people related to that person through either parents).

Define: ASC (True/False) Most common way to alter it is concentration (True/False) Sensory deprivation can be used (True/False) Sensory overload can include things such as drumming, singing, dancing, etc. (True/False) Metabolic change is when the metabolism is different than usual (True/False) Ritualized drug use is NOT a form of ASC

Altered State of Consciousness True: prayer, meditation True: isolation tank True: ping pong ball thingy with static True: starvation, drugs False:

Berdache

An anthropological term describing an individual who plays the role of the opposite sex in a culture. They may or may not have relations with the same sex.

Surplus

Food or other goods produces by a worker in excess of the amount needed for his or her own consumption as well as the needs of his or her dependents.

pastoralism

Food-production strategy based on care of herds of domesticated animals, use of animals for food. Hunting, gathering, fishing, cultivation, or trading. Mixed economics. Confined mostly to the old world. Nomadic and transhumance.

Free Trade

Free trade means that goods made be imported or exported between countries free from tax duties or quota limits.

violence against children

Frequent reasons for infanticide include illegitimacy, deformity of the infant, twins, too many children, or that the infant is unwanted. Infanticide is usually performed by the mother, but this does not mean that she is uncaring; it may mean that she cannot adequately feed or care for the infant or that it has a poor chance to survive. Physical punishment of children occurs at least sometimes in over 70% of the world's societies and is frequent in about 40%. Those at the bottom of the socioeconomic hierarchy are more likely than those at the top to practice corporal punishment of children

Mt. Toba Super- Eruption

Giant eruption that occurred 73 kya. Humans driven nearly extinct, causing a population bottleneck. Survivors went on to repopulation planet.

Tribute

Goods (typically including food) rendered to an authority such as a chief.

12

How many societies practice Polyandry?

Polyptic

Humans are _____: populations differ in expression of various genetic traits

Which of the following statements about human adaptation is INCORRECT?

Humans are no longer undergoing microevolution.

Extensive Tissue Hypothesis

Humans have too much brains but too few guts. Allows more energy for brain functions.

Multiregional hypothesis

Hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world.

the "gift"

In the lecture presentation, the gift of the mask, these were the two dimensions expressing the idea of "the gift" in their dance-what are vertical with respect to reciprocity to the animist spirits, and horizontal, with respect to reciprocal, heterarchical relationships with other social groups

Production theory & Marxist approach

In this theory of economics the primary elements are labor means of production and mode of production

Growth

Increase in mass

Differences found in Modern Humans

Increased cranial height and roundness. Thinner skull bones. Reduction in anterior teeth

Applied Anthropology:* In 1992:__% of the world's population were non-western people. In 2025:__% of the world's population will be non-western people.

Increasing* 72% 85%

Types of violent resolution

Individual violence: violence that usually results as punishment from a wrong doing Feuding: a state of recurring hostilities between families or groups of kin, usually motivated by a desire to avenge an offense. Raiding: a short-term use of force, planned and organized, to realize a limited objective Large-scale confrontations: large conflicts usually between territories or other lager groups of people

Self-help System

Informal legal systems in societies that have no centralized political systems, in which authorities who settle disputes are defined by the circumstances of the case.

Developmental adjustments

Irreversible physiological changes that occur during the developmental period of an individual. (lung capacity, liver size)

Monogamy

Is Monogamy or Polygamy more common?

Ohalo II site

Israel, shores of the Sea of Galilee, well preserved Kebaran site, indicates high mobility (short-term stays) - occupation during height of LGM, changes in microliths, types of animals exploited over time (including fish), variety of plant remains (lots of wild barley), burial found (rare).

The common attitude In North America in regards to adults touching each other except in moments of intimacy or formal greeting (hand shaking or hugging).

It is discouraged, especially for men

Iroquis gender roles

Kinship terminology-A father & father's brother/mother & her sister are referred to by one term, whereas a father's sister and a mother's brother are referred to by a different term.

Domain (cultural/lexical domain)

Lexical: example: fruit, veggie, food: the way we describe and categorize Culture: the way we conceptualize example: good/bad

Define: Ambilocal

Live with either, whichever can afford to keep them, whichever is more convenient, etc.

How can archaeologists find out about the diet of people who lived in the past?

Makeup of the bones

sorarate

Man marries his late wife's sister

Define: Polygyny

Man with multiple wives at the same time

Define: Poly

Many

Band

Politically autonomous Local group or band Little or no specialization of political officials Foraging and food collecting small and low density communities egalitarian major form of distribution: Mostly reciprocity

Endogamous Rules

Marriage rules that require individuals to marry some member of their own social group or category.

polyandry

Marriage to multiple men (occurs in .5% of societies)

cross cousin marriage

Marrying a cousin related to ego by mother's brother or father's sister (cousins related through siblings of opposite sex)

parallel cousin marriage

Marrying a cousin related to ego by mother's sister or father's brother (cousins related through siblings of the same sex)

Complete replacement theory

Modern populations arose in Africa and replaced those in Asia and Europe. Genetic holocaust

Pastoralism: What is the typical religion? Example

Monotheism: one elderly leader based on hierarchy. Maasai

Neanderthal tools

Mousterian Industry: flakes wide variety: scrapers, hafted, no axes stone tools: prepared-core technology: shaped core, similar flakes, different shaped core = different flakes

Arctic Ecozone Adaptions

Must cope with extreme lows in temperature and prolonged periods of light/darkness D: Liver size and capacity, body shape and limb proportions A: Increased body temp, non-shivering heat production R: Clothes, shelter, high fat & protein diet

Moiety

Name of a group when a society splits into two halves on the basis of descent.

2 spirit

Native American term describing a person who has a "masculine spirit" and a "feminine spirit". Associated with their animistic beliefs. Someone who has relations with either gender.

Jericho site

Neolithic PPNA tower (suggestion of fortification BUT contradicts with low level) and wall. Individual (common) and multiple burials, often underneath abandoned house floors/courtyards, some decapitated (often plastered/molded-suggest features of a living person-ancestor cult?), infant burial (found in trash areas/indication of NOT a member of society?), some instances of gazelle buried w or w/o humans, few grave goods (occasionally personal ornamentation - necklace/bracelet). Examples: Abu Hureyra, Ain Ghazal (w/o head), Catal Höyük, Asikli Höyük.

desert "kite" site

Neolithic hunting technique in the Black Desert, Jordan (1980s), drive animals towards a point (configured like an arrow) where hominids slaughter them.

Ain Ghazal site

Neolithic life-people densely packed together (100s yrs) Example of the impact on local environments. Early vs. Late - PLANTS Early: 24 types of plant foods (domestic & wild) D=peas, lentils, wheat, barley, chickpeas W=pistachio, almond, fig, horsebean, vetch vs. Late no plant remains found possibly indications of loss of soil fertility. ANIMALS Early: 52 species (domestic & wild) D=goat W=gazelle, cattle, pig, fox, hare tortoise vs. Late - 12 species D=goat, cattle, pig, sheep W=8 OAK FOREST Early: plenty for house posts and fuel (plaster floors) 1 ton plaster = 2 tons limestone & 4 tons wood. Late: less for house post, 7K acres of forest gone. 36 per yr. or 40K in 1,500 yrs.

Regions of the world that have unusually high densities of different native languages today.

New Guinea and the Caucasus Mountains north of Turkey and Iran (also Native California in the past)

Which group of primates is most associated with having a prehensile tail?

New World Monkeys

incest taboo

No marrying close kin. Universal taboo around the world.

Define Forager

Nomadic Hunter:Men/Gather:Women on marginalized land area

Inbreeding

Non-random mating where relatives mate more often than expected

What percent of couples allow polygyny? societies?

Not important

Know the Subsistence Chart

ONLINE

Symbols

Objects, behaviors, and so forth whose culturally defines meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherent physical qualities.

How can you tell a monkey from an ape? How can you tell a monkey from the New World vs Old World?

Old world - Two Premolars Terrestrial New Monkeys - Three Premolars Grasping tails Arboreal

European Homo sapiens

Oldest evidence in Romania dating back 35 kya. Numerous huts made from mammoth bone with large central hearths. Used stone tools and had elaborate graves and decorative items.

Tools

Oldowan, Acheulean Bifaces - hard and soft hammer technique flakes: bones, ivory, antler, wood tools controlled, flatter flakes, straighter, sharper sides, flakes planned, cores flaked all over, skilled hand axes - pear shaped, tailored to different purposes, 1.4 mya - 300,000 ya, absent in Asia butcher animals, dig tubers and roots, hunt

Polygyny

One husband married to more than 1 wife at same time

Asian Homo sapiens

Only 7 early humans found in Asia dating less than 40 kya showing features of both modern humans and archaic forms.

nuclear family

Parents and Children residing together

political and economic influences on health

People with more social, economic, and political power in a society are generally healthier. The poor usually have more exposure to disease because they live in more crowded conditions. Political conditions can affect the health of some people.

Movie on Medical Anthropology: What type of medicine did the doctors give to the child?

Peruvian: general antibiotics Chinese: Chinese Herb

Marriage: What are the phases?

Phase 1: Attraction Phase 2. Attachment

Eugenics

Philosophy of "race improvement" through sterilization of some groups of people. Most popular in US and Europe

Big Men

Political leaders who do not occupy formal offices and whose leadership is based on influence, not authority.

1. geographical 2.ecological 3.behavioral 4.anatomical

Pre-Mating Isolation

Franz Boas

President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Criticized notions of superior races in his "Race and Progress" in 1909. Born and raised in Germany. Recognized dangers of ethnocentrism/racism.

v Features some archaeologists use to describe "modern" behavior in the archaeological record and why they are thought to be important. How many of them constitute sufficient evidence of modern behavior at any one site?

Principle 1 :Evolutionary change most often occurs through small incremental steps Principle 2: Each incremental step builds on prior adaptations Principle 3: Behavioral change drives genetic change Principle 4: Complex features evolve only if they are adaptive. = These evolutionary principles suggest that : 1. Continuities with other species are to be expected (e.g. Common chimps, bonobos, gorilla language capabilities) 2. Behavioral adaptations that require minimal genetic changes will be favored.

Incest Taboo

Prohibition against sexual intercourse between certain kinds of relatives.

bridesprice

Property presented to bride's family.

dowry

Property presented to groom or his family

FOXP2 Gene

Proved that Neanderthals had ability to speak.

Social functions of religion

Provides orderly function of the universe, explaining the unknown, prompt reflection concerning conduct, sets guidelines for behavior, lifts the burden of responsibility for conduct from the shoulders of the society's individual members (from believing the moral code is divinely ordained).

Revolution

Radical change in society or culture. In the political arena, it involves the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one.

What are the forms of exchange (forms of reciprocity, redistribution...) and what kinds of relationships do they create?

Reciprocity Redistribution Market

Individualistic Practices

Religious practices based on personal relationship between specific individuals and specific supernatural powers.

Shamanistic Practices

Religious practices in which special individuals (shamans) have relationships with supernatural powers that ordinary people lack.

Paleodemography

Reconstruct age/sex structures of ancient populations, and changes over time

Cultural resource management (CRM)

Recovering and preserving the archaeological record before programs of planned change disturb or destroy artifacts

Tribes

Refers to a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory.

Hierarchical Nesting

Refers to the fact an ethnic identities are frequently subgroups of still larger ethnic identities.

Old World

Refers to the land masses of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Fictive

Related by agreement, such as godparents, foster children, step-children, friend -of- family "uncles" and "aunts"

affinal

Relationship by marriage- includes spouses, in-laws, and step-relatives

affinity

Relationship through marriage

kin

Relationships traced to a common known ancestor

lineage

Relationships traced to a common unknown or mythical ancestor, usually composed of several lineages

Israeli Homo sapiens

Several caves with remains of both humans and Neanderthals, proving that the two species coexisted.

Group Marriage

Several women and several men married to one another simultaneously.

The biological trait defined by the ability to produce a specific type of gamete

Sex

The physiological difference between the sexes

Sexual dimorphism

Define Sexual Permissiveness

Sexual tolerance/acceptance

Norms

Shared ideas and expectations about how people ought to act in given situations.

Values

Shared ideas or standards about the worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles.

Culture

Shared, socially learned knowledge and patterns of behavior of some human group.

What culture thinks it is strange to have sex in marriage because they sleep in rooms of up to 50 people?

Siriono of Bolivia

Osteological paradox

Skeletal populations with high incidences of lesions do not necessarily mean the population was unhealthy but that they were healthy enough to survive

Morphemes

Smallest unit of sound that carries a meaning in language. Distinct from a phoneme, which can alter meaning but has no meaning by itself.

Prehistoric Archaeology

Study of people who lived before the development of writing by excavating sites and analyzing material remains.

Primatology

Study of primates (evolution, anatomy, adaptation, and social behavior of primates.)

Physical,Linguistic and Cultural Anthropology, and Archaeology

Subfields of Anthropology

Sue Ellen Jacobs

Social Impact Assessment. She was hired to do an assessment on a water diversion project in New Mexico. She found that the project would negatively affect the local Hispanic and Indian population. It infringed on local control of land.

mana

Some supernatural forces have no personlike character. For example, a supernatural, impersonal force called mana, after its malayo-polynesian name, is thought to inhabit some objects but not others, some people but not others

Australopithecus sediba

South Africa 420-435 cc, adult/child, cranial & post-cranial, closer to later homo Erectus than older, homoplasy, similarity not = relatedness 1.97 - 1.78 mya

Sterkfontain

South Africa no classification, virtually complete, 4' tall, foot bones - arboreal and bipeds If is A. africanus, is oldest If is A. afarensis, 3000 m --> convergent, gene flow, travel New 3.0- 3.6 mya

Australopithecus robutus

South Africa (biostratigraphy) 530 cc, 3 individuals?, 4'6" males, 3'7" females, post-crainal - similar to A. Africanus, huge molars, thick enamel, flaring zygomatics, large supraorbital torus, large sagittal crest, eat hard foods (grains, seeds) and meat --> isotopic tooth enamel 2.0 -1.8 mya

Movie on Medical Anthropology: What region did this film take place in?

South America: Peruvian border Central Africa: aaka

Paleoanthropology

Specializes in investigating the biological evolution of the human species.

Multiregionalism theory

Species integrity maintained by continual gene flow between different populations. However, geographic barriers would likely prohibit this.

Humid Tropic Adaptions

Sporadic food resources A: Increased subcataneous vasodilatation R: Less clothing, large families, high population levels

Forensic taphonomy

Stages through which a body passes through from being fresh to completely skeletonized

nationalism

Strong forms of this type of political philosophy can sometimes lead to ethnocide and genocide the desire of individuals with the common historical roots to control a particular nation.

Physical (biological) Anthropology

Studies biological and genetic evolution of the human species, behavior and anatomy of monkeys and apes, and physical variations among and between human groups.

Anthropology

Study of human kind (Homo sapiens) from a broad perspective, focusing especially on the biological and cultural differences and similarities among populations and societies of both the past and present.

Forensic entomology

Study of insect life cycle and succession on cadavers

family of procreation

The family group that consists of a husband, a wife, and their children

Power

The ability to make others do what you want based on coercion or legitimate authority.

Gender Crossing

The adoption of social roles and behaviors normatively appropriate for the opposite biological sex from one's own.

Ethnic Origin Myth

The agreed-upon story of the origin and history of the group by selective reference to certain historic events and people.

Holistic Perspective

The assumption that any aspect of a culture is integrates with other aspects, so that every aspect of culture must be understood in its social context.

Ethnocentrism

The attitude or opinion that the morals, values, and customs of one's own culture are superior to those of other peoples.

10

The average first marriage lasts _ _ years

Patterns of Behavior

The behaviors that most people form when they are in certain culturally defined situations

Animism

The belief in spiritual beings.

Proxemics

The branch of knowledge that deals with the amount of space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves and others.

Polymorphism

The characteristic of having more than one allele for a given gene.

Proxemics

The cross-cultural study of humankind's perception and use of space.

Cultural Identity

The cultural tradition a group of people recognize as their own; the shared customs and beliefs that define how a group sees itself as distinctive.

role

The culturally assigned behaviors and expectations for a person's social postition

Cultural Constructives

The culturally variable ways people perceive social and natural reality and divide those realities into categories, as illustrated by the cultural (social) construction of race.

Polygyny

The custom by which one man is allowed to have multiple wives.

Brideservice

The custom in which a man spends a period os time working for the family of his wife.

Bridewealth

The custom in which a prospective groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives of the bride to validate the marriage.

Dowry

The custom in which the family of a woman transfer property or wealth to her upon marriage.

Gender Stratification

The degree of inequality between males and females based on culturally defined differences between the sexes; may be based on social status (rank, prestige) or on access to resources, wealth, power, or influence.

Social Distance

The degree to which cultural norms specify that two individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to each other.

Inequality

The degree to which individuals, groups, and categories differ in their access to rewards.

Linguistic divergence

The development of different languages from a single ancestral language.

Parallel evolution

The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by peoples whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike.

Define Sexual Dimorphism

The difference that evolve between the two sexes that evolve through competition of one sex for the other. Example: Peacock Feathers

Aurignacian

The earliest of upper Paleolithic & always associated with modern humans; the spread of Aurignacian has been traditionally seen as the migration of modern humans into western Europe, but there are now evidences that show modern humans might have arrived before the Aurignacian.

Global Trade

The economic exchange of goods and other products between the different peoples of the world via established trade networks.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of people, diseases, domesticated animals and plants, and cultural knowledge between the peoples of the Old World and the New World.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and world view of its speakers.

Cultural Constructs of Gender

The idea that the characteristics a people attribute to males and females are culturally, not biologically, determined.

Syncretism

The integration of religious beliefs and practices of two or more religious traditions to create a new and distinct religious tradition.

New World

The land masses of NOrth America, South America, and the islands of the Caribbean.

universal categories used by healers

The naming process: If a disease has a name then it is curable; the patient realizes that the doctor understands his case The personality of the doctor: those who demonstrate some empathy, non possessive warmth, and genuine interest in the patient get results The patient's expectations: One way of raising the patient's expectations of being cured is the trip to the doctor; the longer the trip the easier the cure. An impressive setting and impressive paraphernalia also raise the patients expectations. Training is important as well as high fees the doctor charges. Curing techniques: drugs, shock treatment, conditioning techniques, and so on have long been used in many different parts of the world

Domestication

The process by which people control the distribution, abundance, and biological features of certain plants and animals in order to increase their usefulness to humans.

Globalization of Production

The process in which companies located in one country relocate their production facilities to other countries to reduce costs and be more competitive.

Industrialism

The productive technology that harnesses the energy of fossil fuels (petroleum, coal, and natural gas) to satisfy human material needs and wants.

religious conversion

The purpose of missionaries to convert people to new religions such as christianity and islam, due to fulfilling their religions need to spread the word or for selfish reasons

Reification

The notion that once something is given a name, it must exist in reality

Cultural Relativism

The notion that one should not judge the behavior or beliefs of other peoples using the standards of one's own culture.

Psychological Function of Religion

The notion that people derive comfort from religion and that religion helps people cope with misfortunes and death.

Social Function of Religion

The notion that religion maintains the institutions of society as a whole.

Intellectual/cognitive Function of Religion

The notion that religious beliefs provide explanations for puzzling things and events.

Postmodernism

The orientation that questions the truth of beliefs and knowledge, including those of science; focuses especially on how power relationships affect the creation and spread of ideas and beliefs.

Life Cycle

The patterned changes in roles, rights, obligations, and social relationships that individuals experience as they move through culturally defined age categories.

Sexual Division of Labor

The patterned ways in which productive activities and tasks are assigned to women versus men in a culture (strength, fertility maintenance (depression and infertile), child care and compatibility).

Division of Labor

The patterned ways in which productive tasks are divided up along the lines of gender, sex, skill and knowledge, interest, and other criteria.

Syntax

The patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phases and sentences

Indigenous Peoples

The people who were native to the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania at the start of European expansion.

Sorcery

The performance of rites and spells for the purpose of causing harm to others by supernatural means.

Political Nationality

The political identity of an individual or group based on citizenship of a particular country.

Monogamy

The practice in which each individual is allowed to have only one spouse at a time.

Polyandry

The practice in which one woman is allowed to have multiple husbands.

Multiple Gender Identities

The presence in some cultures of more than two sexes, with the third- and fourth- gender identities often called by terms such as man-woman and woman-man.

enculturation

The process by which a child learns his or her culture

Market Globalization

The process by which capital, technology, products, and services cross national boundaries at prices largely determined by global supply and demand.

Artifacts

Things made or altered by people ex: litchis, ceramics, tools, your teddy bear

state

This defined territory has a centralized power base and monopolizes control over the use of force

conspicuous consumption

This is the aquisitation or use of goods because they add wealth or presige

nation- states

This is what we have in the world today since many states are coincided with nations

ambilineal

This is what you follow if you can trace descent through wither the mother or father's line

globalization

This process which is a particular contemporary configuration in the relationship between capital and nation states causes the loss of cultural diversity and was boosted by industrial revolution

Define: Burdash

This term means two spirits, neither female nor male

If your brother gives you a CD for your birthday and 8 months later you send him a book for his birthday this is an example of

generalized reciprocity

contagious magic

Whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it (voodoo)

Trobrianders and Cricket

When British missionaries pressed Trobrianders to celebrate their regular yam harvests with a game of civilized cricket rather than traditional wild erotic dances, they responded by transforming the staid British sport into an exuberant event that featured sexual chants and dances between innings. This is an example of SYNCRETISM-the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms.

700 ppm

When CO2 levels reach ______, rising sea levels cause massive population displacement; ocean conveyer belt shuts down, survival possible but difficult

1100 ppm

When CO2 levels reach ______, there will be a biblical scale of disaster, conveyer shut down, ice melted, sea levels have risen, mass extinction

Rise

When economy is up/good, both marriage and divorce rates _ _ _ _.

Postmarital Residence Patterns

Where most newly married couples go to live after they become married.

Polyandry

Which is rarer: Polygyny or Polyandry?

First 5 codified races

White, yellow, red, black, brown

keep power and blood pure

Why were sibling unions encouraged?

Levirate

Widow marries the brother of her late husband

violence against wives

Wife beating is most common when men control the products of family labor, when men have the final say in decision making in the home, when divorce is difficult for women,when remarriage for a widow is controlled in the husband's kin, and when women do not have any female work groups. Societies that have violent methods of conflict resolution within communities, physical punishment of criminals, high frequency of warfare, and cruelty toward enemies generally have more wife beatings as well.

music

Wordiness and clearness of enunciation were found to be associated with cultural complexity. Hunter-gather type bands are more likely than we are to base much of their singing on lines of nonwords. Their songs are characterized by lack of explicit information by sounds that five pleasure in themselves, by much repetition, and by relaxed, slurred enunciation. Societies in which the leadership is informal and temporary seem to symbolize their local equality by an interlocked style of singing. Rank societies, society where a leader has prestige but no real power, are characterized by a song style in which one leader may begin the song, but the others soon drown out his voice. In stratified societies, where leaders have the power of force, choral singing is generally marked by a clear cut role for the leader and secondary answering role for the others. Societies marked by elaborate stratification show singing parts that are differentiated and in which the soloist is deferred to by the other singers.

v Features some archaeologists use to describe "modern" behavior in the archaeological record and why they are thought to be important. How many of them constitute sufficient evidence of modern behavior at any one site?

[Slide 47, Lecture 15] How do Neandertals compare to early modern humans? • both have ochre and other potential pigments • both have burials • both have Levallois and notch/denticulates • both have perforated shells of various types • both have evidence of broadened diets • both have similar settlement patterns • Neandertal symbolic evidence (perforated shells, pigments) is late • Neandertal broadened diet is sporadic and late It would seem that assigning "modern behavior" to Neandertals is complicated by a "trait list approach" to defining modernity and is still a matter of interpretation........only a handful of archaeologists consider Neandertals to be behaviorally similar to modern humans. No doubt, the perceived behavioral differences between Neandertals and modern humans results partly because of the mtDNA genetic differences between Neandertals and modern humans, but also because Neandertals appear to have biologically adapted to situations to which modern humans appear to have culturally adapted.

v Controversies concerning the CULTURAL relationship of Neandertals and modern humans (culture from the archaeological record). see: John Shea

[Slide 48 to 50, Lecture 15] Behavioral Variability: another way of thinking about "modern" behavior and its appearance in the archaeological record "We need to stop looking at artifacts as expressions of evolutionary states and start looking at them as byproducts of behavioral strategies." (Shea 2011, American Scientist, p. 135) Difficult to isolate behavior to one type of hominin: 1."First, the capacity for behavioral variability we think to be uniquely evolved among recent human populations may be evolutionarily primitive. 2.Second, this capacity for behavioral variability may be one shared with now-extinct hominin species. 3.Finally, differences in the capacity for behavioral variability may not explain why these other species are extinct and H. sapiens is not."

Overpopulation

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ leading to poverty is a culture bound view

Cohabitation

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ before marriage increases divorce rate

Tibetans

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ s practice Polyandry

95%

____ of HIV infected people live in developing countries

Theory

a broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypotheses.

In class, we defined biological evolution as

a change in the frequency of alleles in a population

social group

a cluster of people beyond the domestic unit who are usually related on grounds other than kinships

extended household

a coresidential group that comprises more than one parent-child unit

Innovation

a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation

endogamy

a cultural rule that dictates that one must marry within a designated group

chain migration

a form of population movement in which a first wave of migrants comes and then attracts relatives and friends to join them in the destination

caste system

a form of social stratification linked with Hinduism and based on a person's birth into a particular group

Ethnicity

a group a people emphasizing common origins and language, shared history and selected aspects of cultural differences

age set

a group of people close in age who go through certain rituals, such as circumcision, at the same time

family

a group of people who consider themselves related through a form of kinship, such as descent, marriage, or sharing

secondary group

a group of people who identify with one another on some basis but may never meet with one another personally

Homo Neanderthal

a group of robust and otherwise anatomically distinct hominids that are closely relatives of humans- so close that some believe it should be classified as Homo Sapiens netandertalensis.

sub-culture

a group within a single society who possess certain distinctive cultural elements that set them apart

neolocal residence

a home where the married couple live by themselves, away from both husband's and wife's families.

patrilocal residence

a home where the married couple live with the husband's family.

matrifocality

a household pattern in which a female (or females) is the central figure around whom other members cluster

matrilineal descent

a kinship system in which both males and female acquire the lineage of their mother

law

a legal code including trial and enforcement

Patralocality

a married couple resides with or near the husband's parents.

Allele

a member of a pair of genes

Balanced reciprocity

a mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and time of their delivery.

Generalized reciprocity

a mode of exchange in which the value of what is given is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified.

band

a type of society common in foraging groups and marked by egalitarian social structure and lack of specialization

chiefdom

a type of society with an office of chief, most commonly hereditary, social ranking, and a redistributive economy

marriage

a union, usually between two people who are likely to be, but are not necessarily, coresident, sexually involved with each other, and procreative

Lucy

a. afarensis, adult female, arms longer than modern humans, small (3'3"), around 40% skeleton, first definitive hominin, 3-4 mya

Power

ability to make others do what they do not want to do or influence based on the threat of force

The age at which North American children begin to master the subtle cultural aspects of time, such as when one should arrive at a party or a business appointment.

about 12

The fraction of all languages in the world that are no longer spoken by children.

about half

Carolus Linnaeus

added Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order and Family to Ray's list

Anthropologists define an economic system as a system organizing

all of the above

Physical variation between human populations may be the result of

all of the above

Physical anthropology

also known as biological anthro. Study of humans as biological organisms

bracero

an agricultural laborer in Latin America and the Caribbean who is permitted entry to a country to work for a limited time

Adaptation

an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral response of organisms or populations to the environment.

shaman

an ancient doctor, healer, or priest, they were called upon for religious ceremonies

Australopithecus anamensis

best candidate for hominins near Lake Turkana --> Kanapoi and Allia Bay dry woods, open grass-lands, riverine areas, teeth, 100 - 130 lbs, unknown cc,cranial, post-cranial: 52 specimens, 3 individuals, mix of traits, ape-like: small ear holes, large canines, mandible and humeurus (chimp like), hominin-like: thick enamel, tibia- suggests bipedialism, sexual dimorphism of teeth, South ape of the lake region 3.9 - 4.2 mya

types of anthropology (8)

biological linguistic Paleo- primat- forensic osteology cultural ethnology

systematic study of humans as biological organisms

biological anthroplogy

habitually walk on 2 legs

bipedal

What evidence is used for a fossil to be definitely classified has a hominid:

bipedalism

trends

bipedalism, encephalization - brain size getting bigger, balance of cranium - flattened face (orthognathic increases), teeth shrink, lose canine complex, shortened skull, less robust, lose hair

Genus homo

brain size: 510 - 1880 cc, A. overlap: 400 - 545 cc, increased over past 2 my, shape: rounded cranium, face less prognathic, dental size: reduced, parabolic, post-cranial anatomy

taxonomy

branch of science concerned with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships

Sexual Dimorphism: Women: have large breasts (only animals that have ______ swelling) What other characteristic does a woman have?

breast biological signal for horniness... lol gross -___- have buttocks (hips and butt)

Neanderthal Extinction

bred out, out competed, poor health, specialization

Holistic perspective

broadest possible view of human culture and biology

The primary way in which Latin derived languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian change the meaning of a sentence.

by changing the endings of words (i.e., suffixes).

The primary way in which the meaning of a sentence is changed in Mandarin Chinese.

by changing the tone of syllables in words

The primary way in which the meaning of a sentence is changed in English.

by changing the word order

Fever, Shock, and trauma are examples of which of the following? a. sensory deprivation b. sensory overload c. metabolic change

c. metabolic change

What is the only gender role that is associated with women?

caring for infants

Reasons we became bipedal

carrying, weapons and tools, vegetable foods/water/infants, traveling between food trees, feeding from bushes, feeding on grass seeds, provisioning family, thermoregulation, looking over tall grass, more energy efficient

Art

cave paintings Lascaux Cave, France Grotte Chanvet, France figurines, carvings, pendants "Lion Lady" Baden, Germany

Modern Shelter

caves, rock shelters, manufactured: wood, animal bones and hide

development

change directed toward improving human welfare

Macroevolution

changes over time in population do result in the appearance of new species or speciation.

The smallest unit of sound that can be altered to change the meaning of a word. These units of sound do not have meaning by themselves. The initial sound in the words bit, kit, sit, and pit are examples.

click sounds used as consonants

When Alia's mother speaks to her in Arabic and Alia responds in English, this is an example of

code switching

ethnology

comparative study of cultures with the aim of presenting analytical generalizations w/n context of that society

Applied anthropology

concerns itself with applying anthropological knowledge to achieve practical goals

Andreas Vesalius

conducted anatomical examinations on the human body in order to understand how things worked

big toe enlarged

convergent (in line), feet aren't flat

What do we call the cross-cultural study of human perception and use of space

conversational distance

In the league of the iriquois, what was the highest political authority?

council of 50 male chiefs

Define: Neolocal (Common/Rare) across world (Common/Rare) here

couple starts up own/new household Rare Common

The general term for a pidgin language that has become the mother tongue of a population. In Haiti, for example, a French-African pidgin became this sort of language. It is spoken in that nation today by the majority of the population as their principle or only language.

creole

Participant observation refers to

cultural anthropologist studying a group of people by living among them

focuses on human behavior and the role of culture

cultural anthropology

Comparing the amounts of labor involved in subsistence pursuits among industrial versus food-gathering societies would be a topic of

cultural anthropology or ethnology

Lapita culture

cultural complex of the original human settlers of Melanesia, much of Polynesia, and parts of Micronesia; dating between 1600 and 500 bce. It is named for a type of fired pottery that was first extensively investigated at the site of Lapita; originally from Taiwan and other regions of East Asia; highly mobile seaborne explorers and colonists who had established themselves on the Bismarck Archipelago by 2000 bc; Beginning about 1600 bce they spread to the Solomon Islands; they had reached Fiji, Tonga, and the rest of western Polynesia by 1000 bce; and they had dispersed to Micronesia by 500 bce

What is the term for the spreading of ideas/traits from one culture to another?

cultural diffusion

homogeneous cultures

cultural group that shares most ideas, values, knowledge, behaviors, and artifacats. Typical of small cultural groups (ie foragers)

heterogeneous cultures

cultural group that shares only a few components. Typical of large societies such as states, where there are many subcultures such as ethnic groups

An archaeological technique employed to recover tiny objects by immersion of soil samples in water by immersion of soil samples in water is called

flotation

foraging

food procurement strategy that involves collecting wild plant and animal foods

Pollen found at an archaeological site is a good example of a(n)...

fossil

Robert Hooke

fossils and creatures are made of cells

Homo-sapiens

fossils appear around 200,000-400,000 yrs. ago in Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Homo erectus

found in 1891 (Asia) from Africa Pleistocene Epoch, "Ice Age" --> glaciers in northern hemisphere, "upright walking human" 1.8 my - 50,000 ya

Homo habilis

found in 1960 by Leakey in East Africa 610 cc av - range of 510 - 675 cc, "Able man," handy man -- makes tools, found hand bones, jaw, cranial, post-cranial, smaller teeth, larger brain, vault thicker, less post orbital constriction, smaller supraorbital tori, small: height 3'3", weight 70-85 lbs, relatively long arms (ape-like), some prognathism, around 11 specimens overlap with Australopithecines? context: found with stone tools Olduwan Tradition 2.0 - 1.6 mya

Orrorin tugenensis

found in 2000, Tugen Hills, Kenya cranial capacity unknown, teeth: ape like-primitive, femur: bipedal - derived,fragmentary --> several individuals 6 mya - East Africa (chronometric dating)

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

found in 2001, Chad small brain (350 cc), no post cranial, small canines, thick enamel, "Toumai skull", primitive and derived traits --> large supraorbital torus (ape), more vertical face (hominin) 6-7 mya (biostratigraphy)

Australopithecines robust

found in S. Africa caves dating from 1.8 to 1 mya. Not as large in the teeth and jaws.

bipedalism advantages

free hands, cooler, better vision

Shelter

frequently caves: least effort, sturdy, protective Terra Amata, France - 300,000 - 400,000 ya - non-cave structure on sand bar

Though these things are not considered to be directly expected gender roles, what things do women usually have a tendency to do? (5)

gather wild plants care for children cook food launder collect water or fuel

A term referring to sexual identity as male or female.

gender

Culturally assigned labors performed by men and women

gender roles

Interbreeding between population allows for

gene flow

Cross cultural research can help us discover

general patterns about human cultural traits

patriarchy

the dominance of men in economic, political, social, and ideological domains

Humans homo

habitual bipedalism, omnivores, primate heritage (body structure), very large/complex brains, spoken language

Sexual Dimorphism: Men: have more body and facial_____.

hair

androgynous

having both male and female characteristics

industrial revolution

historic transformation of " traditional" into "modern" societies through industrialization of the economy

Early hominins

hominin differentiation, late Miocene, group living adapted (8-5 mya), more evidence for around 4.5 mya

Which of the following is most characterized by producing a surplus in order to sell on the market

horticultures

With agricultural societies, what two types of work intensify?

household labor secondary subsitence

Define: Subsistence and say what it does?

how one makes a living, it shows the characteristics of a culture.

os coxa

ilium, ischium, pubis

foraging

the acquisition of food by hunting, fishing, or the gathering of plant matter.

The fact that Ashkenzai Jews living in the U.S. have a lower mortality rate for tuberculosis than non-Jews is most likely because

the ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews were captured for many years to tuberculosis in crowded, European ghettos, giving a selective advantage to tuberculosis resistant genotypes

medical anthropology

the application of anthropological knowledge to the study of health and illness.

supernatural force

the belief that most illnesses are caused by supernatural forces such as gods or spirits

animism

the belief that spirits are present in animals, plants, and other natural objects

Ethnocentrism

the belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones.

concept of balance

the body needs a balance of hot and cold items, or wet and dry items

Economics

the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management

Hominoid

the broad-shouldered tail-less group of primates that includes all living and extinct apes and humans.

kinship

the complex system of culturally complex defined social relationships based on marriage (principle of affinity) and birth (principle of consanguity)

Social Stratification

the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group

male bias in development

the design and implementation of development projects with men as beneficiaries and without regard to the impact of the projects on women's roles and status

mandarin chinese

the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China

Animism

the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls

Enculturation

the process of a culture being transmitted from one generation to the next.

participant observer

the process of an anthropologists doing ethnographic fieldwork

agriculture

the raising of plants or animals for human use

Descriptive linguistics describes

the rules people follow when they speak properly

linguistics

the scientific study of the structure, sounds, and meaning of language

Morpheme

the smallest unit of sound that carry a meaning in a language.

Phonemes

the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning in language.

assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Forensic anthropology

the specialty in anthropology that is devoted to helping solve crimes and identifying human remains, usually by applying knowledge of physical anthropology.

diffusion

the spread of culture through contact

Cultural diffusion

the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another.

project cycle

the steps of a development project from initial planning to completion: project identification, project design, project appraisal, project implementation, and project evaluation

kinesics

the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions

Colonial powers

tried to change native land ownership to favor individual private property

fictive kinship

unrelated family friends who are addressed by kin terms

Applied anthropology

use of anthropological methods and knowledge to solve practical problems often for a specific client

Sorcery

use of certain material to invoke supernatural powers to harm people

Define: Magic (witchcraft/sorcery) (True/False) Religion is a human universal (True/False) Religions all have myths (True/False) Religion is based on belief not fact What distinguishes difference?

uses rituals to demand/compel/coerce or force supernatural powers. ex. sacrifice. True True True Intent

Code switching

using more than one language in the course of conversing

Binomial nomenclature

using to words to name species by their genus and species such as "homo sapien"

v Compare and contrast the lifeways of hunter-gatherers and early agriculturalists. see previous 2 essay questions

v Compare and contrast the lifeways of hunter-gatherers and early agriculturalists. see previous 2 essay questions

What is the social consequence of food production

variety of castes

polygny

variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife

What is the Holistic approach to anthropology?

various parts of culture and biology must be viewed broadly to understand interconnections and interdependence

advantages of being bipedal

walking long distances, less sunlight directly on the body

Western Europe Upper Paleolithic Order & Map <Western European Upper Paleolithic>

• Magdalenian: ca. 17,000 - 11,600 cal BP • Solutrean: ca. 22,000 - 17,000 cal BP (SW Europe) • Gravettian: ca. 32,000 - 22,000 cal BP • Aurignacian: ca. 47,000 - 32,000 cal BP