ANTH 021

The Hmong have long viewed mobility and migration as a way of preserving their culture and autonomy.

True

The latest findings of paleoanthropology suggest that the hominin capacity for culture appeared before the emergence of our species, Homo sapiens.

True

What a group considers an illness or abnormal health condition may only be weakly or not at all connected to what is happening biologically.

True

Since the beginning of environmental anthropology a century ago, scholars have studied the social conflicts caused by national parks and other global efforts at environmental conservation, as well as indigenous activism protesting environmental degradation.

false

You wake up one day feeling like you've got a bad cold. Your roommate insists you stay in bed instead of going to class and goes to the cafeteria to get you chicken soup. Anthropologists would say that you and your roommate are enacting a model of appropriate behavior for a person who is ill, which is called the _____ _____.

sick role

Placebo Effect

significantly higher with children under than 12 compared with children older than 12 Drug response equal Drops with adults

Modes of subsistence like foraging and pastoralism persist in the world because they can be effective ways for a small population to secure a sustainable food supply.

true

An environmental anthropologist trained since the 1980s would be most interested in conducting which kind of research project?

a study of indigenous environmental struggles in the face of encroachment by industrial agriculture

A biocultural anthropologist would emphasize: a. Western cultures are fairly unique worldwide in terms of how they focus on biological features to differentiate groups. Most societies emphasize cultural characteristics as more important in differentiating groups. b. The rise of racial pharmacogenomics reflects ongoing efforts by policymakers, scientists, and powerful corporations and to identify, manage, and profit from the idea that racial differences are rooted in biology. c. Human populations, or clusters where individuals find mating partners, pretty accurately map onto the dominant categories used to identify racial groups. d. The clinal dynamics of human populations are closely tied to processes of biological evolution like natural selection, and cultural dynamics like migration which contributes to gene flow.

a, b, and d

Dynamics of structural violence, such as those identified in Paul Farmer's research on Haitians' health, are important to the study of power because:

they point to the bodily harm caused by political, economic, and social structures

During the past forty years, political anthropologists largely shifted their attention from the study of how people maintain social order through political systems to the study of how political power actually works. Why?

they unlocked the code of how people really govern themselves: they use informal mechanisms of social control they finally rejected the idea that politics involves dynamic processes like manipulation, resistance, persuasion, and other techniques to gain and hold onto power they began to appreciate how formal political institutions shape and control the organizational patterns of power in everyday life because political chaos is rife and universal, especially in non-Western societies ****!none of the above!****

The reason that a man in a matrilineal kinship system is expected to marry his father's sister's daughter is:

to create an alliance with another matrilineage

In the College Admissions scandal that's been in the news during the past couple of years, a number of wealthy parents were caught manipulating and paying money to elite colleges to get them to accept their children. People were outraged and saw it as immoral. But most people wouldn't be at all outraged to learn that those same parents manipulated and bargained at a car dealership to purchase a luxury car for those kids. What anthropological concept best captures the difference between those two exchanges?

transactional order

According to Chrzan, a common __________ in the design of alcohol advertising is "escape," based on the myth of time-out drinking.

trope

According to Wilma Mankiller, inaccurate perceptions and stereotypes obscure the fact that Indigenous Peoples have long engaged the broader world and adapted to change.

true

According to the idea of cultural materialism, humans adapt to local environments by developing certain customs.

true

All objects change over time, one reason for this being that when objects change hands they change meanings.

true

Chrzan believes that the culture of northern European drinking emerged in part because mead and beer are not easily stored for long periods, and because patterns of patronage and authority legitimated periodic binging.

true

Chrzan thinks it is unfortunate that we tend to shy away from the pleasures of alcohol because we so often dwell on its excesses.

true

Concerns around dormcest and floorcest exist primarily because of their potential to disrupt social bonds and relationships beyond the individuals engaging in sexual relations.

true

Cultural anthropologists agree that knowing what to do in the present does not require an ability to predict the future.

true

In Western cultures, the goal of settling a dispute is to win. But in some societies the goal is to essentially end with a tie, restoring harmony and repairing strained relationships.

true

In the article on the Pulse Nightclub mass shooting, the anthropologist Zachary Shane Kalish Blair asserts that violence does not emerge 'out of nowhere' but is the result of seemingly disconnected social, political, and economic processes that work to produce violence.

true

Language ideologies draw attention to the status hierarchies that shape how people use language.

true

Political and economic stratification are key elements of societies with pervasive social inequality, as are cultural attitudes that justify and reinforce that inequality is natural and inevitable.

true

The concept of racialization helps explain how and why Africans living in the U.S. during the sixteenth century were symbolically and socially transformed from free, even admired, members of colonial society into enslaved people.

true

The consensus in anthropology is that cultural ideologies and social relations that impose lower status on women, not biological differences, are the main cause of gender inequality.

true

The primary goal of "corporate group" is to look after the needs of members of a family.

true

A key concept at the heart of economic anthropology, ____________, is not the same as price; it is a culturally-relative and symbolic assessment of worth.

value

One of the main ideas of Dwight Heath's "cultural rules of alcohol" is that alcohol is not reliable in its effects cross-culturally. Why not?

values, norms, and drinking practices influence the effects of drinking on behavioral patterns like inhibition

Ethnomusicology

what makes people like different kinds of music? universal activity, every culture does something that we call music not everybody has the same idea of it music and dance as going together in other cultures' languages8

Why has the concept of 'class' generally been less relevant in Anthropology than in other social sciences, such as Sociology?

with its origins in studies of capitalist industrialization, it doesn't necessarily apply well cross-culturally

Which of the following statements best reflects how anthropologists approach climate change?

Climate change is typically just one of numerous environmental problems facing most communities around the world

Which statement best reflects the central findings of my (Luis Vivanco's) research on the intersections of sustainability and bike culture in Bogotá, Colombia?

"Attitudes toward bicycle use are complicated by social inequalities and unequal access to secure urban spaces."

Which of the following is the best explanation for why every society has a lot of rules around drinking?

"Intoxication creates tension because it tests human behavior morally and socially"

Which statement would be most likely to be uttered by an anthropologist?

"Sexuality is not a deep essence of a person, but rather learned actions, preferences, and performances"

Which statement about sustainability is least likely to be made by an anthropologist?

"Sustainability entails the ability to meet our present needs while maintaining natural resources and reducing our impacts so that future generations can also meet their own needs."

Remember World Systems Theory? Which statement would best characterize how an adherent to this approach would explain the situation facing the Cly family in "The Return of Navajo Boy?"

"The structural forces aligned against the Clys have resulted in long-term social marginality, labor exploitation, and resource extraction."

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about American Indians and alcohol?:

"There is less drinking among Indians than among the general U.S. population"

Which of the following statements best expresses how an anthropologist approaches social inequality?

"There is nothing in human nature that makes us treat humans who are different from us as superior or inferior. Social inequality is a cultural process upheld by beliefs and practices like prejudices and discrimination."

According to Hsain Ilahiane, the institutions of zakat and waqf have long provided social services and economic assets in Muslim societies. From an economic anthropology point of view, which statement best characterizes what these institutions are about?

"These institutions provide a moral foundation for redistributing wealth across society."

Which of the following would most likely be said by an activist anthropologist?

"We're not sure where this project is headed; we are defining it as we go in collaboration with the community."

In "Can White Men Jump?" Shenk observes that sports excellence around the world emerges in geographic clusters. Why?

A combination of cultural values and practical life conditions favor it in certain communities

Pak Kereta ultimately finds a measure of comfort and well-being when he dons an old army uniform. What do you think this demonstrates?

A combination of symbolic therapy with the power of the placebo

The Hmong concept of qua dab peg ("the spirit catches you and you fall down"), from which Lia suffers, is understood by her family and community to be:

A difficult but blessed condition that could make her a healer

Which of the following does not illustrate the social power and authority of medicine in Fadiman's book?

A txiv neeb and a physician collaborating to decide on the course of Lia's treatment

All of the following are themes found in alcohol advertisements targeted at college students except:

Accountability for alcohol's effects

Chrzan observes that American relationships with alcohol are closely related to ideas about morality and time. All of the following are key dimensions of this issue, except:

Americans avoid drinking during liminal times, which are key periods during rites of passage

Chrzan argues that, although Americans have many meanings surrounding alcohol, a dominant one is our dualistic relationship with alcohol. What does she mean?

An all-or-nothing attitude that leads to "time-out" drinking and intoxication

Which of the following best illustrates the ideals of "public anthropology" as described by Brondo?

An anthropology professor writing a weekly column for an online news site like the Washington Post

All of the following are examples of how cultural dynamics can affect current patterns of human evolution except:

An individual is born with a genetic mutation that is new and unfamiliar to medical science

If there is an anthropological point to make about George Orwell's essay "Shooting an Elephant" it is that:

Beliefs, dogmas, and ideologies can persuade people to participate in their own domination

Why do Americans stigmatize vegetarianism? To answer this from a cultural perspective, we should start by trying to understand:

Cosmological ideas about power over animals and gendered ideas and associations of foods

All of the following are key points made by Brian Ferguson about war except:

Culturally-specific values play a very minor role in the reasons for and conduct of war

Which of the following is not associated with a 'harm reduction' approach to drinking?

Drinking is preventable with effective educational programs

If you were a cultural anthropologist studying the traditional ethnobiological knowledge systems of an indigenous community in the Amazon, you would be most likely to:

Emphasize how the community's ethnobiological knowledge is rooted in certain belief systems and moralities that play a role in their resource management practices

Anthropological approaches to globalization that emphasize hybridization theory:

Emphasize that cross-border mixing, fusion, and innovation are common

Until ethnographic studies clarified the details of egalitarian and unequal societies, European social philosophy tended to veer between two poles in its own explanations of these things. What were they?

Ethnocentrism and romanticism

According to Anne Fadiman, the Hmong cannot withstand the pressure to assimilate into U.S. culture, and their distinctive identity and traditions are likely to soon disappear.

False

Anthropological interest in political power is mostly focused on the formal roles, constitutions, and laws of a society; the actual processes through which people gain and hold onto power are less important.

False

Emily Martin's work on cultural models of male and female reproductive systems in science textbooks concludes that the language of biological science is objective and culturally neutral.

False

Everyday symbols differ from ritual symbols because they make beliefs and behaviors seem especially genuine and intense.

False

In contemporary anthropology, understanding religion is primarily about understanding the supernatural forces and spirits represented in ritual symbols.

False

Linguistic diversity and change are in decline, largely because globalization is driving greater homogeneity.

False

According to Lee Cronk, reciprocity serves a number of social purposes, even to subjugate and show aggression as an expression power. What example would Cronk feel best illustrates his point?

Global superpowers like the U.S. and China trying to outdo each other by giving development aid to poor countries

In her 2012 Afterword to the book, Fadiman concludes that the buzzword "cultural competence" in health care is inadequate to support culturally-sensitive healthcare or prevent situations like those that affected Lia, her family, and the doctors involved in her care. Why?

It can lead to a superficial list of 'do's' and 'don'ts' based on ethnic stereotypes. It doesn't necessarily encourage healthcare practitioners to listen and be responsive to individuals Can anybody actually become 'competent' in another culture? There is a lack of humility in it; it's as important to acknowledge that healthcare practitioners also carry cultural assumptions

What is Setha Low's primary insight about the relationship between whiteness and the discourse of 'niceness'?

It is a coded way to talk about and take action against racial differences and a loss of White privilege

Which of the following best illustrates the "social support" theory of healing?

Jills' mother and a sibling travel to Burlington from their home in New York to be with Jill when she catches the flu

All of the following illustrate the concept of "disguised discrimination" except:

Jim Crow laws

Which of the following best illustrates the notion that not all people see nature in the same way?

Kalahari foragers, such as the !Kung San, view the natural environment as generous and abundant, not harsh and defined by scarcity

Feminist anthropologists emphasized all of the following in their critique of kinship studies except:

Kinship studies had long argued that male and female are not natural categories based in biological differences

Which of the following situations is most closely associated with the distinction medical anthropologists make between disease and illness?

Nathaniel tells his primary care physician about a persistent pain in his chest, and after a few tests is sent home because none of the tests can confirm his account

Looking to the future, anthropologists are reasonably certain that: a. There will be a cosmic transformation, and on a small mountain in France a space ship will transport a group of the faithful to safety b. Because of automation, machines will become more like humans and humans will become more and more like robots c. Human diversity will continue to decline d. Societies will continue converging until there is a singular world-wide culture

None of the above

The Hostile Terrain 94 exhibit is a great illustration of how anthropologists can understand and work with materiality. How so?

Objects can be used to comprehend and communicated about complicated, even tragic, social relationships, political dynamics, and cultural processes

Which of the following situations from the film Shadows and Illuminations illustrates medicalization?

Pak Kereta goes to a psychologist who diagnoses him with schizophrenia and gives him pills

Is "native anthropology" really possible? According to Japanese-American anthropologist Takeyi Tsuda:

Perhaps, but even native anthropologists and the people they study in their community have meaningful differences between them.

According to Leslie's essay about curiosity, all of the following are differences between a puzzle and a mystery except:

Puzzles are based on "why" or "how" questions; mysteries are based on "how many" and "where" questions

Though there is tremendous diversity among Indigenous Peoples around the world, Wilma Mankiller asserts that they are increasingly connected by:

Shared values, experiences of colonial discovery and oppression, and resilience

All of the following are reasons anthropology is a dynamic and engaged discipline except:

Social problems are an important focus of the discipline, though the range of problems is still very limited

According to Karen Ho, the cultural practices of Wall Street bank workplaces produce all of the following except:

Stringent commitment to ethical codes and practices

Mary Douglas said that we can understand the line between symbols of purity and pollution by examining their association with "holiness." What does that mean?

Symbols of purity are aligned with a people's concept of wholeness and unity

"Art" is a problematic category for anthropologists. Why?

The "artist" is not a universal social category

In her research on how the Gimi of Papua New Guinea interact with a conservation project promoted by an international organization interested in protecting their land, Paige West found all of the following except:

The Gimi did not place much value on their land, and conservation project arrived at the right time to protect those lands before logging operations destroyed them, thus helping the Gimi maintain their homeland

In his article on Peruvian immigrant men in New York coming out as gay, Ernesto Vasquez del Aguila argues that a Peruvian cultural idiom "God forgives the sin but not the scandal" captures an important dimension of the dilemmas that face these men. What is that dilemma?

The apparent tolerance of open secrets and turning a blind eye, even while there is a strong stigma around homosexuality

The human institution of marriage evolved largely to promote love, affection, and sex among individuals.

false

What is one of the most cutting-edge areas of food anthropology right now?

The effects of industrial agriculture on workers, food access, and environment

The most interesting thing about the taste of coffee for an anthropologist is how bitter it is on the tongue.

false

According to Toby Lester, some new religious movements do well, while many fail. Why?

The ones that do well give people things to do

Psychologists believe all of the following about the placebo effect and children except:

The placebo effect is a manifestation of the universal stage all children go through that is characterized by magical thinking

How much do college students actually drink? According to Chrzan:

The vast majority simply don't drink enough to suffer lasting consequences like course failure and interpersonal conflict

When he purchased a cow for !Kung hunter-gatherers at Christmas time and was mocked and harshly and criticized for it, Richard Lee learned an important lesson about cross-cultural misunderstanding and ethnocentrism. What was it?

Their mockery and criticism, which he initially took personally, was an effort to impose humility on him, which is a key value in their culture.

According to David Graeber, societies in which gift-giving is at the heart of the economy have currencies but they differ from our own. How do they differ?

They are 'social currencies' that encourage ongoing exchange and relationship

Social currencies, such as Tolai shell money, are important because:

They are not as scarce as national cash money and they allow people to compensate others for important life events and relations Their movements throughout a community reinforce social relationships and create resilience in the face of adversity

Why were early American anthropologists like Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, and Zora Neale Hurston so influential in reshaping scholarly perspectives on 'race' in the social sciences?

They showed how culture and social categories were more important than biological facts in shaping human differences

Alisse Waterston asserts that what makes one an anthropologist is not a Ph.D., but a combination of all the following except:

Thinking about anthropology, even when one is asleep

A sect like the one in Jolo succeeds because it cultivates deep community ties, inverts the social order, and gives its members a feeling of worth.

True

According to George Gmelch, the use of fetishes, taboos, and rituals by athletes is an attempt to control the uncertain outcome of their performance on the field.

True

According to anthropologist-physician Seth Holmes, Americans don't often realize how much their foodways are rooted in embodied suffering, such as that experienced by Triqui farmworkers.

True

Anne Fadiman believes that Lia's life was ruined, not by a hospital-acquired septic shock or non-compliant parents, but by cross-cultural misunderstanding.

True

When thinking about whether non-human animals have 'culture,' anthropologists typically emphasize that the most important point is:

Understanding behavior alone is insufficient to understand culture, in which thoughts, beliefs, and symbols play a critical role

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to the funding agency that supports their research.

false

Chrzan believes that it is no wonder that college students drink excessively when the American cultural model of drinking is based on an "____ ___ ______" or time-out approach

all or nothing

In the anthropological study of kinship, endogamy is:

an expectation that an individual will marry within his/her descent lineage

A landscape modified by human action, whether it is intentional or unintentional, is an _____________ landscape.

anthropogenic

Although economists and anthropologists both study how economic systems work, what is the most important difference between them?

anthropologists assume that economic rationalities, systems, and transactions are uniform anthropology's quantitative methods are useful for identifying laws of human behavior economists approach economic activities more holistically than anthropologists economists downplay the idea that 'the economy' is a special domain of human activity ******none of the above!*****

An ____________ anthropologist would typically contract with a government agency or other institution to conduct research to make recommendations about a program or policy that involves social impacts or human services.

applied

Objects come to represent our goals and aspirations because: a. Objects have aesthetic qualities that have the power to bring great pleasure b. We can tell the story of where we come from through objects c. Objects can be used to shape, guide, and even control who we want to be and how we live our lives d. We express our identities and status through objects

b, c, and d

Synchronisity

belief like coincidences that life's events are not random, but deeply ordered everything is planned, meaning and purpose

Cartesian dualism, which separates mind and body, is a limited way to think about the human condition. The _______________ perspective is helping us rethink older topics like human evolution, cognition, emotions, and sleep.

biocultural

Although most Americans think that kinship is basically about biological relatedness, anthropologists have long recognized that kinship is about relationships that can also be established though which of the following linkages?

by behaving like a relative by being related to someone who is related to you by religious rites like christenings that identify a non-relative as a relative (such as a godfather or a godmother)

The primary goal of economic anthropology is the creation of abstract models of economic practice to identify laws of human behavior.

false

In India, the distinction between "caste" and "jati" is:

caste is an ideal system of ranking, jati is the actual groupings

The curious outcomes of Willie Nelson's inquiry into his own kin relations illustrates the importance of the ______________ aspect of kinship, which is one of kinship's three key dimensions.

categorical

Three primary historical trends contributed to the creation of anthropology as a discipline, including _____________, industrialization, and evolutionary theory.

colonialism

Alcohol is both gift and commodity, which can contribute to its moral ambiguity. Generally anthropologists believe it is possible to convert a ________________ into a __________________, but not the other way around.

commodity, gift

The rise of industrialization and the circulation of commodities have created a ________ ___ _________ _____________, which refers to the social processes and cultural perspectives involved in how goods are bought, sold, and used in contemporary capitalist societies.

culture of mass consumption

Leading an 'anthropological life' involves habitual ____________, like asking random questions.

curiosity

The lag time between the receipt and reciprocation of a gift is called ___________ _________.

delayed reciprocity

The concept of ___________ used in Bourdon's article refers to the ways uneven global development patterns, overconsumption in wealthy countries, and geopolitics are obscured in programs focused on helping the poor.

depoliticization

The concept of _________ refers to the sheer variety and multiplicity of ways of being human in the world.

diversity

The practice of _______, which involves a payment to the groom's family by the bride's family, ensures that the woman will be taken care of in her new home and will not make any claims on the groom's estate if he dies.

dowry

People reshape their environments to fit their needs, and nature only sets the groundwork of possibilities for cultural expression; these are two of the strongest arguments against _______ _________.

environmental determinism

A marriage between a woman and her dead husband's ghost is a good example of polyandrous marriage

false

According to James Igoe, the Maasai have historically been unappreciative of the wildlife in their midst, and the success of nature conservation is that they now understand why wildlife is important.

false

According to Natalie Bourdon, one of the problems with service learning and study abroad programs focused on poverty in the Global South is that there simply aren't enough American college students willing to go and make a difference in the lives of the poor.

false

Alcohol is liquid, intoxicant, and food. Perspectives on the materiality and social life of alcohol simply confuse our understanding of these culinary and cultural dimensions of it.

false

Anthropologists approach the relationship between violence and free will by essentially adopting the Hobbesian view that individual free will is a destabilizing force and a key source of violent conflict in society.

false

By giving people a sense of identity, a social role, and rules and expectations about important matters like marriage and residence, kinship systems around the world are generally effective at preventing social and sexual tensions before they arise.

false

Chrzan is skeptical that drinking accomplishes anything other than temporary escape from the stresses of college life.

false

Ellick and Watson insist that building a successful career is based on carefully choosing the right major while you are in college.

false

Ethnic groups tend to be very stable and unchanging because they are based on close kinship and blood ties. Latinos in the United States are an excellent illustration of this.

false

Following political theorist Thomas Hobbes, anthropologists believe that human lives are largely "nasty, brutish, and short" unless they have developed formal governmental institutions to create an ordered society.

false

In India sadhins are men, often eunuchs or intersex individuals, who adopt feminine roles, and are best thought of as "man minus man" or "man plus woman."

false

In Zambia, the term "salaula" refers to ratty old cast-offs sent to the country by wealthy Westerners.

false

In the Trobriand Island gift exchange systems like the Kula and Sagali, an individual's prestige and status come primarily from accumulating the greatest number of objects.

false

Like most sciences, anthropology is divided into 'pure' and 'applied' practices, and it is rare for an anthropologist to cross the boundary between them.

false

Most anthropologists are employed within academia.

false

The substantivist approach in economic anthropology asserts that economic activities are best understood as the exchange of goods and services in which individuals with limited means compete with others to get what they want and need in the marketplace.

false

Throughout history and across cultures, the primary reason people use alcohol is to get drunk.

false

Violence is violence. It always means the same thing, whether you observed it, it happened to you, or how the society as a whole views it.

false

When anthropologists try to understand the role of humans on a landscape, they tend to dial in primarily on what is taking place at that particular time and place.

false

Pibloqtoq, hikikomori, nervios, and maybe even what Pak Kereta in the film Shadows and Illuminations is suffering from: each of these is a good example of a psychological condition anthropologists call a "culture-bound syndrome" or a "____________ ____________.

folk illness

Anthropologists were among the first to use the term _______ to refer to the culturally-specific patterning of male or female behaviors. Today this concept has shifted to recognize greater complexity, emphasizing fluid intersections of sex, internal senses of self, outward expressions of identity, and cultural expectations about how to perform that identity in appropriate ways.

gender

The portability and mobility of the dollar bill and credit card are typical of ________ ________ money.

general purpose

David Shenk's article asserts that _________ are only one of several agents among the complex and dynamic factors that shape athletic ability.

genes

All of the following are ways of looking at "the social life of things" except:

how artistic objects and the people who make them have a special human genius

A cultural anthropologist who studies alcohol use in society would be most interested in what?

how social institutions, ideologies, and practices shape how people get and consume alcohol

In her work on how Zapotec manage conflicts, Laura Nader observed that there is a "harmony _________" that emphasizes "a bad compromise is better than a good fight."

ideology

The ______________ theory of social inequality emphasizes that social hierarchy develops because it helps a society with growing population function more or less smoothly.

integrative

The circumstantial interplay of prejudice and discrimination with factors like race, class, gender, sexuality, and other identity markers is called _______________ .

intersectionality

According to anthropological research on deer hunting in Vermont, this activity is important for all of the following reasons except:

it fosters a culture of male aggression

A culturally-relativistic view of the Indian hijra would emphasize that:

it is only sensible within a specific set of ideas about gender relations

Similar to clans, ______________ tend be composed of people who are directly descended from known ancestors.

lineages

The anthropological approach toward gender and sex emphasizes:

maleness and femaleness are culturally-constructed categories

___________ __________ is the anthropological term for the objects made and used in any society.

material culture

Ho'oponopono, which means "setting to right," is a Hawai'ian strategy for managing disputes. It is a form of ______________, in which a respected leader calls those involved in the dispute to engage in a process of releasing each other from negative entanglements.

mediation

Americans have a long and complicated history with alcohol. For example, during the 18th century, a culture of __________________ existed, but during the nineteenth century it shifted to a culture of _____________________.

moderation, sinfulness

The key term _______________ refers to the social processes that make race and other markers of difference and inequality part of the natural order of things.

naturalization

________ _______ is a type of exchange in which strangers or adversaries attempt to haggle their way to a favorable outcome.

negative reciprocity

In Tibet, fraternal polyandry is________, and a functionalist analysis of it would be most likely to focus on_________:

one wife with multiple husbands; how fraternal polyandry works to ensure that land stays in the men's family and does not get subdivided across generations.

A follower of cultural economics explaining the practice of gift-giving at holiday time would emphasize all of the following except:

people always make decisions about what to buy on the basis of getting the lowest price

According to Deborah Cameron, the male conversations and speech she studied demonstrate how men ________ their gender identities and heterosexual masculinity.

perform

Anthropologists believe that gender variant identities are established by:

performing the role socially

The phenomenon of _____________ encompasses both polyandry and polygyny.

polygamy

According to Ellick and Watkins, a useful way to approach an anthropology education is not in terms of the title of the degree but in terms of the very practical ________ it provides that employers want.

skills

The division of a society into distinct subgroupings, and the centralization of control in the society, are illustrations of what anthropologists call _________ ___________ .

social complexity

_________ is interesting to anthropologists because of its overlapping qualities of meaning, social distinction, and sensory experience.

taste

The concept of "fortress conservation" would be applicable to all of the following situations except:

the construction of eco-tourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Serengeti

When cultural anthropologists examine families in different cultures, they use cultural analysis to understand all of the following except:

the genetic differences among different members of the extended family

Political anthropologists who pay close attention to informal mechanisms of social control would be interested in all of the following except:

the power that goes along with being president of a country

Which of the following statements best expresses a central finding of Don Stull's ethnographic research on meatpacking plants?

"It would seem that American society is more concerned about the welfare of animals they eat than the workers who process the food"

If the world is not becoming homogenized, what is actually happening? According to Welsch and Vivanco, most anthropologists would say:

"Persistent border-crossing, media flows, and so on generate hybridity, or the intermingling and fusion of cultures."

Which statement best describes how a World Systems Theorist would explain the situation of Western-style malls showing up in India as we saw in the film clip "Mallamall?"

"The structural forces at work here could mean that traditional modes of farming, retail, and consumption are undermined and replaced, generating even greater levels of global inequality."

The story of sushi's global rise is the result of an interplay between dynamics of transnational industries, markets, and culture. What is the cultural dimension of this story, according to Theodore Bestor?

Cultural control—the close association of sushi with Japanese cultural identity, which is grounded in ethnic biases and flows of labor in the fishing and restaurant industries

Scientology

Dianetics Book in 1950s by L. Ron Hubbard Self-help movement with cobmination of science and religion Anxiety in US about space race, alien worlds Based on: 1. We are all eternal souls (thadens) trapped within a body. You have had multiple bodies over the course of history 2. In every past life you have experienced trauma. holds onto you in this life. 3. Can clear trauma through Dianetics (technological procedures, exposure therapy, polygraph test, asked questions and experiences feedback from technologies) Can use technologies to make ones life better Take courses, go through audits, become more self-aware, understand self Will eventually reach god-like status Scientific self-actualization Can accommodate with other religions Humans are universally good No concept of sin, only concept of trauma Creates a lot of suspicion

According to Leslie's essay, curiosity is always driven by a rational impulse that evolved long ago to fill in gaps in information and increase human knowledge.

False

Anthropologists who study problems of sustainability tend to downplay the environmental and health risks of industrial agriculture and landscape change, and tend to focus instead on how economic growth is the necessary key to long-term sustainability.

False

Breakdancing and its relationship with kung fu films produced in Hong Kong is a good illustration of the anthropological concept of "cultural convergence."

False

The central role of a txiv neeb in Hmong culture is to organize people politically, something like a chief or headman.

False

The goal of studying ethnopsychiatric theories about mental illness is to demonstrate the accuracy of those theories to understand what's really going on with an afflicted person.

False

The majority of new religious movements survive by transforming themselves into a mainstream or orthodox religion.

False

The origin of religion in the genus Homo starts two millions years ago with evolving brains that can imagine the world differently and make meaning. As early as 1 million years ago we also see the rise of formal religious institutions, monuments, sanctuaries, and altars.

False

The primary reason social groups eat the foods they do is because of the nutritional value of the food itself.

False

The principle of ethnocentrism emphasizes that anthropologists should always try to understand, even defend, all the things that people in other cultures do.

False

According to Shalini Shankar, the fact that some Desi teens in Silicon Valley aim to speak like "model minorities," while other Desi teens (so-called "FOBs"—Fresh Off the Boat) resist that mode of speaking, suggests that something important is at work in that community's patterns of language use. What is it?

Language ideology

While new religious movements are often aligned with and emerge out of world religions like Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, etc. do they always have to originate in an explicitly "religious" community?

Not necessarily. They might start out in more or less secular contexts, but they eventually drift toward religious meanings and intentions.

Witchcraft and witchcraft allegations persist in Ghana and around the world because they serve social functions, including all of the following except:

They equalize social relations because everybody is equally susceptible to being accused of being a witch

Anthropologists study body rituals of groups like the Nacirema because they tell us a lot about that culture's norms, beliefs, and values.

True

Keri Brondo argues that no matter where they are employed—academia, government, or the private sector—most anthropologists share in common a commitment to using theories about culture to engage with the problems of our times.

True

Multi-sited ethnography, which is one method anthropologists use to study transnational phenomena, is a version of the comparative method.

True

One of the things that distinguishes cultural anthropology from other social sciences is its holistic perspective, which involves an effort to understand interrelationships between the domains of a society, such as religion, politics, and economics.

True

The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world is an expression of ______________.

diversity

If you touched the UVM catamount statue's nose on the way into class this morning and you believe it is now helping you do better on this quiz, Sir George Frazer would say that your belief is a good example of sympathetic magic and its law of __________.

contagion

One of the central goals of fieldwork is to gain access to the __________ _________, which is a formal expression that means an insider's view on their culture and is akin to the "native's point of view."

emic perspective

According to Keri Brondo, some anthropologists practice _______ scholarship, which is a values-driven approach to research that is collaborative, reciprocal, and generates new knowledge that is shared by partners in the research.

engaged

If you were going to conduct ethnographic fieldwork on the relationship between campus social hierarchies and student government at UVM, your research would most likely involve:

experiential immersion, particularism, and inductive reasoning

The terms anthropologists use to identify a patient's own culturally-embedded understanding of their affliction is _______________ __________ __ ___________. Quag dab peg, or "The spirit catches you and you fall down," is the Hmong version of this for the seizure disorder we call "epilepsy.

explanatory model of illness

Although traditional ecological knowledge has been shown to be able to produce sufficient foods in non-Western societies, most versions of it are based on beliefs and practices rooted in superstitions, magic, and other non-empirical phenomena.

false

There are important cross-cultural variations in __________________ which are the structured beliefs and behaviors involved in the production, distribution, and consumption of food.

foodways

Fadiman's notion that she was suspended in a bowl of "fish soup" while learning about Hmong culture strongly parallels the anthropological concept of __________, which refers to the ways different aspects of a society are integrated and overlapping.

holism

All of the following have been big concerns in the anthropological studies of food except:

how evolutionary patterns led all members of our species to eat basically the same things

The theoretical approach to studying religion developed by Clifford Geertz, which emphasizes analysis of the worldviews and underlying symbolic and cultural meanings of religion, is the ______________ approach.

interpretive

The idea that people join a religious community for social relationships and then later embrace the beliefs and faith is called __________ __________.

interpretive drift

One of environmentalism's alternative frameworks is called "co-management," which strives for a more collaborative approach to nature protection with indigenous communities. Why can it be so challenging?

issues like jurisdiction, institutional structure, community capacity, and benefits are often unsettled or contested because the conservation groups often maintain effective control

Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because:

it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings

Betwixt and between; neither fish nor fowl; the phase in a rite of passage called ________________.

liminality

In the film Shadows and Illuminations, Pak Kereta turns toward a number of distinct healing traditions and healers to diagnose and treat his situation. This is an illustration of:

medical pluralism

Tara Heffernan, who studied American patterns of childbirth, observes that childbirth has been pathologized, home births have been discredited, and laws rewritten to define physician control over birthing. In other words, childbirth has been turned into a medical problem, a process anthropologists call ________________.

medicalization

Witchcraft is common throughout Africa, explaining misfortune and inexplicable events. Why, according to Alexandra Crampton's research in Ghana, is it primarily older women who are most likely to be accused of practicing witchcraft?

older women are often neglected and marginalized within families

The mode of subsistence called ______________, which is based on the movement of people and their herds, typically involves communal land rights to ensure nobody over-exploits the available resources.

pastoralism

Most anthropologists reject any single cause or explanation for environmental problems, and many embrace a theoretical approach called _______ _______ to explore linkages between power, inequality, and ecological destruction.

political ecology

When you see a friend on campus and walk past them before turning around and pausing to greet them, you are communicating something important about how busy you are. The term anthropologists use to refer to this use of space to communicate is ____________.

proxemics

A key element of the anthropological perspective is that it is _________, which refers to critical awareness of how the anthropologist's biases and experiences filter and shape their interpretations and understandings of others.

reflexive

According to Clifford Geertz, a ___________ _____________ provides a model of and for reality.

religious symbol

According to anthropologists, all of the following are true about secularism except:

secular worldviews have effectively replaced religious world views, which have been in decline for several hundred years

The myth of ___________________ has largely been disproven by anthropologists and other scholars who track the emergence of new religious movements, theodiversity, fundamentalism, and religious innovation.

secularization

Joe loves to fish for bass in Lake Champlain. He carved a lure to look like a bass, thinking that it would help him catch more bass. Sir George Frazer would say that Joe's belief is based on sympathetic magic and its principle of:

similarity

The Hmong recognize many things that can cause illness but according to Fadiman the most common cause of illness they identify is _____ _____.

soul loss

One of Lia's healing ceremonies involves sacrificial pigs who are paid spirit money to negotiate with dab spirits who can help bring her lost soul back. This is a good example of a ____________ therapeutic process.

symbolic

What does the work of Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, who studied Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Sudan, demonstrate about cultural relativism?

that it should not paralyze us, because anthropologists can be intercultural brokers between international human rights activists and local communities.

A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize

that those meanings are only sensible within a culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality

Even though anthropology has a close relationship with the scientific method, many of its practitioners don't see what they do as science because:

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

A central argument of Toby Lester's essay is that religious activity in the contemporary world is nowhere near extinction and, in fact, ________________ is on the rise.

theodiversity

Approaching religion as a system of symbolic action is most useful for helping us understand all of the following except:

why many Christians believe that Jesus died for their sins and was later resurrected

Unlike tribal religions such as totemism or shamanism, ________ ________ communicate messages of universal relevance and are typically closely aligned with ruling governments.

world religions