ANTH 1: Physical Anthropology: Final (All info)
Catarrhini
Old World Monkeys, Apes, Humans
Polyandry
One female, several males.
Pliocene Epoch
Origin of genus Homo (5.3-2.58 mya)
acclimatization
Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor
Acheulian Complex
The culture associated with H. erectus, including handaxes and other types of stone tools; more refined than the earlier Oldowan tools.
sexual selection
The frequency of traits that change due to those traits' attractiveness to members of the opposite sex
Handaxe
The most dominant tool in the Acheulian complex, characterized by a sharp edge for both cutting and scraping.
Post-Mortem Interval (PMI)
Time since death
What is adaptation?
a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
What is a genus?
a group of closely related species
Genetic Dating
a relatively new dating technique under the process of being systematically tested that calculated the time frame of the separation of populations through their genetic divergence
Prehensile ability to grasp with five digits is
a variable trait in the order
The religious paradigm known as the "great chain of being" holds that: a. all species of animals are related to eachother to some degree as a result of having the same distant common ancestor b. all animals have souls since they were created by god c. God created a finite number of life forms, each one grading into the next, from simplest to most complex d. All of the above
c. God created a finite number of life forms, each one grading into the next, from simplest to most complex
The _______________ epoch is commonly referred to as the "Ice Age" a. Pliocene b. Paleocene c. Pleistocene d. Miocene e. Eocene
c. Pleistocene
Genus Pan
chimpanzees and bonobos
Which of the following are not apes? a. gorillas b. chimps c. humans d. macaques
d. macaques
If you want to classify a species as a hominin, you would minimally need to have evidence for which traits? a. stereoscopic vision and generalized dentation b. Tendency towards erect posture, opposable thumbs c. speech, and advanced material culture d. habitual to obligate bipedalism and nonhoning chewing e. All of the above would need to be present to be classified as a hominin from any time period
habitual to obligate bipedalism and nonhoning chewing
Bipedalism: "habitual"/obligate bipedalism
hominids do this. we constantly are walking on two legs, Other apes or primates may have or have had this ability but are not obligate like humans
Arboreal Hypothesis
hypothesis for the origin of primate adaptation that focuses on the value of grasping hands and stereoscopic vision for life in the trees
What is lactose intolerance?
inability to digest lactose
What is cultural relativism?
judging a culture using its own standards instead of your own
What is strata?
layers of sedimentary rock
arboreal
living in trees
______ dispersal is the most common pattern in mammals, including primates.
male
Polygyny
male with multiple females
Mary and Louis Leakey
paleoanthropologists searched for clues to the human past in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (found Laetoli footprints, early hominid remains, early tools)
Variation is maintained in populations because natural selection works primarily on an individuals ________, and "hidden" recessive alleles are therefore retained in the population a. phenotype b. personality c. genotype d. DNA e. egigenome
phenotype
What is a phenotype?
physical characteristics of an organism
dominance hierarchy
rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group
terrestrial
relating to the land
Cultural Dating
relative dating methods that are based on material remains' time spans
NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act)
requires museums and federal agencies to identify Native American human remains, funerary items, and objects of cultural significance in their collections and collaborate with Tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations to repatriate them.
diurnal vision
seeing during the day
parapatric speciation
speciation pattern in which populations speciate while in contact along a common border
multiregional hypothesis of human origins
the hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world
What are hybrids?
the offspring of crosses between different species
Neandertals
Archaic H. sapiens group inhabiting Europe and the Middle East from 130,000 to 28,000 B.P.
Homo ergaster
Arose in Africa 2 million years ago, was bigger than habilis. Also had a bigger brain and downward facing nostrils
what is the difference between being heterozygous or homozygous for a specific trait?
Being homozygous means you have two of the alleles for a particular trait while being heterozygous means that you only have one. Being homozygous means you are guaranteed to have that trait.
stereoscopic vision
Combination of two retinal images to give a three-dimensional perceptual experience.
If a population of humans left northern Europe travel to South America, and they establish themselves in an environment, quite close to the equator, and at a very high altitude, what might be expected, long-term adaptation function or genetic? a. Profuse sweating B. Shortness of breath. C. Decreased in production of melanin D. A largest chest cavity. E. all of the above
D. Larger chest cavity
How does DNA replicate?
DNA molecule unwinds and each strand is a template for complementary base pairing; each daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand therefore DNA replication is semiconservative
A gene is a segment of _______, found on/in ________. a. somatic cell/nucleotides b. DNA/alleles c. a gamete/ a locus d. a protein/ an amino acid e. DNA/ a chromosome
DNA/ a chromosome
biological species concept
Definition of a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other populations.
What is DNA and where is it found?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid in the nucleus
What is absolute dating?
Determining the actual age of an event or object in years, usually by radiometric dating. (Phosphate-Argon Dating)
What is an allele?
Different forms of a gene
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
Early Archaic Homo sapiens
Evolved out of earlier Homo erectus populations
Behavioral and social organization, like physical traits, can be attributed processes of natural selection True or False
False
Human populations vary so significantly around the world in morphography and physiology that it is possible to create scientifcally valid distinct subcategories of the human species, known as races, with clear genetic markers for each race. True or False
False
Is this statement true or false? A brown bear who moves up to the arctic and starts living in snow will start to adapt to the snow during its lifetime by beginning to grow white fur, giving it a better chance to survive. Then, when it mates and reproduces, it will pass on a new gene for white fur to its offspring, which will eventually lead to a new species of bear with white fur. T or F
False
Once the Earth was fully formed, there was no longer any continental drift True or False
False
The modern-day gorilla is the largest primate species known to have ever existed True or False
False
What is intrasexual selection?
Favors traits that aid in competition with members of same sex
What primates have one male one female, residency patterns, or monogamy?
Gibbons, siamangs, and several species of strepsirhines
What primates practice one male, multi female residence patterns? Polygynous
Gorillas, orangutans, some howler monkeys, langurs, and some old world monkeys
Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he do?
Gregor Mendel was a botanist who studied pea plants. He discovered that you get one gene from each parent and studied dominant/recessive traits. Father of genetics
Partial Replacement Model
H. sapiens arose in Africa They moved into Europe and Asia They did interbreed with existing hominids in these areas
Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are placed together in which suborder?
Haplorhini
Olduvai Gorge (East Africa Lake Turkana (East Africa) Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia) Java (Indonesia) Zhoukoudian (China)
Homo Erectus Sites
What do we know about the physical and behavioral characteristics of Homo erectus?
Homo Erectus was a hunter, had increase in brain size than australopiths, smaller cheeckbones, smaller teeth, first to move out of africa and into asia/indonesia, began material culture
What are the first species and corresponding fossil finds that we associate with the genus Homo?
Homo Habilis, Tumai
What species was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa? a. Homo erectus b. Homo habilis c. Australopithecus afarensis d. Sahelanthropus tchadensis e. Homo heidelbergensis
Homo erectus
Out of Africa Hypothesis (replacement hypothesis)
Homo erectus migrated out of Africa 1-2 MYA Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and in a second migration about 100,000 years ago went all over the world replacing regional populations.
Complete Replacement Model
Homo sapiens moved from Africa to Europe and did NOT breed with existing hominids
What are the subfields of biological anthropology?
Human Biology Primatology Paleoanthropology Skeletal Biology and Osteology Paleopathology Forensic Anthropology
Do primates have culture?
Humans, of course, have culture, but it has shown that chimpanzees also have culture by tool use. Mothers show young how do use tools, they have the skills required to learn, they can produce tools this is material culture. Passed on from generation to generation.
What is the basic structure of a (eukaryotic) cell?
INSERT PITURE
What is true breeding?
If you take any parents and self cross them; you always get same traits out of offspring. Passing a phenotypic desired trait.
Homo rudolfensis
(1.9-1.6 mya) Large cranium and very robust mandible. Some consider to not be Homo.
Primate sociality is likely response to what selective pressure*
(Predatation) but can also aid in Increasing longevity, decreasing stress, leading to health issues, later in life, and a dry environment
Female compared to male
- Less robust skull - Large subpubic angle - Large pelvic outlet
Markers of stress
- Linear enamel hyperplasia - Porotic hyperostosis - Cribra orbitalia
Male compared to female
- More robust skull - Small subpubic angle - Small pelvic outlet
Consequences of farming: On Humans
- Population growth - Environmental degradation - Interpersonal conflict - Reduction in size of face and jaws - Malocclusion (tooth crowding) - Decreased bone strength - Increased infectious disease - Dental caries Agriculture DECREASED human health
Signs of a pre-mortem fracture
- Smooth edges - Callus
Who is Ishi? Why is he important in our discussion of ethics and NAGPRA?
- we know where he came from - what his beliefs were - last of indian members, came down from mountains in California 1911 - then lived in Berkley - died from tuberculosis because he did not have exposure to it before - cremated body except brain without his consent - NAGPRA had to recreate remains --> issues of ethics, whose interest is at heart
Primate Communication
-complex social interactions = rich communication -modes: touch, visual signals, odors, vocalizations
Why do anthropologists study primates?
1) To learn about human macroevolution -phylogenetic inference -understand fossil primates 2.) Primate conservation= human resource decisions 3.) Better understand early social organization of hominids
Types of trauma
1. Blunt force 2. Sharp force
Three trends/ issues that will affect physical anthropology research (and sciences in general) in the future
1. Climate 2.Population Growth 3. Diet
Three models for origin of AMH (IMPORTANT!): Why humans are the last standing hominins?
1. Out of Africa with Replacement: Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to asia and Europe and then replace the indigenous archaic homo sapiens. Explains the single species of living humans by emphasizing a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic H. Sapiens throughout Asia, Africa and Europe. 2. Multiregional Continuity: the transition to modernity as having taken place regionally and without involving replacement. Archaic home sapiens gave rise to modern homo sapiens. emphasizes the importance of gene flow across population boundaries-seperate species of humanity never arose owing to the constant interbreeding of human groups throughout human evolution. 3. Out of Africa with Assimilation:
Homo erectus
100,000 and 1.6 million years ago, Pleistocene, Kenya and Indonesia, forehead was receded and nose, jaws, and palate were wide, walked upright
Paranthropus robustus (Australopithecus)
2.27 to 0.87 million years ago, Pleistocene,, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, brain size 410-530 cc, large jaw, dish-shaped face
Homo habilis
2.31 to 1.65 million years ago, Pleistocene, Tanzania and South Africa, brain size 610 cc, smaller face and teeth than in Australopithecus
Paranthropus boisei (australopithecus)
2.5 to 1.15 million years ago, early Pleistocene, East Africa, Brain size 500-550 cc, massive jaw
Australopithecus garhi
2.6-2.5 million years ago, early Pleistocene, Middle Awash of Ethiopia's Afar Depression, small cranial capacity of 450 cc, and strong subnasal prognathism (longer arms than a. afaremnsis)
How many chromosomes do gametes have?
23 individual chromosomes
Miocene Epoch (23-5 mya)
23 mya - 5.3 mya: Continued radiation of mammals and angiosperms; apelike ancestors of humans appear.
How many chromosomes does a zygote have?
46 individual chromosomes
Paleocene (Epoch)
66-56 mya
Based on a combination of the fossil record and the molecular clock, scientists concur that the split between chimps and hominins occurred ___________ mya. a. 25-30 b. 10-12 c. 7-10 d. 4-6 e. 2-3
7-10 mya
Domestication
= Control of the reproductive and/or growth cycle of a plant or animal -Low quality of life but high fertility
Bioarchaeology
= Study of historical and ancient human skeletons
Minimum number of individuals (MNI)
= The largest number of the same element
Bats are mammals, but they have wings and can fly, like birds. Tracing the Evolutionaries paths of birds and bats back in time, we know that they do not share a recent common ancestor with wings. This would lead evolutionarily biologist, comparing bats and birds to conclude that their wings are...
A analogous trait
ecological species concept
A definition of species in terms of ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment.
Homo floresiensis
A distinct species closely related to Homo erectus and only found on the Indonesian island of Flores. They are tiny, with cranial capacities of about 380cc.
What is a dominant allele?
A form of a gene that is fully expressed, even when two different alleles are present; AA, Aa, the dominant gene will be expressed
Gigantopithecus
A genus of Miocene pongids from Asia; the largest primate that ever lived.
foramen magnum: Humans Vs Apes/Early Hominins
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord. In humans, it connects more central and in apes it is more on the side, this can tell us whether a species is bipedal (habitual or obligate) or quadrapedal
Ardipithecus ramidus , a.k.a. "Ardi"
A later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity but no indication of the primitive perihoning complex. (4.4 mya)
Denisovans
A newly discovered group of archaic Homo sapiens from southern Siberia dated to between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago. Close relative of Neanderthals also inbred with humans
what is genetic locus?
A place in a genome where a gene resides (on a chromsome)
Orrorin tugenensis
A pre-australopithecine species found in East Africa that displayed some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism. (6 mya)
_________ is seen in some New World monkeys, but not in any Old World monkeys.
A prehensile tail
sagittal keel
A slight ridge of bone found along the midline sagittal suture of the cranium, which is typically found on H. erectus skulls.
Medical Anthropology
A specialization in anthropology that brings theoretical and applied approaches from cultural and biological anthropology to the study of human health and disease
If you see a small group of primates a notice that they have wet snow, like noses and claws instead of nails, this indicates that they are members of what
A species of New World monkey, because they did not develop stereoscopic vision
Who is Charles Darwin?
A theological graduate who wrote the book "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection." Father of the theory of evolution
Anatomically Modern Humans
AMH in Africa at 200,000 yBP AMH in Asia at 90,000 yBP AMH in Europe at 35,000 yBP Admixture: Eurasians share 1-4% of DNA with Neandertals rather than Sub-saharan Africans
New World Monkeys
All species are arboreal. Nostrils open to the side. Many have prehensile tails. capuchin monkeys owl monkeys spider monkeys howler monkeys marmosets and tamarins
Hominin
An early ancestor of humans
Australipithecus africanus
An early australopithecine from South Africa, about 3.3 and 2.1 million years ago, late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, South Africa, brain size 480 cc, a smaller brow ridge, and a slightly arched forehead area
Pleistocene Epoch
An epoch of the Quaternary period beginning about 1.8 million years ago and ending about 10,000 years ago. Best known as a time of extensive continental glaciation. (Ice Age)
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; Aa
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait; AA, aa
What eukaryotic cells?
These are cells that do contain a nucleus and organelles.
What anatomical features define modern Homo sapiens as a species?
Anatomical features that define modern Homo sapiens as a species include a rounder brain case, 1,500 cc cranial capacity, a longer chin, high nasal angle, smaller teeth, a small trunk, and long limbs.
nocturnal vision
the ability to see at night (dark)
Bioarchaeology
the archaeological study of human remains, emphasizing the preservation of cultural and social processes in the skeleton
What did Mendel discover?
the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments (passing on traits, dom/reccessive)
What is creationism?
the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, as in the biblical account, rather than by natural processes such as evolution.
adaptive radiation
the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.
What were the two gaps in Darwins theory of evolution?
the origin of DNA, the irreducible complexity of the cell, and the paucity of transitional species.
Paleozoic Era
the part of geologic time 570-245 million years ago ; invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, ferns, and cone-bearing trees were dominant
Cranium
the portion of the skull that encloses the brain/head
Strepsirhini
the primate suborder that includes lemurs and lorises
What is descent with modification?
the principle that living species descend with changes, from other species over time
What is artificial selection?
the process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits
allopatric speciation
the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation
What is natural selection?
the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The fittest survive, the ones with the most favorable traits
Visual Predation Hypothesis
the proposition that unique primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and on small animals
Culture(Neanderthals)
• Care-giving for sick and elderly • Burial of dead • Shell jewelry • Pigment use
Europe: 130,000 - 30,000 yBP
• Colder climate = More robust than Asia • Occipital bun • Larger anterior teeth
General features of Neanderthals (compared to early archaic Homo sapiens)
• First hominin with an eminent chin • High, rounded forehead • Loss of supraorbital torus • Thinner cranial bone
Homo floresiensis
• Flores, Indonesia • Tiny brain and body -Found with complex tools -mixed morphology -1 nearly complete skeleton, 13 partial skeletons -Possible Origins --> Island Dwarfism/Insular Dwarfism: Derived from H.erectus, belongs to it's own species. -Due to reduced resources on Island: Natural selection favors smaller body size --> Pathological: Unknown form of Microcephaly -small, underdeveloped brain -Wrist bones -Cause of genetic drift?
Technology of Neanderthals
• Housing shelters • Controlled fire • Loose clothing • Created Mousterian Tool Complex • Thrusting spears
General features of Neandertals
• Largest brain size • Large supraorbital torus
Names for Neandertals:
• Late Archaic Homo sapiens • Homo neanderthalensis • Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Western Asia: 60,000 - 40,000 yBP
• Less robust than Europe • No occipital bun • Smaller anterior teeth
Cold adaptations of Neandertals:
• Wide nasal aperture • Large infraorbital foramina • Extremely robust body
Northeast Asia → North America
• mtDNA evidence • Shovel-Shaped incisors
How did the theory of evolution come to be?
In developing his theory of evolution by means of natural selection, Darwin drew on geology, paleontology, taxonomy and systematics, demography, and what is now called evolutionary biology. • Scientists working in these disciplines had shown that —Earth is quite old and has changed considerably over time _______________________________________________________________________ —fossils represent the remains of once-living, often extinct organisms and thus provide a record of the history of life —life evolves over time —groups of related species help clarify evolutionary history —the number of adults in a population tends to remain the same over time
What is relative rock dating?
In relative dating, we determine which things are older or younger based on their relationships. For example, we know from geology that soil layers near the surface of the ground are usually younger than those deeper down
When (how many millions of years ago) and where (what fossil sites in which present day countries) did hominins first evolve? And why? (In other words what are some hypotheses to explain the advantages of bipedalism?)
Late Miocene some 5.3-10 mya, South AfricaEthopia, Kenya, Tanzania, to cool off, to deal with less aboreal enviorments, more endurance to walk longer distances and compared to other animals which can help when hunting (Patchy Forest Hypothesis, Provisisioning Hypothesis (holding children))
Based on evidence we have from genetic mapping in an analysis of homologous traits, which listing of primates below is correct, in terms of evolutionarily relationship to us
Lemur, tariser, howler, monkey, gorilla, human
Nonhoning chewing
Loss of a large canine (as the other apes have), mainly grinding rather than slicing allows: All hominins have a non-honing chewing complex for crushing food
trade offs of bipedalism
Lower back pain, smaller birth canal
What are primates?
Mammals with flexible feet and hands, forward facing eyes, and enlarged brains. Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans
Which one of these traits below is not used to find the order of primates? a. A tendency to be in an a erect position. b. Hands and feet with a high degree of prehensity c. Stereoscopic vision. d. Mammary glands e. Generalized denentation
Mammary glands
What primates practice multi male multi female residence patterns?
Many old world monkeys, a few New World, monkeys, and chimpanzees
Dispersal of Anatomically Modern Humans
Migrations beyond Eurasia occurred after 50,000 yBP
When did the first (hominids) apes emerge?
Miocene (our branch of the primate order begins to grow 23 million years ago, flourishing of ape species)
Partial Replacement Model
Model that says homo species migrated out of Africa and minimally breed with already existent species along their path thus creating evolution through this way.
NAGPRA
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act- - Must consult tribes about what to do with remains found on federal land o Some request return or reburial of remains o Others request museum curation - Federally recognized tribes may request the return of cultural items and remains from federally funded museums - Tribes must culturally affiliated with those items
It's possible for a brother and sister to be identical twins Y or N
No
What is the difference between coding DNA and noncoding DNA?
Non-coding DNA corresponds to the portions of an organism's genome that do not code for amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Coding DNA codes for the amino acids.
What are the unique derived traits of anatomically modern humans?
Obligate Bipedalism, very large brains
Australopithecus anamensis
Oldest Australopithecus, about 4.2 and 3.8 million years, early Pliocene epoch, the Middle Awash of Ethiopia, large mid-face with jutting cheekbones, large canines Pilocene
Explain why and how two individuals can have the same phenotype but different genotypes for a given trait. Give an example
One individual (brown eyes) can be homozygous dominant for brown eyes, while the second individual (also brown eyes) can be heterozygous dominant for the gene. Person A (BB) Person B (Bb).
What primates practice solitary
Only a few orangutans and strepsirhines
What hominin is an obligate biped?
Only humans
What primates practice one female, multi male residence patterns? Polydrous
Only some New World monkeys practice this social system, but rarely
________ have very large, highly sexually dimorphic body sizes and live largely solitary lives.
Orangutans
Does natural selection act on phenotype or genotype?
Phenotype
Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis
Proposal that modern humans evolved separately in at least three different places: Asia, Africa, and Europe.
Angiosperm Radiation Hypothesis
Proposed that primate traits were a response to the development of fruit-bearing angiosperm plants.
Assimilation Hypothesis
States that Homo sapiens interbred with other Homo lines so much that a single lineage resulted
Which of the following is an example of a relative dating method? a. Dendrochronology b. Radiocarbon dating c. Stratigraphic correlation. d. Radiopotassium dating e. match.com
Stratigraphic Correlation
Stratigraphy/Stratification
Study of rock layering. Lyell used to proven Earth is very old. "Strata", layers of erodation from mountains when rain/water decays the rocks. Strata builds up in layers over time.
Ethics
System of values that specifies a code of conduct
Biological Anthropology and Ethics
TOPIC
Forensic Anthropology
The branch of physical anthropology in which anthropological data, criteria, and techniques are used to determine the sex, age, genetic population, or parentage of skeletal or biological materials in questions of civil or criminal law
Assemblage
The combining of two or more adjoining lots into one larger tract to increase their total value.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
The earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism. (7-6 mya)
Who is DNA determines the sex of the baby
The fathers chromosome determines if the baby is born, male or female, because females have XX chromosomes. All males have X or Y chromosomes.
sympatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area
What is the law of superposition?
The geologic principle that states that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it.
Out of Africa Hypothesis
The hypothesis that modern humans evolved in Africa and spread to other continents, replacing other Homo species without interbreeding with them
What is the fixity of species?
The notion that species, once created, can never change; an idea diametrically opposed to theories of biological evolution.
Oldowan tools
The oldest known tools, made by chipping stones to produce a sharper edge. Made by Homo Habilis.
Prosimians
The primate suborder that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers and tree shrews
Haplorhini
The primate suborder that includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.
Forensic anthropology
The scientific application of physical anthropology in a medico-legal context
Eocene (epoch)
The second epoch of the Cenozoic era, dating between 55.8 million and 33.9 million years ago. The first true primates, primitive prosimians, appeared during the Eocene.
Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis
The shift to modern humans took place regionally and did not involve replacement.
What is anthropology?
The study of humans
Oligocene Epoch
The third epoch of the Cenozoic era, dating between 33.9 million and 23.0 million years ago. Anthropoids underwent an adaptive radiation during the Oligocene.
What is applied anthropology?
The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client.
Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern and western parts of the continent. What is the most likely explanation for this? a. more populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else b. Only these areas had the necessary resources to support living species c. these areas provided better preservation of the fossils d. many villagers in the areas gather fossils to sell
These areas provided better preservation of the fossils
How does a zygote grow and become an embryo?
This happens through a process called Mitosis where the cell divides and duplicates itself countless times to grow and form an embryo; this process continues infinitely, even after birth.
What is genetic drift?
This is the change in frequency of an existing gene in a population, there are many ways in which the curb the gene has a change in the frequency is random.
What does it mean to be a carrier of a trait?
To be heterozygous, carry recessive allele
What are Mendelian traits
Traits in which one allele is dominant while the other is recessive
Humans share the dental pattern 2-1-2-3 found in old world higher primates True or false
True
Monkeys, apes, and humans are all anthropoids True or False
True
Turkana Boy is a nearly complete early Homo erectus specimen True or False
True
radiocarbon dating
a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon-14
Olduvai Gorge
a gorge in northeastern Tanzania where anthropologists have found some of the earliest human remains
What is a species?
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
What type of cell is a sperm/egg?
a haploid cell, gamete
Peking Man
a homo erectus skeleton about 1.7 million years old Found in Northern China near Beijeing; shows that people settled there more than 500,000 years ago.
Apes
a large primate that lacks a tail, including the gorilla, chimpanzees, orangutan, and gibbons.
Homo naledi
a pre human species found in South Africa thought to be 2.8 million years old
what are hidden alleles?
a reccessive allele
what is a sociobiological perspective
a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior.
In every "normal" somatic cell of the human body, you can expect to find _____ pairs of chromosomes. a. 23 b. 22 c. 48 d. X and Y e. 46
a. 23
An individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may have any of the following EXCEPT type __________ blood? a. AB b. A c. O d. B
a. AB
Ascribed vs. Achieved Status
a. Ascribed status: status one is born with, having desirable mating traits b. Achieved status: status(es) one obtains over the life course, good at fighting, strong, dominant etc
The fossil skeleton known as "Lucy" belongs to which species? a. austrolopithicus afarensis b. Austrolopithicus africanis c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis d. Orrin tugenensis e. Ardipithecus ramidus
a. Aust. afarensis
Which of the following is true about fossils? a. They are the remains of once-living organisms that have been partially transformed into rock through a long process of chemical replacement b. It is always easy to date them using absolute dating methods c. they still contain the original biological materials that were present in life, for which DNA within the tissue can be used to identify genetic information d. Only A and C e. All of the above
a. They are the remains of once-living organisms that have been partially transformed into rock through a long process of chemical replacement
Where have fossil remains of Miocene hominins (the ones scientists all agree are hominins) been found to date? a. Only in Africa b. Only in Europe c. Only in Asia d. Only in North America e. On multiple continents in the Old World
a. only in Africa
Australopithecus afarensis
about 3.9-2.9 million years ago, in the Pliocene, East Africa (Hadar, Ethiopia), brain size of 500 cc, projecting lower jaw (Lucy, 3.9-2.9 mya)
Amicable behaviors that promote group cohesion are called _______ behaviors.
affiliative
postmortem
after death
biological profile
age, sex, ancestry, stature as determined by the analysis of bones
kin selection
altruistic behaviors that increase the donor's inclusive fitness, that is, the fitness of the donor's relatives
What is a reccesive allele?
an allele that will not show unless both alleles are reccesive; rr
When and where did modern humans first appear according to the fossil and genetic evidence we have so far?
anatomically modern humans in Africa 200 000 years ago
What are somatic cells?
any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
What is a mutation?
any change in the DNA sequence, this can result in a phenotypic or genotypic variation
Hominoidea
apes and humans
Great Rift Valley
area in africa where parts of the plateau's surface dropped and early human fossils are found
analogous traits
arise when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways
Australopithecus sediba
around 2 million years ago ,Pleistocene, South Africa, brain size 420-450 cc, based on locomotion walked upright frequently
Perimortem
at or around the time of death
Which of the following are not hominoids? a. gorillas b. baboons c. lemurs d. lorises
b. baboons
Old World Monkeys (OWM)
baboons and macaques, colobuses and langurs
Antemortem
before death
hallux
big toe, in apes it is like an opposable thumb and sticks out while in humans it is used for stability but not functional like that of apes
Arms that are longer than the legs, and a short stable lumbar spine are traits associated with
brachiation
Gibbons and siamangs are adapted for
brachiation
Homo erectus appeared in East Africa a. In the early Miocene , around 7-6 mya b. in the Early Pliocene, around 4.5 mya c. at the end of the Pliocene around 1.8 mya d. In the middle pleistocene, around 750,000 ya
c. a the end of the Pliocene, around 1.8 mya
By calling it "Evolutionary Theory," it is understood that: a. it is one way of explaining how some species come into existence or go extinct, but it likely does not apply to humans b. it was a great idea proposed by Darwin that now needs further study to be proven true c. it is the only scientifically valid way to explain the data we have collected to date
c. it is the only scientifically valid way to explain the data we have collected to date
natural selection that favors traits that enhance a. body size b. brain size c. survival and reproduction d. longevity (living till old age) e. all of the above
c. survival and reproduction
what is Bergmann's rule
cogeographical rule that states that within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, while populations and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions.
language in primates
communicate immediate needs, string words together to attain goals
What does the term biocultural evolution refer to? a. none of these b. changes in allele frequencies over time c. changes in human culture from generation to generation d. the interaction between biology and culture in human evolution
d. the interaction between biology and culture in human evolution
dominant alleles a. were discovered by charles darwin b. always produce the most desirable trait c. are always the most common allele d. usually inactivate recessive alleles, but not always
d. usually inactivate recessive alleles, but not always
What is r-selection?
density-independent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction
Who were the Denisovans?
desendants from Europe called Denisovans (from Siberia) and are directly descended from homo heidelbergensis, distant hominin of neanderthals
R-selected species include which of the following? a. mice b. humans c. apes d. mosquitos e. a and d
e. mice and mosquitos
cline/clinal variation
emphasized nature of variation. A distribution of frequencies of traits that show a systematic gradation over geographic space. For example, endothermic animals tend to have larger bodies in the cooler climates closer to the earth's poles, allowing them to better conserve heat
Cenozoic Era
era that began about 66 million years ago, known as the "Age of Mammals"
The post cranium
everything below the skull/ smaller brain= less smart
homologous traits
features that are inherited from a common ancestor because of evolutionary relationships
What are some of the major sites associated with fossil finds related to Homo erectus, and where are they? Why is the age, location and diversity of these sites so significant to our understanding of Homo erectus and overall human evolution?
first was on the Indonesian island of Java, Sumatra, it is really key to learning about human evolution because it is the first introduction to a homonin that has moved away from Africa
What is a genotype?
genetic makeup of an organism
Among the apes, the ________ have the smallest average body sizes.
gibbons and siamangs
sexual dimorphism is...
greater and primate species with Polgynous residence patterns, and not as pronounced in monogamous species
The higher, the social rank of a female primate the
greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.
The higher, the social rank of a male primate, the
greater his access to mates, which results in a higher number of offspring
Savannah Hypothesis
hominid have adapted to bipedalism as means of surviving in the Savannah WRONG when it comes to explaining the origins of bipedalism bc ardiphecus and australopithecus bc they didn't live in the Savannah so we can see that this had to be developed because of another reason
What has been the effect of transitioning from a foraging lifestyle to an agricultural lifestyle on modern humans?
increased the population size and density of both humans and their domesticated plant and animal species
What is variation?
inherited differences in Organisms caused by genetics or environmental factors
What is infanticide?
intentional killing of infants is a male strategy
Chimpanzees live in groups, composed of
large communities of bonded males and females, plus young of all ages
Lemuriformes
lemurs and lorises
The "abroreal hypothesis" refers specifically to the explanation that primates' unique derived traits a result of new types of mammals a. preying on insects and small animals b. living in trees c. relying on new food sources, specifically fruit and flowers d. adapting to the warm tropical climate of the time e. all of the above
living in trees
What is Allen's Rule?
mammals living in the cold have shorter faces and limbs than mammals living in warmer areas
What process are gametes produced?
meiosis
Mesozoic Era
middle life (245-144 million years ago); rise of mammals and dinosaurs; the rise of birds; extinction of dinosaurs, rise of flowering plants
Anthropoidea
monkeys, apes, and humans
replacement hypothesis
more recent divergence among human populations, with genetic variation tied to modern H. sapiens in Africa (little or no gene flow among species/subspecies), modern humans evolved in Africa and then spread to the rest of the world. AKA Out of Africa Hypothesis
Polygamy
more than one mate
Holocene Epoch
most recent epoch, which began 10,000 years ago
What are the four forces of evolution?
mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection
Platyrrhini
new world monkeys
what are derived traits
newly evolved features
Permanent male- female bonds are
not common among nonhuman primates
Permanent male-female bonds are
not common among nonhuman primates
Genus Pongo
orangutans
Lee Berger, the researcher associated with the fossil finds at the Cave of the rising star would be best described as a: a. Paleontologist b. Paleoanthropologist c. biologist d. forensic anthropologist e. spelunker
paleoanthropologist
what are primitive traits
shared with common ancestor, tend to be generalized
Why do we classify these species in this new genus Homo?
smaller molar teeth, jaws, and faces than the australopithecines.
What does K-selection refer to?
species that produce relatively few offspring but invest a large amount of parental care
What are Darwin's three postulates?
struggle for existence, variation in fitness, inheritance of variation
Homo heidelbergensis
A transitional species between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
Stature
Based on long bone length and sex
What is the basic structure of DNA?
DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix. Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) or thymine (T)
Does reproductive isolation decrease or increase gene flow?
Decrease
What force decreases speciation?
Gene Flow
Where are Old World monkeys found?
Sub Saharan Africa, southern Asia, and northern Japan
___________ is the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection.
Behavioral ecology
Australopiths
Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis, a.k.a. "Lucy" Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba
Paranthropus species (Australopiths still)
Australopithecus boisei Australopithecus robustus
Why is the cell considered the fundamental unit of life in all organisms?
Because it carries all the vital functions for living
What primates practice all male residency patterns?
Before joining or form in groups that includes males and females some baboons have all male groups
Natural selection favored alleles for white skin in: A. The earliest known populations of Homo sapiens. B. Populations that were located in environments with greater UV radiation. C. Populations of early humans that likely suffered vitamin D deficiency. D. More culturally advanced populations of Homo sapiens. E. All of the above
C. Vitamin D deficiency
Sex differences are most extreme in the skull and pelvis Aging subadults
Can use dental development or epiphyseal fusion
The "father" of taxonomic classification of species was who?
Carl Linnaeus
Where was Sahelanthropus tchadensis found?
Chad in Central Africa
Jane Goodall
English zoologist noted for her studies of chimpanzees in the wild (born in 1934)
When did primates emerge?
Eocene (56 mya), they appeared likely because of global warming
What does the kebaya hyoid bone? What does it have to do with neanderthals?
It is the bone that allows for speech in modern humans. We have now found that neanderthals also have this bone meaning they had the ability for speech not j grunts.
What is the nucleus of a cell?
It is where genetic material resides and where proteins are made
Which theorist had the concept of evolution based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics (use-disuse theory)?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Nariokotome
Kenya (1.5mya); complete skeleton of a juvenile adolescent Homo erectus; tall and thin
What is the order of the taxonomic categories from largest to smallest?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, Family, Genus, species
Genus Homo
Large brain, tool use, humans
What are the skeletal adaptations for bipedalism?
S shaped spine, shape of pelvis, arch of foot, position of foramen magnum
The oldest possible hominin found to date has been given which genus name?
Sahelanthropus
Pre-Australopiths
Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin tugenensis Ardipithecus ramidus, a.k.a. "Ardi"
What is intersexual selection?
Selection that favors traits that make individuals more attractive to the opposite sex
Speech ability: Of Neanderthals
Similar shape hyoid(a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue) like a human, so could probably speak • Have FOXP2 gene mutations like humans
What is the difference between somatic cells and gametes?
Somatic cells are regular body cells found in your hair, skin, nails, etc. While Gametes are sex cells.
Which of the following nitrogenous bases is not the one commonly found in nuclear DNA? A, G, T, C, U
U
Holocene Evolution
Warm, wet climate Origins of plant and animal domestication Multiple centers for plant and animal domestication (do not need to know specific centers)
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Hypothesis
When no evolutionary forces are acting on a population, and mating is done at random, gene frequencies will always stay constant from one generation to the next
Is sexual dimorphism among orangutans, common or high? What are some of the differences between males and females?
Yes, male orangutans are twice the size of adult females, and have large canines, chick, pads, and very loud calls over long distances, a male orangutan, find higher reproductive success if he maintains a territory with areas transversed by two or more females
What are eugenics?
the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics
What is taxonomy?
the science of naming and classifying organisms
Pathology
the scientific study of disease
Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI)
the smallest number of individuals necessary to account for all identified bones
What are homo sapiens?
the species name for modern humans
What are epigenetics?
the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
What are genetics?
the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
What is holism?
the study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture. Full view of something, every aspect
What is intelligent design?
the theory that life, or the universe, cannot have arisen by chance and was designed and created by some intelligent entity.
Hominoids in the late Miocene that developed anatomical trait supportive of bipedalism has which adaptive advantage, as a direct result of bipedalism, over quadrupedal primates? a. they could climb trees faster b. they could escape predators more quickly c. They could stay warmer in cooling climates d. they could pick up more things with their feet e. they could spend more of their day moving around without needing more calories
they could spend more of their day moving around without needing more calories
You find a fossil that you are sure shows evidence of bipedalism. You know this because which of the following anatomical traits is present? a. narrow pelvis b. a posterior position c. an opposable hallux d. thighbones that angle towards the knees e. any of the above
thighbones that angle towards the knees
what does it mean to be fit or have fitness?
to be fit or have fitness essentially means to have the phenotypes most ideal for survival.
what are the defining characteristics of hominins?
upright posture, bipedal movement, larger and smarter brains, specialized tool use, and communication through language (for some)
What is the use and disuse theory?
when certain organs become specially developed as a result of some environmental need, then that state of development is hereditary and can be passed on to progeny.
You find a fossilized primate skeleton and it has long arms. What type of environment can you infer in inhabited? a. savanna b. woodland c. grassland d. swamp e. none of the above
woodland
Can natural selection generate complex adaptations?
yes, variation plus selective retention, mutation, complexity may occur or disappear
What is a fertilized egg called?
zygote