ANTH 103 Final
What is meant by the term "well-founded fear"? Select one: a. It is a legal term that is used in U.S. courts to determine whether the plaintiff is guilty of coercion and threat based on ethnic background. b. It is the U.S. policy of granting political asylum to those who can prove they are threatened in their home countries. c. It is an immigration policy in the U.S. in which refugees are placed in areas where their neighbors do not come from similar ethnic backgrounds. d. It is the name of a book about ethnic conflict cross-culturally. e. It is a type of ethnic conflict in which genocide is conducted nation-wide.
b
When a society practices fraternal polyandry: Select one: a. They always also practice sororal polygyny. b. Brothers share a wife. c. Two sisters are married to two brothers. d. Women have much more power than men. e. It is the younger brother's responsibility to find a bride for the older brother.
b
With the introduction of wage labor into Nukumanu, in the 19th century, women's status has: Select one: a. Gone up economically, but down socially. b. Declined economically and socially. c. Increased in cultural and ritual importance. d. Increased as a result of their participation in the church. e. Remained the same as prior to Western contact.
b-depended for its food on the abundant marine life and a few indigenous plants, such as the coconut, pandanus (a type of fruit), and taro (a starchy root). Women's primary responsibilities were domestic, whereas men contributed food acquired some distance from the home through fishing, collecting shellfish, and collecting and husking coconuts.With the introduction of kareve (sap of the coconut tree fermented to make a moderately potent alcoholic beverage) in the 1950s, men's economic activities, such as canoe building, took on a social aspect involving drinking. Because the production and consumption of kareve takes up a great deal of men's leisure time and excludes women, sexual segregation has increased.
A fundamental principle of language is that: Select one: a. The more material goods a culture has, the more talkative its members will be. b. The more phonemes a language has, the more different ideas can be expressed in it. c. Language always reflects the history of those who use it. d. The more primitive a culture, the more likely its members are to be dependent on senses such as smell and hearing rather than language. e. Oppressed groups rarely contribute words to the language of their oppressors.
c
A society's political organization is primarily related to: Select one: a. The presence of powerful individuals within the society. b. Whether or not they were ever colonized. c. The degree of access individuals and groups have to basic material resources. d. The political organization of neighboring societies. e. The ecology of the area that they inhabit.
c
Anthropologists Heather Horst and Daniel Miller studied high levels of cell phone use among Jamaicans in two different communities. Which of the following statements best illustrates why Jamaicans use cell phones so regularly? Select one: a. They are used as emergency technology in case the individual is in any kind of danger. b. They are used to engage in long casual conversations about daily life. c. They are used primarily to create social networks and request needed resources. d. They are used to order groceries and supplies on a daily basis. e. They are used primarily among young people who are dating via cell phone.
c
Chinese factories hire dagongmei because: Select one: a. They are likely to be better trained than other workers. b. They need to provide entertainment for their male workers. c. They are a cheap source of labor. d. Since they are orphans, they are easily exploited. e. The government provides extra cash incentives for companies that hire them.
c
Current American immigration policies gives preference to the following family members: Select one: a. Brothers and sisters. b. Children only. c. Spouses and children. d. Grandparents. e. Spouses only.
c
In Western cultures dominated by capitalism, extremely high emphasis is placed on: Select one: a. Family and kinship connections. b. Behaving appropriately for one's social position. c. Wealth and material prosperity. d. Status. e. Reciprocal relations of gift giving.
c
In woman/woman marriages: Select one: a. The woman husband always takes on masculine characteristics. b. Wives with female husbands are always regarded as inferior and stigmatized. c. The female husband may take on aspects of the male gender role such as participating in male initiation rituals. d. The woman husband is someone who for a variety of reasons no man wanted for a wife. e. The wife and her female husband always have sexual relations.
c
Some anthropologists argue that football is so popular in America because: Select one: a. People are willing to pay more money for football tickets than for those of other sports. b. It is more violent than other sports. c. It manipulates dangerous and controversial themes in American culture. d. Members of the team are more equal in football than in other sports. e. It is easier to show commercials during football games than during other sorts of sports.
c
The earliest human food-getting strategy was: Select one: a. Pastoralism. b. Horticulture. c. Foraging. d. Industrialism. e. Fishing.
c
The extended family seems to have clear advantages: Select one: a. Where marriage is a matter of free choice rather than arrangement. b. In industrial societies with large urban populations. c. In stable cultivating societies where ownership of land is important. d. In hunting and gathering societies living on the margins of existence. e. In socialist rather than capitalist societies.
c
The rise of plow agriculture has generally: Select one: a. Resulted in lower birth rates. b. Raised women's status. c. Lowered women's status. d. Increased women's longevity. e. Not affected women's status.
c
All of the following are expressed in the American kinship terminology except: Select one: a. Gender. b. Generation. c. Collaterality. d. Bifurcation. e. Affinal kinship.
d
For the Gwich'in, the most important result of climate change has been: Select one: a. The increased presence of outside industries that have negative impacts on local culture. b. The need to find more sophisticated ways of keeping warm as their area cools. c. Increased contact with outsiders and increasing ability to sell furs and native crafts. d. The decrease in size and health of the caribou herd on which they depend. e. Increased ability to use snowmobiles to hunt caribou and fur bearing mammals.
d
In the United States, the "cultural defense" has sometimes been used to justify: Select one: a. Illegal immigration. b. Organized crime. c. Consumer fraud. d. Domestic violence. e. Armed robbery.
d
In what types of societies would you most expect to encounter sex/gender alternatives? Select one: a. In societies where monogamy is the only option for marriage. b. In industrial societies where there is little parental supervision. c. In societies undergoing rapid change, because there is a need to constantly adjust gender roles. d. In societies where androgyny is considered sacred and powerful. e. In societies where there is a great deal of warfare and no way to resolve conflict.
d
Incest taboos universally apply to: Select one: a. First cousins. b. Members of the same village. c. Cross cousins but not parallel cousins. d. Mothers and sons.
d
It was estimated in 2010 that approximately how many foreign-born residents were living in countries around the world? Select one: a. 716 million. b. 78 million. c. 527 million. d. 214 million. e. 134 million.
d
One of the earliest definitions of human culture is that "complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society." Who introduced this definition? Select one: a. Margaret Mead. b. Pierre Bourdieu. c. Bronislaw Malinowski. d. Sir Edward Tylor. e. Franz Boas.
d
The Burakumin in Japan are regarded by Japanese society as a(n): Select one: a. Ethnic group. b. Caste. c. Class. d. Race. e. Clan.
d
The defining characteristic of horticulture is that: Select one: a. It is found only in the New World. b. It cannot support populations over 25 persons per square mile. c. Plows and labor-intensive methods are used. d. Fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated. e. It is the most inefficient utilization of the environment.
d
The functionalist perspective on social stratification holds that: Select one: a. Class and caste systems are both based on economic exploitation. b. Only the upper class benefits from the system. c. Class conflict is the major way in which a society changes. d. The whole society benefits because the system provides motivation for people to take risks or to fill difficult jobs. e. Affirmative action programs have no justifiable role in a democratic society.
d
When we say that human language is "conventional," we mean that: Select one: a. Humans are very conservative and rarely change their way of speaking. b. Human language was invented at a convention. c. All human languages have basically the same structure and differences among them are only superficial. d. The words in human languages have no inherent relationship to the things they stand for. e. All languages follow the same grammatical rules or conventions.
d
Which of the following best characterizes the cross-cultural meaning of smiling? Select one: a. Smiling is a reasonably good indicator of happiness or nonviolent intent. b. A smile always means that people are happy. c. In most cultures, people smile just before they kill. d. The meaning of a smile varies from culture to culture. e. Americans are virtually unique in equating smiling with happiness.
d
All of the following are arguments commonly used to explain the existence of a gender hierarchy except: Select one: a. Male dominance correlates with the existence of ecological stress and warfare. b. The expansion of capitalism and colonialism has had enormous impact on non-Western gender hierarchies. c. Women's status is higher in societies where they do not have any domestic duties and work, instead, outside of the home. d. Women and men have differential status based on their distribution and exchange of resources. e. Women's lowered status is due to the private/public dichotomy.
C
According to Melissa Checker's research in Hyde Park, Georgia, communities of color and communities of the poor in the United States have made major advances passing environmental protection laws and securing environmental oversight. Select one: True False
False
All children, regardless of culture, go through the same stages and sequence for language learning. Select one: True False
False
All economic behavior can be explained by financial profit and gain. Select one: True False
False
Because he understood Karen culture, anthropologist James Hamilton was able to make many improvements to Karen house building. Select one: True False
False
Functionalist theories of state development emphasize the emergence of a powerful elite class that protects its power and privileges. Select one: True False
False
Industrialism has led to increased equality among people worldwide. Select one: True False
False
Racial boundaries are very clear-cut in Brazil. Select one: True False
False
Research in Zinacantan shows that the obligations to take on cargoes (or religious offices) generally prevents anyone from becoming wealthy. Select one: True False
False
The public/private dichotomy is particularly important in foraging societies. Select one: True False
False
Tribes and chiefdoms both have centralized leadership. Select one: True False
False
The Native American "two spirit" is best described as an effeminate homosexual. Select one: True False
False-all LGBT Native Americans
Bilateral descent is also called double descent. Select one: True False
False-bilateral both sides are equal, double they lean one way or the other for different purposes
Relatives by marriage are called consanguineal kin. Select one: True False
False-blood ties
The Ju/'hoansi demonstrate that, when a society has few material resources, it is not likely to respect elders or provide much care for them. Select one: True False
False-chinese foraging society
The solidarity of women in horticultural societies is mainly based on their participation in religious cults and associations. Select one: True False
False-had political and sociological roles because nature was viewed as womanly and was very important
The potlatch is an example of negative reciprocity. Select one: True False
False-it is a gift giving feast by people in the Northwest coast of Canada, nothing expected in return
Women's hunting among the Agata illustrates that: Select one: a. Young girls are better hunters than young boys but after puberty, boys are better. b. Women, in some situations, can bring home larger quantities of game than men. c. Child rearing is really best done by the child's biological parents. d. The demands of child rearing can be adapted to economic needs. e. Women are just as strong and fast as men.
d
According to David Gilmore, similar ideas of manhood are almost a universal aspect of male behavior because: Select one: a. The need to establish hierarchy is a fundamental aspect of all human societies. b. Those who possess it are likely to be more economically successful. c. Those who possess it are likely to be more successful in the search for mates. d. Women universally harass men who do not demonstrate machismo. e. It helps to assure that men fill their roles as procreators, protectors, and providers.
e
According to the text, which of the following statements most accurately describes ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia? Select one: a. There are no cultural differences between groups and the conflict is strictly economic. b. The ethnic conflicts have been caused by U.S. foreign policy which favors Serbs over Bosnians. c. It is based on deep ethnic cultural differences which go back for centuries. d. The important ethnic differences have been minimized by the media. e. It is based on contemporary political manipulation of relatively small cultural differences.
e
All of the following are social levels commonly created in state societies except: Select one: a. Peasant farmers. b. Aristocracy. c. Craftspeople. d. Bureaucracy. e. Moot.
e
All of the following are true of a caste system except: Select one: a. People in the higher ranks of a caste system are more satisfied than those in the lower ranks. b. In a caste system it is almost impossible to change one's caste. c. People tend to marry others in the same caste. d. People in the same caste tend to have a similar range of occupations. e. Caste-like systems occur only in India.
e
An important method comparative linguists use to draw conclusions about the relationship between two languages is: Select one: a. Determining if they share complex and unusual words not found in other languages. b. Examining the degree of intracultural variation in the languages. c. Showing that the linguistic style of one group diffused to members of the other. d. Establishing the biological relationship between the speakers of the languages. e. Determining the amount of core vocabulary they share.
e
Balanced reciprocity is most typical of what kinds of trading relationships? Select one: a. Non-industrialized peoples with market economies. b. Foraging societies with no formal economies. c. Industrialized peoples with market economies. d. Exchange between household economies and firms. e. Non-industrialized peoples without market economies.
e
From the perspective of ecological functionalism, the Hindu taboo on eating beef is: Select one: a. Irrational. b. Symbolic of other types of relationships in society. c. Based on a conscious understanding of ecological anthropology by Indians. d. Maladaptive in India, considering the large numbers of people who do not have enough to eat. e. Adaptive to the long-run conditions of drought and crop shortages in India.
e
Kinship is important to the study of anthropology because: Select one: a. It determines the economic system of all societies. b. It determines the foundation of all market economies in industrialized societies. c. It is the only social institution present in foraging and tribal societies. d. It explains political rights and obligations for all industrialized societies. e. It plays the key role in determining rights and obligations in nonindustrial societies.
e
One piece of evidence that supports a Freudian interpretation for male rites of passage is that: Select one: a. Many of the themes they express seem closely tied to the id. b. They occur in all societies. c. The imagery used in them seems to be closely associated with dreams. d. They involve elements of repression and reaction formation. e. They are more common in cultures in which boys have strong identification with their mothers.
e
The opportunities that people have to fulfill their potential in society is known as: Select one: a. Social mobility. b. Social stratification. c. Life exchanges. d. Arbitrariness. e. Life chances.
e
Traditionally in Korean villages, the eldest son inherited most of his parents' property. In return, he was required to: Select one: a. Sell the remaining property at the best price he could get. b. Live in relative poverty, assuring that brothers and sisters were well cared for. c. Live in a lavish life style to bring prestige to his family. d. Educate his brothers and sisters at the university. e. Worship his parents as ancestors after their death.
e
Which of the following best describes capitalism? Select one: a. A system designed to provide equal life-chances for all. b. An idea present in all societies. c. A system designed to minimize differences in wealth among people. d. A critical means governments use to control the economy. e. An economic system that has become predominant in the last 300 years.
e
Which of the following best represents how most anthropologists today view culture? Select one: a. A mental template for organizing and understanding the world. b. A system of environmental adaptation. c. The way that humans lend meaning to the world. d. Largely a creation of anthropology with no real meaning in society at large. e. Anthropologists do not agree on a single meaning of culture.
e
Which of the following is the most accurate description of Margaret Mead's impact on the gender issues in cultural anthropology? Select one: a. Her work showed that gender was primarily a biological phenomenon. b. She had little impact; her books weren't highly regarded. c. Though ignored in the U.S., Mead's work was hailed in Europe. Thus, gender studies were far more advanced in Europe than in the U.S. d. The fact that most of her work was about women showed that they were an important part of culture. e. Her work questioned the biologically determined nature of gender.
e
With regard to the stability of a marriage, bridewealth payments: Select one: a. Have a destabilizing effect. b. Make it easier for a wife to leave her husband than for him to leave her. c. Make it easier for a husband to leave his wife than for her to leave him. d. Have no effect. e. Tend to stabilize marriages.
e
Agriculture requires more capital investment than horticulture. Select one: True False
True
All cultures are made up of learned behaviors. Select one: True False
True
All the sounds used in the different languages of the world can be represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Select one: True False
True
An important source of income for the Egyptian village of Musha is the money sent back to the village by migrant labor. Select one: True False
True
As the cultivation of taro among the Nukumanu has declined, women have become more dependent on men. Select one: True False
True
Education plays a role in social mobility in the United States. Select one: True False
True
Hijras are born as men but undergo a surgical procedure to remove their genitals. Select one: True False
True
In India, social interaction with one's mother's parents is very different from that with one's father's parents. Select one: True False
True
In a caste system, children are the same caste as both of their parents. Select one: True False
True
In more than one half of the states of the U.S., English has been designated as the official state language. Select one: True False
True
Interpretive anthropologists would argue that football is a sport that is heavily laden with sexuality. Select one: True False
True
Margaret Mead was an important early cultural anthropologist who emphasized the importance of culture in gender behavior. Select one: True False
True
One advantage of cultural adaptation over biological adaptation is that culture can usually change more rapidly than biology. Select one: True False
True
One anthropological perspective understands male initiation as a type of fertility cult. Select one: True False
True
One example of transculturation is when young people in the Middle East use social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter to show the repression occurring within their countries. Select one: True False
True
Pastoralism can be either transhumant or nomadic. Select one: True False
True
Pastoralism is mainly found in areas that are too dry to support human populations through agriculture. Select one: True False
True
Political authority in the Asante state was symbolized by the golden stool. Select one: True False
True
The historic Maasai subsistence strategy takes account of the fact that in some years there will be drought. Select one: True False
True
The mudyi tree is a central symbol for the Ndembu. Select one: True False
True
To replace the population, women must have, on average, between 2.1 and 2.5 children. Select one: True False
True
According to Katherine Newman, job loss in the U.S. entails not only economic decline but also a decline in: Select one: a. Prestige. b. Power. c. Occupation. d. Education. e. Social mobility.
a
An important kinship feature in a bilateral kinship system is: Select one: a. Kindred. b. Phratry. c. Patrilineage. d. Matrilineage. e. Clan.
a
An important way of resolving conflict in band-level societies involves all of the following except: Select one: a. Imprisonment. b. Contests between individuals. c. Ridicule. d. Individuals moving from one band to another. e. Public confession.
a
Comparing culture to a system implies that: Select one: a. A change in one part of culture will result in changes in other parts of culture. b. Culture is a means to an end. c. A culture has no immediate relationship to its natural environment. d. No part of culture can work unless every part of culture works. e. Each cultural pattern has the same meaning for every individual.
a
Despite the many difficulties they face, dagongmai continue to work in factories because: Select one: a. The life of a dagongmai is often better than it would be if the person had remained in their village. b. They usually have large debts that they must pay off. c. They rarely have any other choices. d. Their parents or husbands demand that they do so.
a
Ecological anthropologists are most interested in: Select one: a. Interactions between humans and their environments. b. Protecting the natural environment. c. Increasing the world's food supply. d. Controlling human population growth. e. Assessing the effectiveness of different methods of making a living.
a
Haptics refers to: Select one: a. The study and analysis of touch. b. The variation in musical taste among cultures. c. The methods linguists use to describe phonemes. d. Any fieldwork in linguistic anthropology. e. The study of this history of linguistic change.
a
In classic anthropological descriptions of Korean villages, the focus in kinship has been on: Select one: a. Patriarchal authority. b. Importance of the mother's brother. c. Sharing of property equally by brothers. d. Matrilineal descent. e. Dowry.
a
The major areas of pastoralism are found in: Select one: a. East Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Subarctic. b. South American tropical forests, the Australian desert, and North Africa. c. Eastern Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa. d. North America, the highlands of South America, and the Pacific Islands. e. East Africa, the Australian desert, and the Canadian arctic.
a
The stability of the Asante state was built on an economy whose key items included: Select one: a. Shallow gold deposits and intensive agriculture. b. Pastoralism and the slave trade. c. Intensive agriculture and industrialization. d. Wide trade networks for luxury goods, especially in animal products. e. A skilled and educated class of artisans and priests.
a
Under most conditions, foraging requires: Select one: a. Independence and mobility. b. The presence of nearby agricultural people. c. Complex and sophisticated tools. d. Strong, capable leadership. e. Clear and enforceable ideas about land ownership.
a
When discussing anthropological research, Francisco Aguilera states that: Select one: a. Anthropologists are more apt at talking about culture than people from other disciplines. b. Anthropologists often have difficulty incorporating their beliefs into the corporate world. c. Disciplines in the social sciences have little to offer corporate businesses. d. Anthropologists do not use their participant-observer methodology outside of work conducted in the field. e. Anthropologists have better analytical skills than people from other disciplines.
a
Contemporary anthropological approaches to gender emphasize: Select one: a. Questions about why there are so few women in anthropology. b. The central role of gender relations as a basic building block of culture. c. Explanations for universal male dominance. d. Ways to increase women's power in contemporary society. e. The ways in which men in many cultures feel threatened by female empowerment.
b
If your society has avunculocal residence, then, after marriage, a new couple will be expected to live with: Select one: a. Their maternal grandmother's family. b. The husband's mother's brother's family. c. The husband's family. d. The wife's family. e. The chief's family.
b
Moots differ from courts among the Kpelle mainly in that: Select one: a. Courts are a traditional part of Kpelle culture, whereas moots are a Western innovation. b. Courts aim at determining legal liability, whereas moots aim at reconciling disputing parties. c. Courts are held in English, whereas moots are held in the local languages. d. Courts give a lot of time to examining the complexities of a case, whereas moots are quick, superficial affairs. e. Courts have dramatic, ritual, and psychological functions, whereas moots lack these expressive aspects.
b
One of the major changes that the 20th century brought to the Inuit was: Select one: a. Almost complete extinction in the inland hunting grounds, forcing Inuit to live on the seacoast. b. Opportunities to enter the commercial fur trade and government employment. c. Schooling opportunities that led most Inuit to migrate to more temperate climates. d. Persecution by the government, leading to a reduction in Inuit numbers by more than 75 percent. e. Almost complete extinction in native fisheries, forcing Inuit to move away from the coastline.
b
The Sudanese kinship system uses: Select one: a. The same term for father and father's brother. b. A different term for almost every category of relative. c. The same term for father's brother and mother's brother. d. The same terms for brothers and sisters and cousins. e. The same term for cousins on the mother's side and cousins on the father's side.
b
The important contribution of Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa was: Select one: a. To prove that homosexuality was one variety of normal sexual behavior. b. To show that American ideas of adolescence were not universal. c. To introduce American readers to Pacific Island lifestyles. d. To support the notion that you could have a socially conservative society with sexually permissive lifestyles. e. To demonstrate the value of rites of passage in maintaining social solidarity.
b
The reality of kinship relations in a Korean village described by Soo Choi emphasizes: Select one: a. Kinship behavior closely follows kinship rules. b. Individuals manipulate kinship rules to gain advantage. c. Women are unable to exploit kinship ties to their advantage. d. Ancestor worship is an empty ritual form. e. Brothers always ally with each other against sisters.
b
What do the Na of China do during their "visits?" Select one: a. Go out for a meal. b. Make love. c. Arrange marriages. d. Fight. e. Exchange gifts.
b
