ANTH 145 FINAL UNC

San Lorenzo

(1200- 900 BC)- known for colossal heads, center for Olmec culture from 1200-900 BC(abandoned). Ceremonial precinct had courts for different social classes, Altar at San Lorenzo was piece of salt moved from at least 30 km away. Little know if it was statutes resemble leaders or divinities. Possible ballgame which spoke of Olmec origins (rules not known)

Harrapa

(2600-1900 BC). Marked by the expansion of a small number of sites into urban centers( the Harappan period). The material culture of the Harappan period is extremely uniform. Harappan script is still untranslated, contained earliest known cases of leprosy, had TB and other infections. Harrapa: Indus Valley City, had complex drainage system, granaries, had as many as 23,000 residents at its peak. No palace or central civic area. No large temples but it is highly structured.

Pre-Harrapan

(3300-2600 BC), Kot Diji, one of many sites with a giant wall (made of mud bricks) told us that people had something to worry about. Large towns surrounded by fortification walls. Unclear if for defense from humans, or protection from environment (rivers and erosion). Increase in uniformity of material culture during this period. interesting find was toy cart (shows that there were bull carts). There are two different sectors to the city: Live on top the mound and live around the mound. But there is no real evidence of stratification. Ended due to fire.

African Iron Age

(500 BC)- highly elaborate and sought after, iron smelting and forging dangerous to do, have to heat iron 1100 F, iron contributed to expansion of Bantu language/group, Bantu speaker originate in W. Africa and expanding south

La Venta

(900 - 400 BC)- a pre-columbian American archaeological site from the Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica gave rise after San Lorenzo's abandonment. complexes of pyramids, plazas and platforms (i.e.Great pyramid, religious building and necropolis). Giant volcanic rock heads, which show a sense of prestige of the society's leaders. Sedentary agriculturalists. Abandoned by 400 BC, Associated with the purposeful destruction of statues.

Chavin de Huantar

(900 - 500 BC)- a major ceremonial center in the Andean highlands. Provides evidence for interregional connections based on the spread of a religious cult rather than the bureaucratic organization of a state. Seen as major turning point in the development of Andean social complexity. Temple at Chavin- interior consists of a warren of narrow passageways, known as galleries. Designed to create a powerful sensory impression on individuals who visited the site. The function of the site is unclear. Theorized as a oracle site where people would get prophecies. Evidence of the use of hallucinogens would have heighten the experience. Not a city or a state (no evidence). Influence spread however with artifacts and "daughter shrine: in Chavin style throughout the coastal and highland Andes (ie Staff God depictions seen throughout)

Inca Empire

(AD 1400 - 1532) - Tied together a large and heterogeneous geographic region through the use for military power, an extensive road system, and an administrative apparatus that made use of Quipu to keep records. Also developed a decimal system. Evidence of Labor tax and state land tax (Mi'ta). The expansionist dynamic of the Inca was driven in large part by a system of inheritance that passed the emperor's wealth on to his descendants (panaqa). Machu Picchu is an example of a royal estate that belonged to panaqa members. New ruler had to accumulate his own wealth. Fall attributed to the global transformation of the European spread. The final battle between the Atahualpa and his half brother Waskhar (Huascar) weakened the Empire on the eve of the arrival of Pizarro (european)

Timbuktu

(AD 1400s) city in nation of Mali; flourished from the trade in salt, gold, ivory and slaves; in its Golden Age, the town's numerous Islamic scholars and extensive trading network made possible an important book trade; est. Timbuktu as a scholarly center in Africa. Timbuktu became a permanent settlement early in the 12th century. After a shift in trading routes, Timbuktu flourished from the trade in salt, gold, ivory and slaves.

Zhou

1100-256 BC, Could be considered first empire, Power comes from ritual specialization, ironworking appears, Confucianism, Irrigation, large settlements with massive walls. Many states in confederacy with allegiance to king. Increasing conflict among polities that resulted in the building of large fortification around cities

Tupa Inca Yupanqui

11th Inca Emperor. Leader of Inca army to conquer Chimu Empire, then became Emperor. Expanded greatly the Empire

Olmec

1200 - 500 BC,first civilization in Mexico ; the "mother culture" of Mesoamerican civilization, center of early chiefdom or state formation in the New World, monumental construction, craft production & trade, first writing. Had a ceremonial precinct(170 acres). Tropical environment: high rainfall and hot and humid. Dense forest cover area inhabited, also with swamps. two season: wet & wetter( with seasonal flooding). Had to understand for agriculture. Two kinds of agricultural land: rich bottomland near river( no fallowing needed; high yields) and upland soils( required 5 or more years of fallow; lower yields). Domestication of maize, beans, squash, chile, tomatoes, cacao, turkey. also hunters

Hopewell Culture

1200 BC- AD 300 (This is according to book, ppt says early → late is 1000 BC - 1000 AD) Ohio river valley, split into Early and Middle. Both have elaborate trade networks and burial rituals.

Woodland Period

1200 BC- AD 300 (This is according to book, ppt says early → late is 1000 BC - 1000 AD) Ohio river valley, split into Early and Middle. Early corresponds with Adena culture, Middle with Hopewell. Both have elaborate trade networks and burial rituals.

Aztec/Mexica

1250-1519 AD Valley of Mexico, Large scale sacrifice, chinampa fields for agriculture, military conquest, and ritual(large -scale) human and animal sacrifices. Conflicts and then alliances with neighboring cultures gave rise for increasing power and the rapid growth of the state, with also Tenochtitlan been an expanding urban center. Markets were significant in the economy. Specialized work: porters to carry in tributes. Demand on tribute placed high pressure on the peripheral territories to increase production of specialized craft. Human sacrifice important, and the sacrifice of war captive and slave was a vital part of the ritual

Poverty Point

1500-1000 BC, Louisiana, planned construction, 6 concentric embankments 2 m high, ~20 m across. Form a semicircle ~1 km wide. Possible village site, focal point of feasts (drawing people from wide regions). Stone and other tool resources brought from astoundingly far away.

Sanxingdui

1600-1000 BC, The pit of artifacts and art, The standing man and tree. Bronze head sculptures prominent. Contemporary with Anyang(Shang). Shows that Sanxingdui was a major center

Shang

1600-1045 BC, Anyang-capital city. The palace-temple area at Anyang consists of large structures built on platforms of stamped earth, arranged in clusters, which reflects their functions as residences, temples, and ceremonial areas. Elite lived in houses on built platforms and were less simplistic than residential areas. Clear written evidence for its identity, Bronze was a symbol of power, vessels are the same as ceramic, no technological advance, Highly developed bureaucracy. Oracle bones with turtle and cattle bone. Military power. Elite burials exhibited a significant focus on feasting. Most large sites have extensive evidence of sacrifice, distinct from feasting, complete animals are interred. Animals found in sacrificial pits(large-scale)

Xia

1800-1600 BC, Earliest evidence for high level of complexity. Can finally be called "Chinese" civilization,controversy between a Dynasty or simply Erlitou Culture (historical-dynasty, archaeological-culture). Erlitou was capital of Xia. Earliest appearance of bronze.

Teotihuacan

2,000 years ago- City grew by the volcanic eruption destruction of its competing chiefdom of Cuicuilco ( 80-90% immigrate there). Now control of land,and obsidian. Very organized city planning. Mapped by the Teotihuacan Mapping Project. Had a central precinct and residential area sections. Max pop. up to 150,000. Palaces( Ciudadela), Temples( Temple of the Feathered Serpent- a religious architecture named by the carved heads outside its surface-had evidence for human sacrifice(politics, ie state development) , and pyramids(below). Also a market, the Great Compound. Politics can be seen with the possible in its possible arranged marriages evidences in art.There is monumental structures in the area but it is unclear if it is for individuals or gods. So it is unclear if is a military dictatorship or merchant republic. Domestic relationships with the Maya. Military- taking of Tikal(see below) . Tenisons speculated between lineages and military as there was destruction of the Feathered Serpent Temple(internal revolt). Craft- obsidian, prismatic blades(archaeological evidence of military supply production found in some of the areas temples), ceramics

Qin Dynasty

221 BC, Beginning of the imperial period, unification of China, Building of Great Wall, Terracotta Army (army of 8000+ individualized clay soldiers 6-6.5 ft fall that is buried with emperor. 11 years to create), standardized weights, measurements, writing. Turned to defending its borders and extending trade routes and diplomatic connections

Jenne-Jeno

250 BC-AD 800); Niger River of West Africa; 7,000-16,000 inhabitants; no centralized authority; iron smelting, part of songhai; found monumental architecture. Jenne-Jeno predates extensive external contact. considered to be among the oldest urbanized centers and the best known archaeology site in sub-Saharan Africa. This archaeological site is located about 3 Kilometers away from the modern town, and is believed to have been involved in long distance trade and possibly the domestication of African rice. One of the earliest settlements.

Mohenjo-Daro

2600-1900 BC, largest Indus Valley Civilization, planned rectangular structure and street grid, contained great bath in middle of city, had statue of "Priest King," body evidence for possible malaria outbreak or Aryan invaders around collapse of Harrapan period

Merhgarh

5500-3000 BC, a site in Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in south Asia. Grid-like rooms for surplus crops. earliest evidence of dentistry. home to animal figurines.

Nabta Playa

7000 BC; community of 15 families/15 residential structures, located by lake, seasonally occupied to water their cattle; ceremonial stone circle (used as a calendar), earliest pottery in Africa, domesticated cattle and grains (millet). Speaks on the origin of African agriculture. Earliest site of agriculture.

Mississippian Period

800-1600 AD a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States -Mississippi River- fourth largest watershed in the world -home to thousands of earthen mounds built before European contact

Copan

A large Mayan city. Includes two large pyramids and an elaborate ball court. An inscription called the hieroglyphic stairway describes of the dynastic history of Copan

Cahokia

AD 1000- 1400, largest and most influential urban settlement in the Mississippian culture which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States, beginning more than 500 years before European contact, largest and most complex archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico (cooper workshop and woodhenge found here), had social inequality, no writing, and numerous rituals. Located in the floodplain of the Mississippian River, and is rich in meandering stream channels, wetlands, and swamps. Obviously some kind of social hierarchy to build such large mounds. Mound 72 shows the inequality. Mound 72 is directly aligned with Monks Mounds, and a number of people were buried alongside individuals with array of goods. Other discoveries suggest that victims were killed to accompany the main burial.Shows that wealth was concentrated in the hands of a small number of people. Mound 51 indicates that there was feasting events in the Grand Plaza involving thousands. Chiefdom on the verge of being a state? Elites were powerful and influence outside Cahokia

Songhai

AD 1400s; Western Sahel; Emperor's Tomb at Gao; gains political power from warfare; impt. Islamic state. At its peak the empire was one of the largest in both Islamic and African history. The empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group, the Songhai people, the ruling elite in the empire. Sonni Ali established Gao as the capital of the empire, although a Songhai state had existed in and around Gao since the 11th century.

Tiwanaku

AD 400-1000, Andes, first highland state along with Wari. Near shore of Lake Titicaca, capital city is Tiwanaku, regional influence, ~15,000 to 20,000 people, had good trade relationships. Was a ritual site with temples and pyramids found at the site

Wari

AD 600-1000, Andes, first Highland state along with Tiwanaku. Highland/coastal Peru. Capitals Huari and Conchopata, 16 km^2, residential, ritual, and administrative areas, military conquest with trophy heads(might be ancestors or victims). Trade and influence to surrounding area. Ritual can be seen in its found D-shaped structures emphasized by its smashed ceramics findings

Feltus

AD 700 - 1100,large scale ritual mound in Mississippi; adding height to mound was ritual act accompanied by feasts. Consists of four mounds centralized around a central plaza.

Indus Valley

At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of over five million. The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. Divided into : Pre-Harappan (3300-2600BC) and Harappan (2600-1900BC). These places were quickly built and abandoned. Located in present day India and around the Indus River. The area is restricted by the Himalayas and the Thar desert.

The Triple Alliance

Aztec alliance of cities between Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan. Resulted in the growth of the state and expanding influence on neighboring territories

Tenochtitlan

Aztec capital, Mexico city today. Central of wealth and power. Was built on an island in Lake Texcoco, and was connected to the mainland by a series of causeways. At the center of the city rose the twin pyramids of the Templo Mayor, the spiritual center of the Aztec universe. Drew connections to the Olmec and Teotihuacan (objects from both cultures found in Aztec sites). An urban center for the Aztecs, which tributes from conquered territories flowed into the city.

Cusco

Capital of Inca Empire. Ritual and administrative area with a social hierarchy layout.

Maya

Classic Era (2,000 years ago) Guatemala, Yucatan, Belize, parts of Honduras and El Salvador. Maya kings ruled over urban centers. Emergence of both cities and state society among the Maya is lined with external influences( ie Teotihuacan). Power of Maya Kings was based on prestige and royal lineage. The prestige of royal lineage was built into the city with the monumental inscriptions and pyramids. Kings connected to gods( no distinction between palace and temple), while them and the royal and elite families were in control of trade and the production of luxury goods. Household archaeology has shown through the excavations of Maya house that not all people had equal access to high-status objects. Moving to small agricultrual hamlets, barely any elite goods. Numerous evidence of common people farming and working (craft) in smaller towns and villages). Blood letting and sacrifice as ritual importance in society(see in carvings). Ball game played another major role( game creation myth) Eventual collapse due to multiple factors: warfare, ecological degradation, external climatic events. Warfare between cities seems to be the decisive factor. Maya hieroglyphics writing system- complex pictographic and syllabic script and own mathematics

Caral

Coastal site by 5000 BC, first architectural monument of Andes. Not inhabited, only a ritual site. It is believed that Caral may answer questions about the origins of Andean civilizations and the development of the first cities. Among the artifacts found at Caral is a knotted textile piece that the excavators have labeled a quipu. They argue that the artifact is evidence that the quipu record keeping system, a method involving knots tied in rope that was brought to perfection by the Inca. Oldest town in the New World

Huacas de Moche

Huaca del Sol: 150 million mud bricks, 40+ m tall, sacred, rituals Huaca de la Luna: warrior narrative, sacrifice victims

Tikal

Mayan city in modern day Guatemala, conquered by Teotihuacan in 4 AD. Had much Mayan political influence

Oracle Bones

Meant for divination, No clues on how Chinese writing developed. these bones were used as a way for the Shang king to predict the future. They would write on the bones and depending on which way the bones cracked determined the future.

Chasqui

Messenger along Inka Highways, increased central knowledge

Methods of Inka Conquest

Military force, conscription, fake alliance, "persuasion". Tactics usually just mass frontal assault. Forts and garrisons were built in strategic locations

Qoricancha

Most important temple in Inca Empire, walls covered in solid gold

Moche

North Coast of Peru, divided into North and South section, (AD 0-1000). AN urban center. Huaca del Sol was a massive burial mound found at the site made of 150 million mud bricks. Was extensively looted however. Huaca de Luna- evidence of human sacrifice and violence and reiterates the ideals of the possible state. Know for the Stirrup spout ceramic vessels. Sites ranging from 5,000 to 21,000 people. Could be kinship based hierarchy. violence could have been politic or just ritual

Sacsaywaman

Outside of Cusco a massive structure to which appears to have served as both a temple and a fortress. The outer walls of the fortress were constructed on three terraces in a zigzag pattern designed to deter a frontal assault.

El Nino

Recurring environmental change, possible association with Moche sacrifice

Ayllu

Split communities based on social hierarchy, ranked classes (inca culture). Kin-based farming communities that are important elements of Andean social organization

Pyramid of the Sun/Moon

The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest monument at teotihuacan. A cave runs under it, theorized as a royal burial site, however many contents were rod in antiquity.Had both symbolic function while also functioning as a site for militaristic supply production. Pyramid of the moon symbolic and use for military supply production

San Pedro de Atacama

Tiwanaku Empire outpost

Erlitou

a large site in Yi-Luo Valley. Two large palace enclosures built on rammed earth terrace . A wide range of elite goods such as bronze and jade found. Earliest appearance of bronze (bronze ritual vessels). Was a major urban center with 4-tier hierarchy

Cancuen

a major trade city. sat at the crossroad of trade route. City was very wealthy and influential. disappeared after prosperous king, and ghost towns started beginning popping in. Very preserved bones found at this site

Axum

a trading nation in the area of Eritrea and northern Ethiopia,which existed from approximately 100-940 AD. Developed a written language. Cut off from the Red sea by Islamic expansion, and saw a period of isolation until 1700s. Obelisk of Axum. Churches of Lalibela (By AD 1100s it began a heavily Christian state; Either carved out of rock or into the bedrock)

El Lanzon

an engraved monolith of a fanged human deity at the core of the temple of Chavin de Huantar

Moquegua Valley

another site of Tiwanaku possible colonization or trade area

Yanshi

construction of massive palace enclosures to correlate with the downfall of Erlitou, and a possible connection ( with the resulting fate of the two settlements) the conquest of the Shang of Xia

Lord of Sipan

evidence of pottery depicting warrior elites at Sipan. Wealth of burial gods found with an elite class( including worked gold). Speaks of the wealth and violence of the society

Zapotec

grew from the agricultural communities which grew up in the valleys in and around Oaxaca established fruitful trade links with the Olmec civilization on the Gulf Coast which allowed for the construction of an impressive capital site at Monte Albán and for the Zapotec to dominate the region during the Classic period. The city, strategically placed overlooking the three main valleys, evolved over centuries, beginning around 500 BCE and remaining the cultural centre until the demise of the civilization around 900 CE

Khoi-san/Ju'hoansi

is a unifying name for two groups of peoples of Southern Africa, who share physical and putative linguistic characteristics distinct from the Bantu majority of the region. used clicking noises to communicate,which helped to resist conquest.

Monk's Mound

largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the Americas and the largest pyramid north of Mesoamerica, at core of ancient settlement of Cahokia, 4 terraces and 30+ meters high

Dhow

name of traditional sailing vessels w/ one or more masts w/ lateen sails used in the Red Sea; have long thin hulls, dhows are trading vessels primarily used to carry heavy items, like fruit, fresh water or merchandise, along the coasts; AD 1400s trade amongst India, southeast Asia, African Nile Valley

Yaya-Mama

part of Lake Titicaca, sunken courts, carved stone statues, trumpets, no evidence of power source associated with ritual. a temple 5-6 feet deep with farms all around it so they can all see it / it's public

Residences of Teotihuacan

residential areas were organized into neighborhoods ( or barrios). Ethnic and craft barrios and consisted of large apartment buildings ( more than 2,000) with six different sizes and types. Each compound consists to 5 to 6 families ( 50-100 people) which suggest a lineage system. Tensions between military(see Teotihuacan definition)

Quipu

rope like substance used in record keeping

Akapana

site in Andes. terraced pyramid/mound ~60 ft tall with complex drainage system and ancestor burials

Nubia (Kush)

two stages of kingdom: Kerma 2000-1500 BC & Meroe 1100 BC-AD 300s; Kush conquers Egypt multiple times, 750 BC; Nubian soldiers conquered Egypt by military force; gold fields of Nubia provided reason to move further south; Meroe capital)- similar architectural style to Egypt, elaborate with pyramids and Temples; Queens of Nubia AD 300s: rulers were there own power in and of themselves; Kush had own style of writing, coinage, long distance trade, military conquest, iron working; environmental change/encroachment of desert changed the way they lived, caused collapse.