ANTH 202 Exam 1

Power and hand augers

another way to sample, also moderately deep

Which of the following formation processes could result in reverse stratigraphy? a. Faunalturbation b. Floralturbation c. Cryoturbation d. All of the answers are correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

What could account for chronologically older artifacts being found above younger artifacts in a stratigraphic sequence? a. Faunalturbation (e.g., rodent burrows) b. Cultural disturbance (e.g., prehistoric digging of a hearth or pit) c. Graviturbation d. All of the answers are correct

d. All of the answers are correct

How does sediment generally enter rockshelters? a. Rocks fall from the shelter's ceiling and dripline. b. Colluvial sediments enter the shelter from the surrounding hillside. c. Fine eolian dust from nearby or distant sources blows into the shelter. d. All of the answers are correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

In addition to an artifact's provenience, archaeologists might also be interested in: a. which side of an artifact was "up" when it was uncovered. b. the compass orientation of an artifact's long axis. c. whether or not the artifact is burned. d. All of the answers are correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

Archaeology

Study of the past through systematic - recovery - analysis - interpretation

Speculative period

The period in history of archaeology in the New World between 1400-1840, characterized by unsystematic and speculative interpretations about the past (people started asking questions)

Random Sample

a sample drawn from a statistical population such that every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

Statistical population

a set course of measurements, or characteristics about which relevant inquiries are to be made.

Systematic regional survey

a set of strategies for arriving at accurate descriptions of the range of archaeological material across a landscape

Smithsonian number

a unique catalog number given to each site.

The upper part of a soil where active organic and mechanical decomposition of geological and organic material occurs is the: a. A horizon. b. B horizon. c. C horizon. d. All of the answers are correct.

a. A horizon

An archaeological context differs from a systemic context in that: a. An artifact in archaeological context directly reflects the dynamic behavioral system of which it was a part of, while an artifact in a systemic context is a distorted reflection of the behavioral system. b. An artifact in an archaeological context is no longer a part of the dynamic behavioral system. c. An artifact in an archaeological context has seldom been reused, while reuse is common in a systemic context. d. None of the answers; archaeological contexts are systemic contexts.

a. An artifact in archaeological context directly reflects the dynamic behavioral system of which it was a part of, while an artifact in a systemic context is a distorted reflection of the behavioral system.

Which of the following is the term for a natural formation process in which freeze/thaw activity in a soil selectively pushes larger artifacts to the surface of site? a. Cryoturbation b. Argilliturbation c. Graviturbation d. Imbrication

a. Cryoturbation

The Folsom site in New Mexico was discovered by: a. George McJunkin, an ex-slave and rancher. b. Jesse Figgins, director of the Colorado Museum of Nature and Science. c. Boucher de Perthes, a French customs official and naturalist. d. A. V. Kidder, Founder of Anthropological Archaeology.

a. George McJunkin, an ex-slave and rancher.

Which of the following items would not be useful to an archaeologist on survey? a. Graph paper b. A compass c. A tape measure in centimeters d. Flashlight

a. Graph paper

9. Why do archaeologists use a datum point rather than simply measuring from the ground surface? a. The datum point provides a universal reference point that can be used across any archaeological site, allowing archaeologists to easily compare data between excavations. b. While vertical provenience could easily be measured from the ground surface, obtaining accurate horizontal provenience would be much more difficult without a datum point. c. The ground surface does not have the same elevation consistently across a site while a datum point provides a fixed reference. d. Use of a datum point is an archaeological tradition established in the early 20th century; while it serves no useful purpose, it is an example of how outdated excavation methodology is still embedded in archaeology today.

a. The datum point provides a universal reference point that can be used across any archaeological site, allowing archaeologists to easily compare data between excavations.

What information do ice cores taken from several places in the world indicate? a. The last 10,000 years have been the warmest time on the earth out of the last 100,000. b. The climate over the last 10,000 years has been surprisingly stable. c. Both the last 10,000 years have been the warmest time on the earth out of the last 100,000 and the climate over the last 10,000 years has been surprisingly stable. d. Global temperatures have decreased significantly in the last 100 years.

a. The last 10,000 years have been the warmest time on the earth out of the last 100,000.

In archeology, a living floor refers to: a. a distinct buried surface on which people lived. b. an indistinct buried surface on which people may have lived. c. a distinct surface on which people still live. d. a distinct surface where living organisms can still be detected.

a. a distinct buried surface on which people lived.

William Smith

identified kind of fossil shells (1790)

Horizontal excavations

in well preserved deposits can yield informative short term snapshots of material culture. .

Landscape

material manifestation of relation between humans and environment

Stratigraphy Method

methods of excavation

Soil resistivity survey

monitors the electrical resistance of soils

Complex shelters

mounds, multi year farmsteads, long term villages and permanent cities

Cutbank Surveying

natural, deeps, fairly easy, and dangerous

Features

non-portable archaeological evidence used/modified made by humans (earth ovens and houses)

Nicholas Steno's Principle of Superposition (1669)

old things are farther below the surface of the ground while the newer things are closer to the surface.

Christan thomsen

opened national museums

Ecofacts

plant or animal remains brought by humans to a given place (bones and such)

Plow zone

the upper portion of a soil profile that has been disturbed by repeated plowing or other agricultural activity

Remote Sensing

the use of some form of electromagnetic energy to detect and measure characteristics of a site

Renaissance 1500s

the wealthy became artifact collectors

UTM

universal transverse mercator. A grid system in which north and east coordinates provide a location anywhere in the world, precise to 1 meter.

Remote sensing

use of electromagnetic energy to detect and measure characteristics or the targets

Munsell Soil Color Chart

used to find the soil color, allows even colorblind people to use the chart

Classificatory descriptive period

wealthy people were leading this and started selling artifacts to the museums

Cross trenches

yield information about vertical and horizontal distributions of artifacts and features

V. gordon Childe (1892-1957)

- 1st neolithic revolution- lead to villages and agriculture - 2nd urban revolution - lead to cities and forms of government

Enactment of NAgPrA in 1990: why is it needed?

So that the native americans have the right to bury their dead and respect their ancestors. And also so that the natives have the same rights as we do when it comes to burying their dead. Just because you can doesn't mean that you should which is why these laws are now in place. We have to look at both the Native American and the Scientific perspective.

Geographic information system (GIS)

a computer program for storing, retrieving, analyzing, and displaying cartographic data

Ground- penetrating radar (GPR)

a remote sensing technique in which radar pulses directed into the ground reflect back to the surface.

Proton Precession magnetometer

a remote sensing technique that measures the strength of magnetism between the earth's magnetic core and a sensor controlled by the archaeologist.

Soil resistivity survey-

a remote sensing technique that monitors the electrical resistance of soil in a restricted volume near the surface of a site.

Thermal infrared multispectral scanning (TIMS)

a remote sensing technique that uses equipment mounted on aircraft or satellites to measure infrared thermal radiation given off by the ground.

An artifact discarded or lost by an earlier population and picked up and reused by a later population is an example of: a. a reuse process. b. a reclamation process. c. a cultural disturbance process. d. argilliturbation.

a. a reuse process.

25. A marker bed is: a. an easily identified stratum that is found in multiple sites in the same region. b. a stratum unique to a particular archaeological site that is not found anywhere else throughout the region. c. a stratum that is easily dated by the potassium-argon dating method. d. a stratum marked by distinctive soil horizons.

a. an easily identified stratum that is found in multiple sites in the same region.

37. Non-site archaeology is: a. analysis of archaeological patterns on a regional scale, rather than of patterns within a single site. b. analysis of small-scale patterns of artifact distribution, such as those from a single site. c. the most common type of archaeology practiced today; archaeologists have largely abandoned the concept of a "site." d. useful when dealing with fairly small areas, but becomes impractical on the scale of kilometers.

a. analysis of archaeological patterns on a regional scale, rather than of patterns within a single site.

Natural levels are preferable to arbitrary levels because: a. arbitrary levels can potentially jumble together artifacts that come from different natural strata and thus different periods of time. b. the depth of natural levels is determined by statistical sampling strategies, while arbitrary levels are chosen subjectively. c. arbitrary levels follow the natural stratigraphy, which may not be able to distinguish between occupational surfaces. d. natural levels are much simpler and faster to excavate than arbitrary levels.

a. arbitrary levels can potentially jumble together artifacts that come from different natural strata and thus different periods of time.

It is essential that archaeologists take abundant, accurate, and detailed field notes during excavations because: a. archaeology destroys data as it is gathered; once a site is excavated it cannot be re-excavated. b. federal legislation mandates abundant, accurate, and detailed field notes. c. archaeology students generally learn field techniques from these notes. d. none of the above; it is not essential because archaeologists can always go back and reconstruct the excavation later.

a. archaeology destroys data as it is gathered; once a site is excavated it cannot be re-excavated.

Global Positioning Systems operate: a. by picking up continuously broadcast signals from at least four satellites. b. inadequately and therefore are not accurate for archaeological work. c. too expensively to aid most attempts at archeological inquiry. d. by relying upon electric monitoring stations.

a. by picking up continuously broadcast signals from at least four satellites.

While the vertical excavation strategy at Gatecliff was designed to clarify chronology, the horizontal excavation strategy was designed to: a. expose living floors. b. reinforce the artifact typologies in use at the time. c. clarify the site's stratigraphy. d. also clarify chronology, but on a larger scale.

a. expose living floors.

Otzi, the Ice Man of the Alps, provides an example of: a. how cold conditions can inhibit decomposition of organic material by preventing the production of microorganisms that cause decay. b. the peaceful life and death of a Neolithic farmer. c. the importance of archaeological survey in high altitude mountain settings. d. All of the answers are correct.

a. how cold conditions can inhibit decomposition of organic material by preventing the production of microorganisms that cause decay.

In Gatecliff's master stratigraphy there are 16 living surfaces resulting from a. human activities. b. natural flood deposition. c. geological origin. d. alluvial sediments.

a. human activities.

A marker bed can be useful to archaeologists because: a. if it has been dated in other sites, it can indicate the age of sediments in a new site. b. it is specific to a particular site and can therefore provide a detailed environmental reconstruction of that particular site. c. it generally consists of soft sediments that are easily excavated. d. None of the answers; a marker bed is only useful to geologists.

a. if it has been dated in other sites, it can indicate the age of sediments in a new site.

A total station: a. is accurate to +/- 3 millimeters. b. is easily affordable by students and professionals alike. c. is roughly the same in terms of accuracy as a line level and a measuring tape. d. All of the answers are correct.

a. is accurate to +/- 3 millimeters.

When digging test pits, archaeologists:\ a. maintain three-dimensional control of the finds. b. record only horizontal coordinates. c. record only vertical coordinates. d. dig round holes.

a. maintain three-dimensional control of the finds.

The discovery of Gatecliff Shelter in Nevada was in part a result of: a. old-fashioned "gumshoe survey." b. the detailed knowledge of the landscape that many of the crew members possessed. c. the fact that the shelter was a local attraction, well-known by the people of Austin. d. oral traditions that had passed down through the generations.

a. old-fashioned "gumshoe survey."

Which of the following is untrue about paradigms? a. Paradigms provide specific guidelines for high-level theory. b. Paradigms generate more specific claims about a regions' prehistory. c. Like culture, paradigms provide understandings of the world. d. Paradigms do not reflect bias.

a. paradigms provide specific guidelines for high-level theory

Matrix sorting is a technique: a. that involves hand sorting of processed bulk soil samples for minute artifacts and ecofacts. b. in which large, obvious artifacts are removed prior to screening to prevent the artifacts from being damaged by the screening process. c. that uses fluid suspension to recover tiny burned plant remains and bone fragments. d. in which sediment is placed in a screen and the matrix is washed away with hoses.

a. that involves hand sorting of processed bulk soil samples for minute artifacts and ecofacts.

30. Ice core records tell us all of the following except: a. that the last 10,000 years have been cooler than the past 100,000 years. b. that the last 100,000 years have warm. c. that the last 10,000 years have been the warmest time of the past 100,000 years. d. that the last 10,000 years have not been stable.

a. that the last 10,000 years have been cooler than the past 100,000 years.

Once archaeologists decide on their survey sample universe, they must then decide on the sample fraction. The sample fraction is: a. the percentage of the sample universe that is surveyed. b. survey units of a standard size and shape, determined by the research questions and practical considerations. c. the region that contains the statistical population and that will be sampled. d. a survey universe that has been divided into several sub-universes.

a. the percentage of the sample universe that is surveyed.

2. The footprints at Laetoli were remarkably well-preserved because: a. they were made in an ash slurry that quickly hardened and were then buried by volcanic ash soon after they formed. b. they were slowly buried by volcanic ash after sitting in the open air for a long period of time. c. they are very young; their preservation is thus solely a function of their age. d. they were never buried; the Laetolil Beds that preserve the footprints are the youngest of a series of stratigraphic units.

a. they were made in an ash slurry that quickly hardened and were then buried by volcanic ash soon after they formed.

The antiquity of humans in the New World was established by the Folsom site. Why? a. The dry desert environment of northeastern New Mexico allowed for the best preservation. b. Careful provenience that recorded context: the association of a spear point with the skeleton of an extinct form of bison. c. The age of the site, established by radiocarbon dating charred corn recovered during excavation. d. All of the answers are correct.

b. Careful provenience that recorded context: the association of a spear point with the skeleton of an extinct form of bison.

The year 1859 is important to archaeology because a. Charles Lyell published the book The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man. b. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. c. Classical Archaeology began as a field of archaeology. d. Hugh Falconer visited Abbeville to examine disputed evidence from French gravel pits.

b. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species

Which of the following is true about the Pleistocene? a. It was a geologic period lasting from 2 million to 10 thousand years ago. b. It was characterized by periods of extensive glaciation. c. Many species of now extinct fauna existed during the Pleistocene. d. All of the answers are correct.

b. It was characterized by periods of extensive glaciation.

Which of the following is NOT basic to the reasons why archaeologists conduct random sampling? a. Without random sampling the samples would be biased, with certain parts of the sample over- or under-represented, and therefore the final results would be biased. b. Random sampling provides the only way for archaeologists to collect meaningful negative evidence. c. Random sampling allows statistical analysis. d. Each site does not have an equal chance of being included in the sample.

b. Random sampling provides the only way for archaeologists to collect meaningful negative evidence.

Where are the Laetoli footprints today? a. The footprints were stolen by a looter shortly after their discovery, and their whereabouts are still unknown. b. The footprints were covered with sediment and left in place, preserved in the ground where they were discovered. c. The footprints are on display in a Tanzanian museum, where they have been preserved and stabilized. d. They are gone, completely destroyed by root activity.

b. The footprints were covered with sediment and left in place, preserved in the ground where they were discovered.

A test excavation would be most appropriate in which of the following situations? a. When determining whether or not field school students understand archaeological field methods. b. When trying to determine a site's potential for answering a research question. c. When a research question must be answered with a limited amount of time and money. d. When a researcher is already knows what to expect during excavations.

b. When trying to determine a site's potential for answering a research question.

A B horizon is: a. the upper part of a soil where active organic and mechanical decomposition of geological and organic material occurs. b. a layer below the A horizon where clays accumulate that are transported downward by water. c. a layer above the A horizon marked by the leaching clays and the accumulation of organic matter. d. unaltered or slightly altered parent material.

b. a layer below the A horizon where clays accumulate that are transported downward by water.

When we say statistical population we mean: a. a range of archaeological material across a landscape. b. a set of counts, measurements, or characteristics about which relevant inquiries are to be made. c. the region that will be sampled. d. the demographic count of a site.

b. a set of counts, measurements, or characteristics about which relevant inquiries are to be made.

Archaeologists employ systematic regional surveys mainly to: a. discover good places to excavate. b. arrive at accurate descriptions of the range of archaeological material across a landscape. c. verify that extensive geographic regions were unoccupied prehistorically. d. maintain their funding from academic institutions.

b. arrive at accurate descriptions of the range of archaeological material across a landscape.

The law of superposition gives us the information that the "story" of the past a. begins at the surface, with succeeding "chapters" lying below. b. begins at the bottom, with succeeding "chapters" lying above. c. cannot be read merely from the strata of the earth. d. is interpreted only through the patient work of the archaeologist.

b. begins at the bottom, with succeeding "chapters" lying above.

The process of flotation is based on the principle that: a. the most appropriate screen size for recovering carbonized plant remains and bone fragments is 1/4" mesh. b. carbonized plant remains and very small bone fragments will float when submerged in water, while heavier items (including dirt) will not. c. artifact provenience is the most important information an archaeologist can record during an excavation. d. All of the answers are correct.

b. carbonized plant remains and very small bone fragments will float when submerged in water, while heavier items (including dirt) will not.

Realizing the significance of Ötzi, the "Ice Man", archaeologists scoured the site and recovered: a. clothing, tools, and preserved food. b. clothing, tools, and stomach contents. c. clothing, tools, and a cedar canoe. d. tools, stomach contents, and animal bones.

b. clothing, tools, and stomach contents.

An example of a formation process in the archaeological context is: a. reclamation of an artifact. b. disturbance of material within a site by earthworm activity. c. reuse of an artifact. d. construction of a pithouse.

b. disturbance of material within a site by earthworm activity.

Waterlogged sites such as Ozette on Washington's Olympic Peninsula demonstrate: a. how water can destroy structures and organic remains that would normally be preserved in dry conditions. b. how organic remains can be remarkably preserved if saturated by water and sealed in an anaerobic environment. c. that archaeologists cannot excavate these kinds of sites. d. the relative ease of underwater excavation compared to excavations on dry land.

b. how organic remains can be remarkably preserved if saturated by water and sealed in an anaerobic environment.

If an artifact is said to be in situ, it is: a. missing. b. in place. c. in the process of being analyzed. d. embedded in an animal bone.

b. in place.

When archeologists refer to the place where an artifact, ecofact, or feature was found during survey or excavation, they use the term: a. provenience. b. in situ. c. strata. d. position.

b. in situ.

39. The example of pithouse construction a. upholds the law of superposition. b. indicates that the law of superposition does not apply. c. indicates archaeological sites can be frozen in time. d. is not valuable to a discussion of geomorphology.

b. indicates that the law of superposition does not apply.

If an archaeologist is excavating in arbitrary levels: a. he or she is following the natural breaks in the sediments (following the stratigraphy). b. natural strata are probably lacking or difficult to recognize. c. the natural strata may be more than 10 centimeters thick. d. the natural strata are probably lacking or difficult to recognize, and may be more than 10 centimeters thick.

b. natural strata are probably lacking or difficult to recognize.

Most of the strata in Gatecliff rockshelter consist of: a. sediments brought into the shelter by humans. b. naturally deposited alluvial and eolian sediments. c. thick layers of rock from collapse of the shelter roof over time. d. thick layers of volcanic ash.

b. naturally deposited alluvial and eolian sediments.

38. By recording the provenience of all artifacts encountered in situ during Gatecliff's excavations, the archaeologists were trying to: a. document differences in artifact sequences through time. b. obtain information that would allow them to reconstruct the activities that took place on discrete living floors. c. determine the depth of time represented by the deposits in the rockshelter. d. speed up the excavation process without losing important information.

b. obtain information that would allow them to reconstruct the activities that took place on discrete living floors.

An artifact's provenience is: a. the geologic source of the raw material from which the artifact was manufactured. b. the artifact's location relative to a system of spatial data collection. c. the facility where the artifact is currently stored. d. how the artifact was used in the prehistoric past.

b. the artifact's location relative to a system of spatial data collection.

Provenience refers to: a. the relationship of an artifact, ecofact, or feature to other artifacts, ecofacts, features, and geologic strata in a site. b. the artifact's location relative to a system of spatial data collection. c. the position of the archaeologist when documenting a site. d. an outdated way to map a site.

b. the artifact's location relative to a system of spatial data collection.

13. Soils are developmental sequences, distinctive layers that develop in place. B horizon refers to a. the topsoil layer where organic material and rock undergo chemical and mechanical decomposition. b. the layer where clays accumulate as rainfall and snowmelt transport them downward. c. a mineral horizon consisting of parent material. d. the cultural layer between the topsoil and mineral horizon.

b. the layer where clays accumulate as rainfall and snowmelt transport them downward.

The concept of "deep time" refers to the following: a. that the oldest artifacts are found in the deepest parts of a site. b. the recognition that life is ancient and evolved over time. c. life on earth cannot be measured in thousands of years. d. the recognition that life is ancient and evolved over time and that life on earth cannot be measured in thousands of years.

b. the recognition that life is ancient and evolved over time

The benefit of marker beds is that a. they can provide clues to the age of sites with new sediments. b. they can provide clues to the age of sediments in a new site. c. they can be used to estimate the date of human materials. d. they are easily transported back to the laboratory for analysis.

b. they can provide clues to the age of sediments in a new site.

In an undisturbed deposit, a stone tool found in a stratum overlying a stratum containing potsherds is most likely: a. older than the potsherds. b. younger than the potsherds. c. the same age as the potsherds. d. impossible to determine whether the stone tool is older or younger than the potsherds.

b. younger than the potsherds.

The period of the Ice Age known as the Pleistocene ended about: a. 25,000 years ago. b. 100,000 years ago. c. 10,000 years ago. d. 1.5 million years ago

c. 10,000 years ago.

Which of the following dates is the youngest? a. AD 1066 b. 1066 BC c. 1066 BCE d. 1066 BP

c. 1066 BCE (before common era)

Which of the following is an example of a systemic context? a. An artifact scatter left on the floor of an abandoned pithouse is covered by windblown sediment. b. A projectile point that had been lost while hunting is carried downstream in a flash flood, becoming part of the archaeological record. c. A ceramic vessel is manufactured, decorated, and used to cook with. d. All of the answers are correct.

c. A ceramic vessel is manufactured, decorated, and used to cook with.

How could an archaeologist tell if flowing water rather than human behavior was responsible for the deposition of artifacts at an archaeological site? a. Artifacts and unmodified rocks might be imbricated. b. Artifacts and unmodified rocks might be oriented to the direction of flow. c. Both artifacts and unmodified rocks might be imbricated and artifacts and unmodified rocks might be oriented to the direction of flow. d. There is no way to tell, and therefore the artifact assemblage is likely to be misinterpreted.

c. Both artifacts and unmodified rocks might be imbricated and artifacts and unmodified rocks might be oriented to the direction of flow.

Reverse stratigraphy would result from which of the following situations? a. If a pithouse is constructed in 1000 BP, and in 500 BP another pithouse is constructed on top of the earlier pithouse, and in 300 BP a pueblo is constructed on top of both pithouses. b. If the construction of a pueblo in 500 BP unearths remains of a pithouse constructed in 1000 BP, and the older pithouse remains are brought to the surface. c. If rodent disturbance results in the fill of an earlier feature lying beneath the fill of a later feature. d. Any time natural or cultural disturbance processes act upon an archaeological site.

c. If rodent disturbance results in the fill of an earlier feature lying beneath the fill of a later feature.

Lewis Binford is responsible for establishing a concern for methods in reconstructing the past. This became known as a. culture history. b. stratification. c. New Archaeology. d. archaeology.

c. New Archaeology

Which of the following techniques was used by NASA in the 1980s to help identify the vast network of Chacoan roads in the southwestern United States? a. Ground penetrating radar b. Soil resistivity c. Thermal infrared multispectral scanning (TIMS) d. Aerial photography

c. Thermal infrared multispectral scanning (TIMS)

Water-screening is an especially useful technique when: a. the deposits are coarse-grained and have low clay content. b. artifacts are expected to be large and not easily broken, as water screening can be very destructive. c. artifacts are expected to be small and/or difficult to find without washing. d. tiny fragments of carbonized plant remains must be recovered.

c. artifacts are expected to be small and/or difficult to find without washing.

Eolian sediments refer to materials transported a. and accumulated by water. b. and accumulated by geological movements of the earth. c. by wind. d. by humans.

c. by wind.

Sediments deposited primarily through the action of gravity on geological material lying on hillsides are called a. eolian sediments. b. marker beds. c. colluvial sediments. d. soil.

c. colluvial sediments.

Provenience is essential to an artifact's: a. material. b. age. c. context. d. value.

c. context.

Archaeological sites are defined on the ground by: a. a set of objective procedures used by all archaeologists to ensure standardization across the discipline. b. often subjective interpretations of artifact density. c. determining the boundaries of the discrete behavioral entities represented by the site. d. the entire survey unit.

c. determining the boundaries of the discrete behavioral entities represented by the site.

The Folsom site is important in the history of American archaeology because: a. it was the first site that was excavated using the stratigraphic method, a breakthrough in archaeological technique that allowed for chronological control. b. it finally disproved the Myth of the Moundbuilders, establishing that Native Americans had indeed built the earthworks of the eastern United States. c. it proved the extent of human antiquity in the Americas. d. at a time when most American archaeologists were concentrating on American prehistory, it demonstrated the importance of historic archaeology.

c. it proved the extent of human antiquity in the Americas.

The Mazama ash has been dated at numerous locations in the western US to 6900 years old. This means that if an archaeologist finds the Mazama ash in a stratified context, he or she knows that everything above it is less than 6900 years old, and everything below it is more than 6900 years old. The Mazama ash is an example of a: a. colluvial sediment. b. soil horizon. c. marker bed. d. sedimentary deposit that has been disturbed, resulting in reversed stratigraphy.

c. marker bed.

An example of a formation process is: a. artifact discard, loss, or purposeful burial. b. artifact reuse or recycling. c. natural disturbance processes, such as floral- and faunalturbation. d. All of the answers are correct.

c. natural disturbance processes, such as floral- and faunalturbation.

The difference between a natural level and an arbitrary level is: a. natural level is a vertical subdivision and an arbitrary level is a horizontal subdivision. b. natural level is a horizontal subdivision and an arbitrary level is a vertical subdivision. c. natural level is a vertical subdivision based on natural breaks in sediments and arbitrary level is a vertical subdivision used only when natural strata are lacking or more than 10 cm deep. d. irrelevant. Natural levels are no longer used in archeology, only arbitrary levels are used.

c. natural level is a vertical subdivision based on natural breaks in sediments and arbitrary level is a vertical subdivision used only when natural strata are lacking or more than 10 cm deep.

In most sites, stratigraphy results from a complex interplay between a. animals and people. b. people and water. c. nature and societies. d. climate and societies.

c. nature and societies.

The key to maintaining information about an artifact's context is to record: a. archaeologist's name. b. artifact's material. c. provenience. d. date of discovery.

c. provenience

29. Imbrication is a process that results in: a. an extremely well-preserved archaeological record that directly reflects human behavior. b. clay-rich soils pushing artifacts upward as the sediment swells and then moves them down as cracks form during dry cycles. c. stones in a riverbed lying with their upstream ends slightly higher than their downstream ends. d. stones in a riverbed lying with their upstream ends slightly lower than their downstream ends.

c. stones in a riverbed lying with their upstream ends slightly higher than their downstream ends.

The Law of Superposition states that, in any pile of sedimentary rocks that have not been disturbed by folding or overturning: a. stratigraphic layers cannot be used to date archaeological sites. b. stratigraphic layers at the bottom are younger than stratigraphic layers at the top. c. stratigraphic layers at the bottom are older than stratigraphic layers at the top. d. soil depth provides a measure of the absolute age of a stratum.

c. stratigraphic layers at the bottom are older than stratigraphic layers at the top.

4. Archaeological "site formation" refers to: a. the human actions responsible for the creation of an archaeological site. b. the natural actions responsible for the creation of an archaeological site. c. the human and natural actions responsible for the creation of an archaeological site. d. None of the answers are correct.

c. the human and natural actions responsible for the creation of an archaeological site.

Formation processes are: a. processes by which cultural evolution is recognized in the archaeological record. b. the ways in which natural depositional processes operate to produce the archaeological record. c. the ways in which both human behaviors and natural actions operate to produce the archaeological record. d. processes by which artifacts are transferred from systemic to archaeological contexts.

c. the ways in which both human behaviors and natural actions operate to produce the archaeological record.

When an archaeologists refers to a datum point he or she means: a. the zero point that is not fixed so that it can be used as a moveable reference point. b. the zero point that is fixed, but cannot be used as a reference point. c. the zero point that is fixed and can be used as a reference point. d. that the archaeologist is using an outdated system to record a site.

c. the zero point that is fixed and can be used as a reference point.

8. A total station, or EDM, is a device that: a. allows the boundaries of archaeological sites to be objectively determined. b. efficiently and accurately analyzes artifacts found during survey. c. uses a beam of infrared light bounced off a prism to determine an artifact's provenience. d. uses triangulation from radio waves received from satellites to determine your position, either in terms of latitude and longitude or the UTM grid.

c. uses a beam of infrared light bounced off a prism to determine an artifact's provenience.

Nicolaus Steno argued in his Preliminary Discourse to a Dissertation on a Solid Body Naturally Contained within a Solid (1669) that fossils came to be laid down inside solid rock because the fossils: a. had grown inside the rock, a common opinion of the time. b. were older; the rock was originally laid down as a liquid, solidifying around the fossils. c. were younger; they became trapped inside the rock after the rock had already solidified from its liquid state. d. and the rock were the same age, both forming together at the same time.

c. were younger; they became trapped inside the rock after the rock had already solidified from its liquid state.

Soil development occurs: a. anytime soils are deposited by wind or water. b. when sediment accumulates quickly and is deeply and rapidly buried. c. when sediments accumulate slowly and undergo in situ chemical and mechanical weathering. d. anytime sediments are subjected to intense heat or cold over a long period of time.

c. when sediments accumulate slowly and undergo in situ chemical and mechanical weathering.

Let's say you are excavating a site. You are being pretty careful, and are using 1/4" mesh screens to sieve the dirt after it is removed by a trowel and dustpan from the site. You find a few very small but well-preserved fish bones. The next day: a. you decide to stop using trowels and start using dental tools for the excavation; you are probably not recovering many fish bones because they are being inadvertently destroyed by troweling. b. you conclude that people in the past were not using minnows and you cease excavation. c. you fear that the 1/4" mesh of the screen may allow most of the very small fish bones to pass through; you decide to switch to 1/8" mesh, and maybe even screen a sample of dirt through 1/16" mesh to see if you are finding few bones because they are not present, or because the screening method is systematically losing them. d. you realize that fish were not being used prehistorically and decide that a single backhoe trench through the site will probably give you a sufficient amount of remains of other animals to permit you to test your hypothesis.

c. you fear that the 1/4" mesh of the screen may allow most of the very small fish bones to pass through; you decide to switch to 1/8" mesh, and maybe even screen a sample of dirt through 1/16" mesh to see if you are finding few bones because they are not present, or because the screening method is systematically losing them.

Why are archaeologists concerned about the future of artifact curation? a. Some curation facilities cannot afford to meet federal guidelines, and so archaeological collections are being kept in substandard conditions. b. Some curation facilities have shut their doors because they no longer have room for any more archaeological collections c. Some curation facilities are so strained to catch up on inventories that they cannot afford the time to loan materials to researchers, contradicting the very purpose of the repository. d. All of the answers are correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

The importance of plants in prehistoric diets was largely unknown until which of the following techniques was used? a. Total station mapping of in situ artifacts b. The stratigraphic method c. Excavation by natural rather than arbitrary levels d. Flotation

d. Flotation

You are surveying in the Near East for archaeological sites, and come upon several artifacts on the ground surface. Historical documents suggest there was once a temple in this area. You think you have found the site. Because of the sacred nature of the site, you decide to excavate the least amount possible and thus want to know where the temple lies before getting out the shovels. How might you map the site without excavating it? a. Use ground penetrating radar to detect the walls. b. Use aerial photography to detect the outline. c. Use random sampling to excavate a series of test pits across the site. d. Use ground penetrating radar or aerial photography depending on their potential utility in this specific case.

d. Use ground penetrating radar or aerial photography depending on their potential utility in this specific case.

The following items are necessary in the excavator's tool kit, all except: a. toilet paper. b. root clippers. c. toothpicks. d. a CD player.

d. a CD player.

Which of the following were the textbook authors, Thomas and Kelly, interested in mapping at Gatecliff? a. The location of any artifacts found in situ b. The location of any features, such as hearths c. The location of any large ecofacts d. All of the answers are correct.

d. all o the above

The duck decoys of Lovelock Cave, Nevada illustrate: a. that caves were important habitation sites throughout Great Basin prehistory. b. the importance of context in archaeological excavations. c. the amazing degree of preservation possible in dry caves. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above

6. When archaeologists dig excavation units, they are concerned with: a. horizontal provenience. b. vertical provenience. c. keeping the walls of the unit straight and perpendicular. d. All of the answers are correct.

d. all of the answers are collect

Cryoturbation results in: a. larger artifacts being pushed to the surface of a site. b. vertically size-sorted artifacts. c. the long axis of buried artifacts being oriented vertically. d. All of the answers are correct.

d. all of the answers are correct

A proton precession magnetometer is useful for identifying subsurface magnetic anomalies. Such magnetic anomalies can indicate all of the following except: a. the presence of subsurface artifacts. b. archaeologically irrelevant magnetic "noise." c. burned structures. d. ancient hunter seasonal rounds.

d. ancient hunter seasonal rounds.

If an archaeologist excavates one archaeological site, and makes generalizations about the prehistoric society as a whole from what he or she finds at that one site, then the generalizations will most likely be: a. applicable to the society as a whole as long as the excavated site was a "typical" site. b. applicable to the society as a whole as long as the society consisted of hunter-gatherers rather than agriculturalists. c. applicable to the society as a whole as long as the society consisted of agriculturalists rather than hunter-gatherers. d. biased, representing only part of the range of activities the society was involved in.

d. biased, representing only part of the range of activities the society was involved in.

Organic remains are best preserved in: a. a cave, where conditions remain permanently cool and dry. b. a bog, where conditions remain permanently wet and depleted of oxygen. c. a field, exposed to hot, dry conditions with periodic rainfall. d. both a permanently dry, cool cave and a permanently wet bog.

d. both a permanently dry, cool cave and a permanently wet bog.

The age of the Laetoli footprints was determined by: a. directly dating the footprints themselves. b. potassium-argon dating. c. the law of superposition. d. both potassium-argon dating and the law of superposition.

d. both potassium-argon dating and the law of superposition.

Mary Leakey's discovery of fossil footprints in volcanic ash at Laetoli was important because: a. it warned locals of the presence of a nearby active volcano. b. fossil animal footprints had never before been discovered. c. the volcanic ash had preserved the footprints of at least two bipedal hominids. d. it proved that hominids manufactured and used stone tools prior to the origin of bipedalism.

d. it proved that hominids manufactured and used stone tools prior to the origin of bipedalism.

Artifacts leave the systemic context and enter the archaeological context through a. loss. b. discard. c. animals. d. loss and discard.

d. loss and discard.

As a result of Kantner's work at Chaco Canyon, it was determined that: a. small stone shrines do not occur. b. people did not use predicted footpaths on a regular basis. c. large circular stone shires were almost always found with the roads, not the predicted pathways. d. roads did not serve simply as part of the Chacoan economy.

d. roads did not serve simply as part of the Chacoan economy.

Decomposition is carried out by microorganisms that require: a. cold, oxygen, and water to survive. b. warmth, carbon dioxide, and water to survive. c. warmth, oxygen, and dry conditions to survive. d. warmth, oxygen, and water to survive.

d. warmth, oxygen, and water to survive

Vertical excavations

deep ones, stratified deposits can yield information long term, snapshots of material culture

Backhole Trenches

deeper, kinda dangerous. cleaning/ observing the trench wall

Cave and rockshelter

encampments, storage, religious activities example- Stonehenge

Hydraulic shoring

for trench safety- to prevent the hole from caving in

Giovanni Belzoni

goes to egyptian tombs (grave Robber) also known as the first Archeologist

Global positioning system (gps)

handheld devices that use triangulation from radio waves received from satellites to determine your current position in terms of either UTM grid or lat and long.

Open sites

short-term, winter villages

Invasive approaches

shoves test ( will destroy some of the evidence)

Landscape Archaeology

study of human modification of the environment

Sample units

survey units of a standard size and shape, determined by the research question and practical considerations.

Sample fraction

the percentage of the sample universe that is surveyed.

Sample Universe

the region that contains the statistical population and that will be sampled.

Francesco Petrarch

(1304-1374) The Father of Renaissance Humanism; he admired classical texts and believed they should be studied.

Thutmose IV

(1412-1402) excavated the Sphinx

Chacoan Roads

- Roads might have facilitated movement of food and goods - Might Served a ceremonial functions with symbolic meaning or religious paths

Arenosa Shelter

- along Rio Grande near Del Rio. Evidence tells use that people occupied the shelter from about 9000 BC to 1000 AD - Hand excavated cross trenches and test pits dug to ascertain research potential of a series of 3000 year old strate (deposits) with different artifacts and features

Napoleon Bonaparte (1798)

Rosetta stone- proved to be a time key to egyptian writing

Three age system

Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age

Mound builders

Thomas Jefferson helped figure out who built the mounds and what their purpose was (native americans and to bury their dead)

A stratified random sample is: a. a survey universe divided into several sub-universes. b. a survey universe that is not divided into sub-universes. c. a survey universe that cannot be given a Smithsonian number. d. an ineffective way to gather and record information about sites.

a. a survey universe divided into several sub-universes.

Why was it so difficult for Europeans during the early 19th century to accept the fact that Native Americans had built the mounds? a. Believing that a superior race had built the mounds fit nicely into the social and political context of the times, helping to justify colonialism. b. Archaeological and historical evidence to suggest that Native Americans had built the mounds was completely lacking. c. It was a conscious effort on the part of racist archaeologists to steal Native American land; everyone really knew that the Native Americans had built the mounds. d. Westward expansion had not yet begun; European colonists were therefore unfamiliar with how similar the mounds really were to the mounds actively being constructed by living Native Americans.

a. believing that a superior race had built the mounds fit nicely into the social and political context of the times, helping to justify colonialism

In science, an idea is testable if the implications of the hypothesis a. can be measured in some fashion with the same results obtained by different observers. b. can be measured with different results obtained by the same observers. c. can be measured with the same results obtained by the same observers. d. cannot be measured.

a. can be measured in some fashion with the same results obtained by different observers

A. V. Kidder (1886-1963) demonstrated that potsherds are archaeologically important because they can provide evidence of: a. cultural relationships among various prehistoric groups. b. the types of food contained in the original clay storage vessel. c. prehistoric ceramic manufacturing technology d. potsherds are of no archaeological importance; they are simply broken pieces of pottery.

a. cultural relationships among various prehistoric groups

.Georeferenced means: a. data is input to a GIS database using a common mapping reference. b. data is mapped by hand using topographic maps. c. data is mapped in relationship to geological features. d. data is scanned using ground penetrating radar (GPR).

a. date is input to a GIS database using a common mapping reference

A settlement pattern is the: a. distribution of archaeological sites across a region. b. movements and activities of a prehistoric population, inferred from the distribution of archaeological sites across a region. c. same thing as a seasonal round. d. pattern of artifacts within an archaeological site that results from the settlement of a prehistoric population at that site.

a. distribution of archaeological sites across a region.

Mano is a term that refers to a: a. fist-sized round, flat, handheld stone used for grinding foods. b. large, flat stone used as a stationary surface upon which seeds, tuber, and nuts are ground. c. settlement where there is evidence of hunting. d. settlement where there is evidence of gathering.

a. fist-sized round, flat, handheld stone used for grinding foods.

One of the ways in which anthropologists study culture is through an ideational perspective. An ideational perspective: a. focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior. b. emphasizes technology, ecology, demography, and economics as driving forces in shaping human behavior. c. argues that while human behavior is definitely shaped by ideas, symbols, and mental structures, it is equally shaped by technology, ecology, demography, and economics. d. argues that the forces shaping human behavior are largely unknowable; therefore any perspective is just as good as another.

a. focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior

The last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Nabonidus, is frequently known as the "first archaeologist" because: a. he was the first documented prehistoric individual to show an interest in the past. b. he tried to answer questions about the past by looking at the physical remains of the past. c. he employed modern archaeological field techniques in his excavations. d. he worked within an explicit theoretical paradigm.

a. he was the first documented prehistoric individual to show an interest in the past

The Moundbuilder Myth provides an example of: a. how the social, cultural, and political context of archaeology can influence its theories. b. the infallibility of science. c. how more civilized cultures (the Moundbuilders) can be destroyed by less civilized cultures (the Native Americans). d. how pseudoarchaeology can be useful to professional archaeologists.

a. how the social, cultural, and political context of archaeology can influence its theories

The abbreviation "AD" referring to age in an archaeological or historic context means: a. in the year of the lord. b. after death. c. approximate death. d. nothing; there is no literal translation.

a. in the year of the lord

The level of theory that includes the observations and interpretations that emerge from hands-on archaeological field and lab work is called: a. low-level theory. b. middle-level theory. c. high-level theory. d. Multiple-level theory..

a. low level theory

An archaeological site is any place where: a. material evidence about the human past exists in a buried context. b. artifacts exist alongside more substantial archaeological remains, such as structures. c. a concentration of material evidence exists about the human past. d. material evidence about the human past has been discovered by systematic archaeological survey.

a. material evidence about the human past exists in a buried context.

Based on the level of public support, a. more archaeology will be needed in the future. b. less archaeology will be needed in the future. c. archaeology has no future. d. archaeology will increasingly be a pastime of wealthy.

a. more archaeology will be needed in the future

As investigators came to recognize considerable continuities between the unknown prehistoric past and the Native American population of the historic period a. scholars saw that living Native Americans were relevant to the interpretation of archaeological remains. b. the differences between European and American archaeology disappeared. c. speculation arose that Native Americans were one of the Lost Tribes of Israel. d. the study of American Indians was no longer an important domain in Western scholarship.

a. scholars saw that living Native Americans were relevant to the interpretation of archaeological remains.

Multiple working hypotheses result when: a. several hypotheses potentially explain the same data. b. scientists have no sound hypothesis to test, but end up testing several equally unlikely explanations in order to keep their research moving forward. c. the simplest hypothesis cannot be falsified. d. scientists cannot produce replicable results with the most likely hypothesis.

a. several hypotheses potentially explain the same data

What makes an anthropologist an anthropologist? a. Studying native people b. Studying fossils c. Studying chimpanzees d. Using a global, comparative and holistic approach

a. studying native people

Remote sensing is: a. the use of methods that employ some form of electromagnetic energy to detect and measure characteristics of an archaeological site. b. any technique that is capable of subsurface exploration with little to no disturbance. c. a technique that involves aerial photography and/or the use of color infrared film. d. any technique that measures geophysical features on the scale of hundreds to thousands of meters.

a. the use of methods that employ some form of electromagnetic energy to detect and measure characteristics of an archaeological site.

In landscape archeology, the term "landscape" means a. Topographic features. b. Material manifestations of the relation between humans and their environments. c. Plant remains. d. Geological formations.

b. Material manifestations of the relation between humans and their environments.

The first scientific archaeologist in America who attempted to determine the identity of the Moundbuilders by actually excavating a mound was: a. Ephraim Squier. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. Cyrus Thomas. d. John Wesley Powell.

b. Thomas Jefferson

Deflation is: a. a cultural process whereby one population's technology becomes adopted by another population in a different geographic region. b. a geologic process whereby fine sediment is blown away by the wind and larger items are lowered onto a common surface. c. an archaeological phenomenon in which excavations produce fewer and fewer artifacts with increasing depth. d. a geologic process that results in rapid and complete burial of material remains.

b. a geologic process whereby fine sediment is blown away by the wind and larger items are lowered onto a common surface.

A "midden" is: a. any kind of artifact that has been discarded by prehistoric populations. b. a refuse deposit resulting from human activities. c. any kind of historic artifact. d. a specific kind of storage structure used by prehistoric populations.

b. a refuse deposit resulting from human activities

Anthropology is the study of: a. past human behavior. b. all aspects of humankind. c. humans as biological organisms. d. humans as cultural organisms.

b. all aspects of humankind

Archaeological shovel-testing is: a. a destructive survey technique that archaeologists no longer use. b. an important method of identifying sites in areas characterized by soil buildup. c. an important method of identifying sites in areas characterized by deflation. d. only necessary in agricultural regions where archaeologists must survey. plow-zones.

b. an important method of identifying sites in areas characterized by soil build up.

The symbolic nature of culture: a. facilitates cross-cultural communication, because all cultures use the same (or very similar) symbols to mean the same things. b. can create considerable misunderstanding between people from different cultures. c. is now known to be not as significant as anthropologists once believed. d. is easily discernable from the archaeological record.

b. can create considerable misunderstanding between people from different cultures

The difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is: a. deductive reasoning involves working from specific observations to more general hypotheses, while inductive reasoning involves reasoning from theory to account for specific observational or experimental results. b. deductive reasoning involves reasoning from theory to predict specific observational or experimental results, while inductive reasoning involves working from specific observations to more general hypotheses. c. deductive reasoning is scientific and logical, while inductive reasoning is based on faith. d. there is no difference between the two; they are alternate names for the same kind of reasoning.

b. deductive reasoning involves reasoning from theory to predict specific observational or experimental results, while inductive reasoning involves working from specific observations to more general hypotheses.

If the hypothesis that the wetlands of the Carson desert had been the focus of a sedentary settlement system was correct, then Thomas and Kelly should have found: a. small, sparse settlements in the wetlands, and more intensive resource utilization of surrounding areas. b. dense scatters of waste flakes and broken tools, or other remains of villages occupied for years at a time, in the wetlands. c. mostly projectile points in the wetlands, with little or no accompanying waste flakes. d. abundant manos and metates in the pinon-juniper forests.

b. dense scatters of waste flakes and broken tools, or other remains of villages occupied for years at a time, in the wetlands.

The result of only looking in "logical' places in a survey is that we will: a. not bias the sample. b. not bias the reconstruction of the past. c. bias the sample. d. not be conducting archaeology.

b. not bias the reconstruction of the past

In order to understand the past, we need to examine the range of places where ancient peoples lived. Hunter-gathers' pattern of movement on the landscape is referred to as: a. ecological adaptation. b. seasonal round. c. map triangles. d. archeological round.

b. seasonal round

H. Marie Wormington is an important character in the development of Americanist archaeology during the first half of the 20th century because: a. she illustrates how difficult it was for a woman to break into the male-dominated field of Americanist archaeology at that time; although well-qualified to conduct archaeological research, she was never given the opportunity. b. she is an example of a female pioneer in Americanist archaeology, and her contributions are still considered important today. c. she shows that although women were interested in archaeology during this time, they simply weren't yet ready to participate in archaeological research; Wormington's research was irrelevant and scientifically unsound. d. she illustrates that although women were not yet permitted to conduct archaeological research during this time, they were still important in the field during excavations as camp cooks and logistical organizers.

b. she is an example of a female pioneer in Americanist archaeology, and her contributions are still considered important today.

The story of the search for the Mission Santa Catalina illustrates: a. the utility of proton precession magnetometry for finding buried structures. b. that soil resistivity survey, while sometimes useful, is extremely problematic as it is affected by soil wetness. c. that ground-penetrating radar was not useful due to the shallowly-buried bedrock on St. Catherine's Island. d. how a not-for-profit group does not sponsor a comprehensive program of research and conservation.

b. that soil resistivity survey, while sometimes useful, is extremely problematic as it is affected by soil wetness.

13. TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner) can locate subsurface structures by: a. using radar beams; hard buried surfaces reflect more energy than softer surfaces. b. tracking how subsurface structures affect surface thermal radiation. c. measuring magnetic anomalies caused by burned subsurface structures. d. monitoring the electrical resistance of soils near buried structures.

b. tracking how subsurface structures affect surface thermal radiation.

The "New Archaeology" of the 1960s: a. was actually not new at all; it marked a continuation of the same way archaeology had been practiced for many decades, and provides only an arbitrary temporal division in the history of archaeology. b. was an approach that emphasized the understanding of underlying cultural processes and the use of the scientific method. c. is sometimes called processional archaeology today. d. was an approach that emphasized the understanding of underlying cultural processes and the use of the scientific method and is sometimes called processual archaeology today.

b. was an approach that emphasized the understanding of underlying cultural processes and the use of the scientific method

Nabonidus

brought back old stuff from the past instead of creating new things.

Transcends digging- archaeology

by capturing and utilizing non invasive, conservation- oriented approaches

The contribution of women to the development of archaeology is best summed up by which statement? a. Women contributed nothing; it wasn't until the 1960s during the fight for civil rights that any women were accepted into the archaeological community and allowed to conduct archaeological research. b. Women contributed very little; archaeological research was completely dominated by men throughout the development of archaeology, and is still heavily dominated by men today. c. Although women did contribute to the development of archaeology, their contributions are less well-known than those of men because they were excluded from traditional communication networks. d. Throughout the development of archaeology, the contributions of men and women have been roughly equal, and these contributions are equally as well known today; this is a testament to the early development of women's rights in America.

c. Although women did contribute to the development of archaeology, their contributions are less well-known than those of men because they were excluded from traditional communication networks.

Which of the following is true about the ancient Chacoan road system? a. Although once thought to be an extensive network of roads, aerial photography has shown the roads to be much less extensive than initially believed. b. Although once thought to be an extensive network of roads, aerial photography has shown that they were not roads, but were in fact part of a vast canal system. c. It was an elaborate and extensive network of roads, covering more than 250,000 square kilometers within New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah. d. We now know that they were built strictly for economic purposes, to move goods to markets in Chaco Canyon.

c. It was an elaborate and extensive network of roads, covering more than 250,000 square kilometers within New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah.

What limits surface surveys? a. Survey cannot reveal rare sites. b. Survey cannot replace excavation. c. Survey can only find what lies on the ground. d. Survey cannot be used in association with GIS.

c. Survey can only find what lies on the ground.

Stratigraphy is a term that applies to a. decades of archaeological research. b. techniques used by indigenous African peoples to create a structure. c. a site's physical structure produced by deposition and sediments. d. manufacture of pottery and implements.

c. a site's physical structure produced by deposition and sediments

An "antiquarian" is someone who is interested in: a. reconstructing the lifeways of commoners in classical ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome. b. detailed documentation of the context in which prehistoric artifacts are found. c. ancient objects strictly for their artistic value, rather than for the information they provide about the people or culture that produced them. d. everything that artifacts can tell us about the past.

c. ancient objects strictly for their artistic value, rather than for the information they provide about the people or culture that produce them.

Documenting how material culture changed over time and space is referred to as a. evolution. b. stratigraphy. c. culture history. d. sedimentation.

c. culture history

Low-level theory begins with archaeological objects and a. generates irrelevant facts or data about those objects and that will not be important to later analyses. b. generates relevant facts or data about those objects that will not be important to later analyses. c. generates relevant facts or data bout those objects that will be important to later analyses. d. does not generate facts or data.

c. generates relevant facts and data about those objects that will be important to later analyses

Middle-level theory in archaeology: a. is a logical ordering of cultures through time, based on analysis and classification of artifact types. b. links a modern culture to an ancient one. c. is a logical statement linking observations on the static archaeological record to the dynamic behavior or natural processes that produced it. d. links the concept of culture to artifact types.

c. is a logical statement linking observations on the static archaeological record to the dynamic behavior or natural processes that produced it.

The following statement is true about Postprocessual archaeology: a. Explanations are explicitly scientific and objective. b. Attempts to remain ethically neutral; claims to be explicitly nonpolitical. c. Less enthusiastic about scientific methods and denies possibility of objectivity. d. Views culture from a systemic perspective and defines culture as adaptation.

c. less enthusiastic about scientific methods and denies possibility of objectivity

What did Thomas and Kelly learn from the Carson-Stillwater survey? a. The hypothesis that wetlands had been the focus of a sedentary settlement system could not be rejected. b. The hypothesis that the wetland was only one stop on a seasonal round that included the pinon forests could not be rejected. c. Neither hypothesis was able to provide an adequate reconstruction of prehistoric Carson Desert and Stillwater Mountain settlement systems; both were therefore rejected. d. Neither hypothesis could be rejected, thus showing that their sampling design was inherently flawed.

c. neither hypothesis was able to provide an adequate reconstruction of prehistoric Carson Desert and Stillwater

Archaeologists conduct surveys because: a. one site can reveal everything about an ancient society. b. archeologists do not trust other archaeologists. c. no single site reveals everything about an ancient society. d. funding permits conducting surveys.

c. no single site reveals everything about an ancient society.

The primary distinction between humanistic and scientific approaches within archaeology revolves around the issue of: a. absolute truth. b. ethical concerns. c. objectivity. d. the definition of culture.

c. objectivity

"Gumshoe survey" is a good way to: a. find rare or spectacular sites. b. find common sites such as small lithic or potsherd scatters. c. provide the context necessary for interpreting rare or spectacular sites. d. obtain a 100% reconnaissance of a particular region.

c. provide the context necessary for interpreting rare or spectacular sites.

In the Smithsonian site number 26CH798, the number "26" stands for the: a. number of the county (arranged alphabetically) in which the site is located. b. number of the state (arranged alphabetically) in which the site is located. c. site's sequential number within the county in which it is located (in other words, it was the 26th site recorded in the county). d. type of site it is (e.g., a lithic scatter, ceramic scatter, pueblo, etc.).

c. site's sequential number within the county in which it is located (in other words, it was the 26th site recorded in the county).

Jens Jacob Asmussen Worssae was considered to be: a. an historian who studied Anglo-Saxon law and writings. b. an antiquarian who was interested in collecting objects rather than learning about them. c. the first professional archaeologist. d. the originator of the new archaeology movement of the 1960s.

c. the first professional archaeologist

Culture history is: a. the kind of archaeology practiced during Renaissance times, primarily focused on the reconstruction of classical civilizations. b. a breakthrough in archaeological thought that rejected simple descriptions of cultural development through time for more comprehensive interpretations of past lifeways. c. the kind of archaeology practiced during the early to mid-20th century, in which changes in artifact frequencies through time were explained by diffusion of ideas or migration of people. d. the kind of archaeology most frequently practiced today by Americanist archaeologists.

c. the kind of archaeology practiced during the early to mid-20th century, in which changes in artifact frequencies through time were explained by diffusion of ideas or migration of people.

Archaeology can best be defined as the study of: a. humans in all times and places. b. the biological aspect of humans. c. the past through the systematic recovery and analysis of material remains. d. past and present human cultures through written records and oral history.

c. the past through the systematic recovery and analysis of material remains

Participant observation is: a. an archaeological teaching strategy where students are introduced to excavation techniques by participating in real archaeological digs. b. a research strategy employed by linguistic anthropologists to help revive dying languages. c. the primary strategy of cultural anthropologists in which data are gathered by questioning and observing people while the observer lives in their society. d. a research strategy mostly employed by biological anthropologists while studying human biological variation.

c. the primary strategy of cultural anthropologists in which data are gathered by questioning and observing people while the observer lives in their society.

The Chaco experiment, conducted by Judge, Hitchcock, and Ebert, showed that survey samples are: a. very good at recording the general character of a region. b. not very good at finding the unique or rare sites of a region. c. very good at recording the general character of a region and not very good at finding the unique or rare sites of a region. d. very good at finding both the sites that represent the general character of a region, as well as the unique or rare sites.

c. very good at recording the general character of a region and not very good at finding the unique or rare sites of a region

The following contributed to the support and discovery of deep time: a. Charles Darwin publishes his influential book On the Origin of Species. b. James Ussher concludes that Creation began at sunset on Saturday, October 22, 4004 BC. c. Jacques Bocher de Crevecoeur de Perthes found ancient axe heads in the gravels of the Somme River. d. Charles Darwin publishes his influential book On the Origin of Species and Jacques Bocher de Crevecoeur de Perthes found ancient axe heads in the gravels of the Somme River.

d. Charles Darwin publishes his influential book On the Origin of Species and Jacques Bocher de Crevecoeur de Perthes found ancient ax heads in the gravels of the Somme River.

Which of the following is NOT used as non-invasive, below ground archaeological survey techniques? a. Aerial photography b. Proton magnetometer c. Ground penetrating radar d. Excavation

d. Excavation

"Stratigraphy" is: a. the study of a site's artifact assemblage. b. the thorough and detailed documentation of archaeological excavations. c. the procedure by which archaeological sites are professionally mapped. d. a site's physical structure produced by the deposition of geological and/or cultural sediments into layers.

d. a site's physical structure produced by the deposition of geological and/or cultural sediments into layers

The quality of information collected through survey cannot be directly affected by the: a. sampling strategy. b. working conditions. c. transect interval. d. age of archaeologist.

d. age of archaeologist.

Archaeology is about ancient objects, referred to as a. stratigraphy. b. middens. c. potsherds. d. artifacts.

d. artifacts

Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656) was responsible for which of the following? a. Establishing the antiquity of man by recognizing ancient handaxes associated with extinct mammal bones. b. Promoting the concept of organic evolution at a time when most scholars rejected evolutionary thought. c. Conducting intensive excavations aimed at resolving the question of human antiquity. d. Calculating the age of the earth based on biblical genealogy, and concluding that Creation occurred on October 22, 4004 BC.

d. calculating the age of the earth based on biblical genealogy, and concluding that Creation occurred on October 22, 4004 BC.

Giovanni Battista Belzoni stood apart from other antiquarians of his time due to the fact that: a. he took notes and made illustrations and observations of the places he visited. b. he recovered numerous statues, mummies and carvings. c. he removed another country's cultural heritage from its homeland. d. his methods were destructive enough to make archaeologists today cringe.

d. his methods were destructive enough to make archaeologists today cringe

Which of the following is not true of a person's culture? a. It is learned. b. It is shared. c. It is symbolic. d. It is biologically controlled.

d. it is biologically controlled

The usefulness of aerial photography for archaeology: a. was not recognized until the 1960s, during the development of the "New Archaeology." b. is limited to times of cloud cover or haze. c. is limited to photographs taken at very high elevations, since this is where resolution is greatest. d. lies in the fact that aerial photographs can show features that are too indistinct or too large to discern from the ground.

d. lies in the fact that aerial photographs can show features that are too indistinct or too large to discern from the ground.

Which of the following is not a step in the scientific method? a. Define a relevant research problem b. Generate one or more hypotheses c. Test the hypothesis or hypotheses with relevant data d. Prove the hypothesis or hypotheses true

d. prove the hypotheses or hypotheses true

A UTM grid is NOT: a. a grid that divides the world into 1x1 meter squares. b. the same things as a Universal Tranverse Mercator grid. c. very useful for archaeological survey. d. without a means to designate north and east coordinates.

d. without a means to designate north and east coordinates

James hutton (1795)

earth evolved by uniform processes over immense time span, laws of nature do not change with time concept of uniformation

Mission Valero

established in 1718 and is now part of the World Heritage Site due to its multicultural heritage. Built for and by the Indians but they are not talked about in the Alamos writings.

Shovel Testing

moderately deep and always difficult ( 20 big steps and dig a hole until you find stuff)

Artifacts

movable objects used, modified, or manufactured by humans (rocks, tools, and pottery)

Alfred Kidder

wrote the first textbook on the subject