ANTH 202 - Final
Paleolithic cave art, concentrated in the caves of western Europe (particularly in southwest France and northern Spain), is thought to date approximately to
30,000—10,000 BCE
The Neanderthal genome project led by Svante Pääbo published the entire draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome. It has been used to indicate that Neanderthals diverged from modern humans between
440,000 and 270,000 years ago
English Army officer and archaeologist noted for his innovations in field recording and the display of archaeological and ethnological collections in museums.
Augustus Pitt Rivers
The study of human remains from sites is called
Bioarchaeology
During the revival of learning in Europe known as the Renaissance, elites & other people of refinement began to form these?
Cabinets of Curiosity
The study of the material remains to understand how people thought in the past is what type of archaeology?
Cognitive
______________ is a theoretical approach developed by the "Frankfurt School" of German social thinkers. This approach stresses that all knowledge is historical, biased communication, and thus all claims to objective knowledge are illusory
Critical theory
Processes that reflect the original human behavior (e.g. acquisition of raw materials, manufacturing, use, disposal or discard).
Cultural Transformation
Archaeologists know for sure that stone was the most important material to people of the Paleolithic; they never made wood or bone implements.
False
It is impossible to study any form of trade or exchange in non-literate societies.
False
Post-processual archaeology has completely replaced New Archaeology.
False
The New Archaeology is considered to be a challenge to Processual Archaeology
False
Unlike other forms of archaeology, landscape archaeology does not have a cognitive dimension.
False
While interaction, in the archaeological sense, does involve the exchange of goods, it does not involve the exchange of information.
False
GIS, which stands for ______________, is a significant new development in archaeological mapping
Geographic Information Systems
Some archaeologists believe that an effective language was developed alongside the first chopper tools around 2 million years ago by which human ancestor?
Homo habilis
The myth is that indigenous people who lived in North America were incapable of engineering earthworks and that they must have been built by some other race of people.
Moundbuilder myth.
Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) can be used to address where an individual may have originated from. This is because
MtDNA is inherited only from the mother, and is passed down to children unaltered
Plaster casts made of the hollows left by now-decayed bodies at this site provide such fine details as facial expression at death
Pompeii
This city was buried in a volcanic eruption in 79AD and was all but forgotten until archaeologists discovered it in the mid-19th-century.
Pompeii
_________, or conjoining, is the attempt to put stone tools, flakes, and comes back together again, providing information on the stages in producing the tools and reconstructing the process of the knapper's craft.
Refitting
Developed a system of digging within a series of squares within a larger grid.
Sir Mortimer Wheeler
The study of archaeological formation processes.
Taphonomy
Gets credit for the first scientific excavation in the history of American archaeology.
Thomas Jefferson
The classification of prehistoric artifacts into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
Three Age System
Clear ethnic groups do not always stand out clearly in archaeological remains.
True
Iron was not used in the New World before European contact.
True
Lewis Binford is considered a processual archaeologist.
True
Marxist archaeology seeks to understand processes of change in human history through the study of contradictions between the forces of production and social organization.
True
The introduction of pottery in an area tends to correspond with the adoption of a sedentary way of life.
True
The manufacture of stone heads at Easter Island is less mysterious than most people think: several statues there have even been found unfinished and in quarries.
True
Much of the portable art from the Ice Age is of animals, but the most famous pieces are the so-called _____________, such as the example from Willendorf, Austria
Venus figurines
In migrationist and diffusionist explanations of the past, a "people" is defined as
a well-defined ethnic group
The concept of __________ has been introduced to permit discussion of the role of the individual in promoting change
agency
Results of surveys conducted over longer periods, covering the area repeatedly, tend to be more reliable because
all of these
The earliest well-dated example of _____________ is a piece of incised red ochre from Blombos Cave, South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago
art
Portable objects are used, modified, and made by humans.
artifacts
Some archaeologists maintain that in the human mind there exists an interpretive framework of the world that affects actions and decisions as well as knowledge. This is known as a/the
cognitive map
Much research into the ancient DNA of human populations has been undertaken in Siberia and northern Europe because
cold conditions are favorable to the preservation of DNA
Drones are now regularly used as a form of aerial survey, and use Structure from Motion (SfM) software which can
combine drone photographic images to produce a 3D model survey of the site using ground-penetrating radar
All of the following are examples of unaltered materials except
copper
When the Spanish reached Mexico in the early 16th century they found
dense populations of Maya-speaking people
The primary goal of characterization is to
discover the source of the material an object is made of
The idea that the human mind evolved under the selective pressures faced by the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of Ice-age humans is an important aspect of
evolutionary archaeology
The study of traded goods is an important part of the investigation of
exchange
The idea that the quality of materials tends to decline as the distance from the source of those materials increases is the basic tenant behind
fall-off analysis
The use of the site of Göbekli Tepe in Turkey predates the development of_________ in the area
farming
Recent evidence has shown that our distant ancestors, such as the 1- to 2-million-year-old child's skull found in Taung, South Africa, grew up
faster than we do now
We tend to forget that different societies value different goods. For example, while the Conquistadors valued the gold of the New World, the Aztec valued __________ more highly than metal
feathers
Most stone tools are made by removing _________ from a __________
flakes from a core
Isotopic analysis of lead is not only used on objects made of pure lead but on artifacts made out of ___________ as well
glass, copper, silver, bronze
Sending short pulses of electromagnetic waves into the ground and then receiving reflections of these waves to detect underground changes in soil or archaeological features is known as
ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
If it can be demonstrated that gold was highly valued by society, archaeologists could conclude that individuals from that society that were buried with gold
had a higher social status
By studying the animal figures in Paleolithic cave art, André Leroy-Gourhan argued that the most common representations were of
horses and bison
The study of artistic representations, often with an overtly religious or ceremonial significance, is known as
iconography
Non-ferrous metal is metal that does not contain
iron
A distribution map
is the most natural and obvious way to plot distribution, can be used to find important centers of consumption, may not always be the best way to study distribution in a given situation
Once data is stored within a GIS, it is relatively straightforward to produce ________ on-demand
maps
Although these devices can be of great value to archaeologists, some users of this popular type of magnetism-based remote-sensing device illegally dig holes and destroy archaeological sites without reporting the finds that they make
metal detectors
Study of the patterns of wear or damage on the edges of stone tools that can provide useful information on a particular tool's function is known as
microwear analysis
Before the New Archaeology, changes observed in the archaeological record were often explained by the idea of
migration
The introduction of pottery generally seems to coincide with the adoption of a more sedentary way of life. Paleolithic people may not have created pottery because
mobile hunter-gatherers would not want to carry heavy fired clay containers around
An example of a symbol that is used to regulate and organize relations between human beings is
money
A good example of a symbol is
money, soldier's badge, scale weight, depiction of an animal painted on a cave wall
Relying on a single dominant explanatory factor to account for a cultural change is known as a(n)
monocausal explanation
Sites can be detected by remote sensing methods through features such as
mounds, walls, and holes cut into the ground
If in your explanation for a cultural change (for example, the origin of the state), you stress the importance and interaction of several different factors operating at the same time, this would be considered a(n)
multivariate explanation
Forensic archaeology helps in the recovery and interpretation of
murder victims and individuals within mass burials
Volcanic glass which is used to make chipped stone tools is a particularly good material to perform trace-element analysis on. Another word for Volcanic glass is
obsidian
The materials that most cultures consider to be valuable
often have no use at all beyond display
The study of ancient disease is called
paleopathology
Ian Hodder is considered to be a ________________ archaeologist
post-processual
The underlying premise of _____________ is that particular kinds of archaeological sites tend to occur in the same kinds of place
predictive models
A notable feature of Lewis Binford's work on the origins of farming was its generality: he was seeking to explain the origins of agriculture worldwide. His is an example of a _________ approach to archaeology
processual
Cause of death for skeletal remains can be ascertained
rarely; most causes of death leave no trace on bone
Before any archaeological fieldwork begins, archaeologists try to make their objectives explicit in the form of a/an
research design
Although variable according to population, several skeletal attributes can be used for differentiation of the sexes. The best indicator of sex is the
shape of the pelvis
A massive amount of information about how commodities were traded in the Mediterranean around 1300 BCE came from the site of Uluburun which is a
shipwreck
Most human remains recovered by archaeologists are in the form of ________
skeletons or bones
The act of burial of human remains implies at least
some kind of respect or feeling for the deceased
From about 3.3 million years ago until 20,000 BCE at the earliest, the archaeological record is dominated by artifacts made from
stone
All of the following are examples of synthetic materials except
stone hand-axes
Observing the wear patterns on ancient stone tools is an aspect of microwear analysis; experimental archaeology provides added information on the specific activities the tools might have been used for by
studying the traces of polish on modern copies of tools after use, using modern copies of stone tools in a variety of specific tasks, creating categories of tool use according to wear patterns created on modern copies
Humankind's ability to use __________ is generally agreed to be what most clearly distinguishes our species from other animals
symbols
The best indicator of an individual's age at death is based on the study of the
teeth
Inclusions in the clay used to make pottery that act as a filler, creating strength and counteracting cracking and shrinkage during firing, are known as
temper
The technique of stone tool manufacture that involved knapping a core in such a way that large flakes could be removed and shaped into tools is called
the Levallois technique
In the 1960s, the "loss of innocence" that came with the realization that there was no well-established body of theory to underpin current archaeological methods sparked the development of
the New Archaeology
The Classic Maya kings portrayed themselves as great guarantors of prosperity and stability but during the critical 8th and 9th centuries leading up to the Maya collapse they were unable to deliver on these promises because of
the degradation of an ecosystem already pushed beyond its limits by overpopulation
Symbolizing faculties that were present in early humans include
the deliberate burial of human remains, conscious design in tool manufacture, the development of language, creation of representational art
Thomas Malthus has argued that the human population tends to grow to the limit permitted by
the food supply
Archaeologists can usually identify the minimum number of individuals in multiple burials from
the part of the body that is most abundant
__________ did not exist anywhere in the New World until after European contacted
the potter's wheel
While New Archaeology was fast to investigate social structures it was slow to explore
the symbolic aspects of culture
In describing mechanisms of exchange, "direct access" is used to describe situations where
the user goes to the source material without the intervention of an exchange mechanism
________ grows at a regular measurable rate and a careful study of its microscopic growth lines can help determine how long an individual lived
tooth enamel
One explanation for the emergence of state societies in the Maya lowlands is based on the lack of basic raw materials in the area, forcing the Maya to develop an intricate system of
trade
In ancient Greece, literacy
was widespread among the population
Shovel-Test Pits are small pits dug into the ground
which is used to gain a preliminary idea of what lies beneath the surface
The most effective system ever devised by humans to describe the world around them is
writing