ANTH 202: Study Guide Questions Exam 1

b. a refuse deposit resulting from human activities.

A "midden" is: a. any kind of artifact that has been discarded by prehistoric populations. b. a refuse deposit resulting from human activities. c. any kind of historic artifact. d. a specific kind of storage structure used by prehistoric populations.

Which of the following dates is the youngest? a. AD 1066 b. 1066 BC c. 1066 BCE d. 1066 BP

a. AD 1066

Why was it so difficult for Europeans during the early 19th century to accept the fact that Native Americans had built the mounds? a. Believing that a superior race had built the mounds fit nicely into the social and political context of the times, helping to justify colonialism. b. Archaeological and historical evidence to suggest that Native Americans had built the mounds was completely lacking. c. It was a conscious effort on the part of racist archaeologists to steal Native American land; everyone really knew that the Native Americans had built the mounds. d. Westward expansion had not yet begun; European colonists were therefore unfamiliar with how similar the mounds really were to the mounds actively being constructed by living Native Americans.

a. Believing that a superior race had built the mounds fit nicely into the social and political context of the times, helping to justify colonialism.

17. The Folsom site in New Mexico was discovered by: a. George McJunkin, an ex-slave and rancher. b. Jesse Figgins, director of the Colorado Museum of Nature and Science. c. Boucher de Perthes, a French customs official and naturalist. d. A. V. Kidder, Founder of Anthropological Archaeology.

a. George McJunkin, an ex-slave and rancher.

31. Which of the following items would not be useful to an archaeologist on survey? a. Graph paper b. A compass c. A tape measure in centimeters d. Flashlight

a. Graph paper

9. Why do archaeologists use a datum point rather than simply measuring from the ground surface? a. The datum point provides a universal reference point that can be used across any archaeological site, allowing archaeologists to easily compare data between excavations. b. While vertical provenience could easily be measured from the ground surface, obtaining accurate horizontal provenience would be much more difficult without a datum point. c. The ground surface does not have the same elevation consistently across a site while a datum point provides a fixed reference. d. Use of a datum point is an archaeological tradition established in the early 20th century; while it serves no useful purpose, it is an example of how outdated excavation methodology is still embedded in archaeology today.

a. The datum point provides a universal reference point that can be used across any archaeological site, allowing archaeologists to easily compare data between excavations.

16. In archeology, a living floor refers to: a. a distinct buried surface on which people lived. b.an indistinct buried surface on which people may have lived. c. a distinct surface on which people still live. d. a distinct surface where living organisms can still be detected.

a. a distinct buried surface on which people lived.

15. A stratified random sample is: a. a survey universe divided into several sub-universes. b. a survey universe that is not divided into sub-universes. c. a survey universe that cannot be given a Smithsonian number. d. an ineffective way to gather and record information about sites.

a. a survey universe divided into several sub-universes.

37. Non-site archaeology is: a. analysis of archaeological patterns on a regional scale, rather than of patterns within a single site. b. analysis of small-scale patterns of artifact distribution, such as those from a single site. c. the most common type of archaeology practiced today; archaeologists have largely abandoned the concept of a "site." d. useful when dealing with fairly small areas, but becomes impractical on the scale of kilometers.

a. analysis of archaeological patterns on a regional scale, rather than of patterns within a single site.

26. Global Positioning Systems operate: a. by picking up continuously broadcast signals from at least four satellites. b. inadequately and therefore are not accurate for archaeological work. c. too expensively to aid most attempts at archeological inquiry. d. by relying upon electric monitoring stations.

a. by picking up continuously broadcast signals from at least four satellites.

In science, an idea is testable if the implications of the hypothesis a. can be measured in some fashion with the same results obtained by different observers. b. can be measured with different results obtained by the same observers. c. can be measured with the same results obtained by the same observers. d. cannot be measured.

a. can be measured in some fashion with the same results obtained by different observers.

A. V. Kidder (1886-1963) demonstrated that potsherds are archaeologically important because they can provide evidence of: a. cultural relationships among various prehistoric groups. b. the types of food contained in the original clay storage vessel. c. prehistoric ceramic manufacturing technology. d. potsherds are of no archaeological importance; they are simply broken pieces of pottery.

a. cultural relationships among various prehistoric groups.

1.Georeferenced means: a. data is input to a GIS database using a common mapping reference. b. data is mapped by hand using topographic maps. c. data is mapped in relationship to geological features. d. data is scanned using ground penetrating radar (GPR).

a. data is input to a GIS database using a common mapping reference.

19. A settlement pattern is the: a. distribution of archaeological sites across a region. b. movements and activities of a prehistoric population, inferred from the distribution of archaeological sites across a region. c. same thing as a seasonal round. d. pattern of artifacts within an archaeological site that results from the settlement of a prehistoric population at that site.

a. distribution of archaeological sites across a region.

14. "Gumshoe survey" is a good way to: a. find rare or spectacular sites. b. find common sites such as small lithic or potsherd scatters. c. provide the context necessary for interpreting rare or spectacular sites. d. obtain a 100% reconnaissance of a particular region.

a. find rare or spectacular sites.

23. Mano is a term that refers to a: a. fist-sized round, flat, handheld stone used for grinding foods. b. large, flat stone used as a stationary surface upon which seeds, tuber, and nuts are ground. c. settlement where there is evidence of hunting. d. settlement where there is evidence of gathering.

a. fist-sized round, flat, handheld stone used for grinding foods.

One of the ways in which anthropologists study culture is through an ideational perspective. An ideational perspective: a. focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior. b. emphasizes technology, ecology, demography, and economics as driving forces in shaping human behavior. c. argues that while human behavior is definitely shaped by ideas, symbols, and mental structures, it is equally shaped by technology, ecology, demography, and economics. d. argues that the forces shaping human behavior are largely unknowable; therefore any perspective is just as good as another.

a. focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior.

Giovanni Battista Belzoni stood apart from other antiquarians of his time due to the fact that: a. he took notes and made illustrations and observations of the places he visited. b. he recovered numerous statues, mummies and carvings. c. he removed another country's cultural heritage from its homeland. d. his methods were destructive enough to make archaeologists today cringe.

a. he took notes and made illustrations and observations of the places he visited.

The Moundbuilder Myth provides an example of: a. how the social, cultural, and political context of archaeology can influence its theories. b. the infallibility of science. c. how more civilized cultures (the Moundbuilders) can be destroyed by less civilized cultures (the Native Americans). d. how pseudoarchaeology can be useful to professional archaeologists.

a. how the social, cultural, and political context of archaeology can influence its theories.

The abbreviation "AD" referring to age in an archaeological or historic context means: a. in the year of the lord. b. after death. c. approximate death. d. nothing; there is no literal translation.

a. in the year of the lord.

12. A total station: a. is accurate to +/- 3 millimeters. b. is easily affordable by students and professionals alike. c. is roughly the same in terms of accuracy as a line level and a measuring tape. d. All of the answers are correct.

a. is accurate to +/- 3 millimeters.

The level of theory that includes the observations and interpretations that emerge from hands-on archaeological field and lab work is called: a. low-level theory. b. middle-level theory. c. high-level theory. d. Multiple-level theory..

a. low-level theory.

Based on the level of public support, a. more archaeology will be needed in the future. b. less archaeology will be needed in the future. c. archaeology has no future. d. archaeology will increasingly be a pastime of wealthy.

a. more archaeology will be needed in the future.

27. The discovery of Gatecliff Shelter in Nevada was in part a result of: a. old-fashioned "gumshoe survey." b. the detailed knowledge of the landscape that many of the crew members possessed. c. the fact that the shelter was a local attraction, well-known by the people of Austin. d. oral traditions that had passed down through the generations.

a. old-fashioned "gumshoe survey."

As investigators came to recognize considerable continuities between the unknown prehistoric past and the Native American population of the historic period, a. scholars saw that living Native Americans were relevant to the interpretation of archaeological remains. b. the differences between European and American archaeology disappeared. c. speculation arose that Native Americans were one of the Lost Tribes of Israel. d. the study of American Indians was no longer an important domain in Western scholarship.

a. scholars saw that living Native Americans were relevant to the interpretation of archaeological remains.

Multiple working hypotheses result when: a. several hypotheses potentially explain the same data. b. scientists have no sound hypothesis to test, but end up testing several equally unlikely explanations in order to keep their research moving forward. c. the simplest hypothesis cannot be falsified. d. scientists cannot produce replicable results with the most likely hypothesis.

a. several hypotheses potentially explain the same data.

35. Once archaeologists decide on their survey sample universe, they must then decide on the sample fraction. The sample fraction is: a. the percentage of the sample universe that is surveyed. b. survey units of a standard size and shape, determined by the research questions and practical considerations. c. the region that contains the statistical population and that will be sampled. d. a survey universe that has been divided into several sub-universes.

a. the percentage of the sample universe that is surveyed.

18. Remote sensing is: a. the use of methods that employ some form of electromagnetic energy to detect and measure characteristics of an archaeological site. b. any technique that is capable of subsurface exploration with little to no disturbance. c. a technique that involves aerial photography and/or the use of color infrared film. d. any technique that measures geophysical features on the scale of hundreds to thousands of meters.

a. the use of methods that employ some form of electromagnetic energy to detect and measure characteristics of an archaeological site.

16. The story of the search for the Mission Santa Catalina illustrates: a. the utility of proton precession magnetometry for finding buried structures. b. that soil resistivity survey, while sometimes useful, is extremely problematic as it is affected by soil wetness. c. that ground-penetrating radar was not useful due to the shallowly-buried bedrock on St. Catherine's Island. d. how a not-for-profit group does not sponsor a comprehensive program of research and conservation.

a. the utility of proton precession magnetometry for finding buried structures.

15. Otzi, the Ice Man of the Alps, provides an example of: a.how cold conditions can inhibit decomposition of organic material by preventing the production of microorganisms that cause decay. b. the peaceful life and death of a Neolithic farmer. c. the importance of archaeological survey in high altitude mountain settings. d.All of the answers are correct.

a.how cold conditions can inhibit decomposition of organic material by preventing the production of microorganisms that cause decay.

10. The antiquity of humans in the New World was established by the Folsom site. Why? a. The dry desert environment of northeastern New Mexico allowed for the best preservation. b. Careful provenience that recorded context: the association of a spear point with the skeleton of an extinct form of bison. c. The age of the site, established by radiocarbon dating charred corn recovered during excavation. d. All of the answers are correct.

b. Careful provenience that recorded context: the association of a spear point with the skeleton of an extinct form of bison.

The year 1859 is important to archaeology because a. Charles Lyell published the book The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man. b. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. c. Classical Archaeology began as a field of archaeology. d. Hugh Falconer visited Abbeville to examine disputed evidence from French gravel pits.

b. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species.

22. In landscape archeology, the term "landscape" means a. Topographic features. b. Material manifestations of the relation between humans and their environments. c. Plant remains. d. Geological formations.

b. Material manifestations of the relation between humans and their environments.

28. Which of the following is not basic to the reasons why archaeologists conduct random sampling? a. Without random sampling the samples would be biased, with certain parts of the sample over- or under-represented, and therefore the final results would be biased. b. Random sampling provides the only way for archaeologists to collect meaningful negative evidence. c. Random sampling allows statistical analysis. d. Each site does not have an equal chance of being included in the sample.

b. Random sampling provides the only way for archaeologists to collect meaningful negative evidence.

The first scientific archaeologist in America who attempted to determine the identity of the Moundbuilders by actually excavating a mound was: a. Ephraim Squier. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. Cyrus Thomas. d. John Wesley Powell.

b. Thomas Jefferson.

11. Deflation is: a. a cultural process whereby one population's technology becomes adopted by another population in a different geographic region. b. a geologic process whereby fine sediment is blown away by the wind and larger items are lowered onto a common surface. c. an archaeological phenomenon in which excavations produce fewer and fewer artifacts with increasing depth. d. a geologic process that results in rapid and complete burial of material remains.

b. a geologic process whereby fine sediment is blown away by the wind and larger items are lowered onto a common surface.

33. When we say statistical population we mean: a. a range of archaeological material across a landscape. b. a set of counts, measurements, or characteristics about which relevant inquiries are to be made. c. the region that will be sampled. d. the demographic count of a site.

b. a set of counts, measurements, or characteristics about which relevant inquiries are to be made.

Anthropology is the study of: a. past human behavior. b. all aspects of humankind. c. humans as biological organisms. d. humans as cultural organisms.

b. all aspects of humankind.

5. Archaeological shovel-testing is: a. a destructive survey technique that archaeologists no longer use. b. an important method of identifying sites in areas characterized by soil buildup. c. an important method of identifying sites in areas characterized by deflation. d. only necessary in agricultural regions where archaeologists must survey. plow-zones.

b. an important method of identifying sites in areas characterized by soil buildup.

38. Archaeologists employ systematic regional surveys mainly to: a. discover good places to excavate. b. arrive at accurate descriptions of the range of archaeological material across a landscape. c. verify that extensive geographic regions were unoccupied prehistorically. d. maintain their funding from academic institutions.

b. arrive at accurate descriptions of the range of archaeological material across a landscape.

The symbolic nature of culture: a. facilitates cross-cultural communication, because all cultures use the same (or very similar) symbols to mean the same things. b. can create considerable misunderstanding between people from different cultures. c. is now known to be not as significant as anthropologists once believed. d. is easily discernable from the archaeological record.

b. can create considerable misunderstanding between people from different cultures.

The difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is: a. deductive reasoning involves working from specific observations to more general hypotheses, while inductive reasoning involves reasoning from theory to account for specific observational or experimental results. b. deductive reasoning involves reasoning from theory to predict specific observational or experimental results, while inductive reasoning involves working from specific observations to more general hypotheses. c. deductive reasoning is scientific and logical, while inductive reasoning is based on faith. d. there is no difference between the two; they are alternate names for the same kind of reasoning.

b. deductive reasoning involves reasoning from theory to predict specific observational or experimental results, while inductive reasoning involves working from specific observations to more general hypotheses.

6. If the hypothesis that the wetlands of the Carson desert had been the focus of a sedentary settlement system was correct, then Thomas and Kelly should have found: a. small, sparse settlements in the wetlands, and more intensive resource utilization of surrounding areas. b. dense scatters of waste flakes and broken tools, or other remains of villages occupied for years at a time, in the wetlands. c. mostly projectile points in the wetlands, with little or no accompanying waste flakes. d. abundant manos and metates in the pinon-juniper forests.

b. dense scatters of waste flakes and broken tools, or other remains of villages occupied for years at a time, in the wetlands.

The last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Nabonidus, is frequently known as the "first archaeologist" because: a. he was the first documented prehistoric individual to show an interest in the past. b. he tried to answer questions about the past by looking at the physical remains of the past. c. he employed modern archaeological field techniques in his excavations. d. he worked within an explicit theoretical paradigm.

b. he tried to answer questions about the past by looking at the physical remains of the past.

14. When archeologists refer to the place where an artifact, ecofact, or feature was found during survey or excavation, they use the term: a. provenience. b. in situ. c. strata. d. position.

b. in situ.

4. In the Smithsonian site number 26CH798, the number "26" stands for the: a. number of the county (arranged alphabetically) in which the site is located. b. number of the state (arranged alphabetically) in which the site is located. c. site's sequential number within the county in which it is located (in other words, it was the 26th site recorded in the county). d. type of site it is (e.g., a lithic scatter, ceramic scatter, pueblo, etc.).

b. number of the state (arranged alphabetically) in which the site is located.

10. In order to understand the past, we need to examine the range of places where ancient peoples lived. Hunter-gathers' pattern of movement on the landscape is referred to as: a. ecological adaptation. b. seasonal round. c. map triangles. d. archeological round.

b. seasonal round.

H. Marie Wormington is an important character in the development of Americanist archaeology during the first half of the 20th century because: a. she illustrates how difficult it was for a woman to break into the male-dominated field of Americanist archaeology at that time; although well-qualified to conduct archaeological research, she was never given the opportunity. b. she is an example of a female pioneer in Americanist archaeology, and her contributions are still considered important today. c. she shows that although women were interested in archaeology during this time, they simply weren't yet ready to participate in archaeological research; Wormington's research was irrelevant and scientifically unsound. d. she illustrates that although women were not yet permitted to conduct archaeological research during this time, they were still important in the field during excavations as camp cooks and logistical organizers.

b. she is an example of a female pioneer in Americanist archaeology, and her contributions are still considered important today.

5. Provenience refers to: a. the relationship of an artifact, ecofact, or feature to other artifacts, ecofacts, features, and geologic strata in a site. b. the artifact's location relative to a system of spatial data collection. c. the position of the archaeologist when documenting a site. d. an outdated way to map a site.

b. the artifact's location relative to a system of spatial data collection.

13. TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner) can locate subsurface structures by: a. using radar beams; hard buried surfaces reflect more energy than softer surfaces. b. tracking how subsurface structures affect surface thermal radiation. c. measuring magnetic anomalies caused by burned subsurface structures. d. monitoring the electrical resistance of soils near buried structures.

b. tracking how subsurface structures affect surface thermal radiation.

20. Which of the following is true about the ancient Chacoan road system? a. Although once thought to be an extensive network of roads, aerial photography has shown the roads to be much less extensive than initially believed. b. Although once thought to be an extensive network of roads, aerial photography has shown that they were not roads, but were in fact part of a vast canal system. c. It was an elaborate and extensive network of roads, covering more than 250,000 square kilometers within New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah. d. We now know that they were built strictly for economic purposes, to move goods to markets in Chaco Canyon.

c. It was an elaborate and extensive network of roads, covering more than 250,000 square kilometers within New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah

The following statement is true about Postprocessual archaeology: a. Explanations are explicitly scientific and objective. b. Attempts to remain ethically neutral; claims to be explicitly nonpolitical. c. Less enthusiastic about scientific methods and denies possibility of objectivity. d. Views culture from a systemic perspective and defines culture as adaptation.

c. Less enthusiastic about scientific methods and denies possibility of objectivity.

3. What did Thomas and Kelly learn from the Carson-Stillwater survey? a. The hypothesis that wetlands had been the focus of a sedentary settlement system could not be rejected. b. The hypothesis that the wetland was only one stop on a seasonal round that included the pinon forests could not be rejected. c. Neither hypothesis was able to provide an adequate reconstruction of prehistoric Carson Desert and Stillwater Mountain settlement systems; both were therefore rejected. d. Neither hypothesis could be rejected, thus showing that their sampling design was inherently flawed.

c. Neither hypothesis was able to provide an adequate reconstruction of prehistoric Carson Desert and Stillwater Mountain settlement systems; both were therefore rejected.

Lewis Binford is responsible for establishing a concern for methods in reconstructing the past. This became known as a. culture history. b. stratification. c. New Archaeology. d. archaeology.

c. New Archaeology.

12. What limits surface surveys? a. Survey cannot reveal rare sites. b. Survey cannot replace excavation. c. Survey can only find what lies on the ground. d. Survey cannot be used in association with GIS.

c. Survey can only find what lies on the ground.

32. Which of the following techniques was used by NASA in the 1980s to help identify the vast network of Chacoan roads in the southwestern United States? a. Ground penetrating radar b. Soil resistivity c. Thermal infrared multispectral scanning (TIMS) d. Aerial photography

c. Thermal infrared multispectral scanning (TIMS)

17. An archaeological site is any place where: a. material evidence about the human past exists in a buried context. b. artifacts exist alongside more substantial archaeological remains, such as structures. c. a concentration of material evidence exists about the human past. d. material evidence about the human past has been discovered by systematic archaeological survey.

c. a concentration of material evidence exists about the human past.

Stratigraphy is a term that applies to: a. decades of archaeological research. b. techniques used by indigenous African peoples to create a structure. c. a site's physical structure produced by deposition and sediments. d. manufacture of pottery and implements.

c. a site's physical structure produced by deposition and sediments.

An "antiquarian" is someone who is interested in: a. reconstructing the lifeways of commoners in classical ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome. b. detailed documentation of the context in which prehistoric artifacts are found. c. ancient objects strictly for their artistic value, rather than for the information they provide about the people or culture that produced them. d. everything that artifacts can tell us about the past.

c. ancient objects strictly for their artistic value, rather than for the information they provide about the people or culture that produced them.

18. Natural levels are preferable to arbitrary levels because: a. arbitrary levels can potentially jumble together artifacts that come from different natural strata and thus different periods of time. b. the depth of natural levels is determined by statistical sampling strategies, while arbitrary levels are chosen subjectively. c. arbitrary levels follow the natural stratigraphy, which may not be able to distinguish between occupational surfaces. d. natural levels are much simpler and faster to excavate than arbitrary levels.

c. arbitrary levels follow the natural stratigraphy, which may not be able to distinguish between occupational surfaces.

2. The result of only looking in "logical' places in a survey is that we will: a. not bias the sample. b. not bias the reconstruction of the past. c. bias the sample. d. not be conducting archaeology.

c. bias the sample.

Documenting how material culture changed over time and space is referred to as a. evolution. b. stratigraphy. c. culture history. d. sedimentation.

c. culture history.

39. Archaeological sites are defined on the ground by: a. a set of objective procedures used by all archaeologists to ensure standardization across the discipline. b. often subjective interpretations of artifact density. c. determining the boundaries of the discrete behavioral entities represented by the site. d. the entire survey unit.

c. determining the boundaries of the discrete behavioral entities represented by the site.

Low-level theory begins with archaeological objects and a. generates irrelevant facts or data about those objects and that will not be important to later analyses. b. generates relevant facts or data about those objects that will not be important to later analyses. c. generates relevant facts or data bout those objects that will be important to later analyses. d. does not generate facts or data.

c. generates relevant facts or data bout those objects that will be important to later analyses.

Middle-level theory in archaeology: a. is a logical ordering of cultures through time, based on analysis and classification of artifact types. b. links a modern culture to an ancient one. c. is a logical statement linking observations on the static archaeological record to the dynamic behavior or natural processes that produced it. d. links the concept of culture to artifact types.

c. is a logical statement linking observations on the static archaeological record to the dynamic behavior or natural processes that produced it.

The "New Archaeology" of the 1960s: a. was actually not new at all; it marked a continuation of the same way archaeology had been practiced for many decades, and provides only an arbitrary temporal division in the history of archaeology. b. was an approach that emphasized the understanding of underlying cultural processes and the use of the scientific method. c. is sometimes called processual archaeology today. d. was an approach that emphasized the understanding of underlying cultural processes and the use of the scientific method and is sometimes called processual archaeology today.

c. is sometimes called processual archaeology today.

11. The Folsom site is important in the history of American archaeology because: a. it was the first site that was excavated using the stratigraphic method, a breakthrough in archaeological technique that allowed for chronological control. b. it finally disproved the Myth of the Moundbuilders, establishing that Native Americans had indeed built the earthworks of the eastern United States. c. it proved the extent of human antiquity in the Americas. d. at a time when most American archaeologists were concentrating on American prehistory, it demonstrated the importance of historic archaeology.

c. it proved the extent of human antiquity in the Americas.

30. As a result of Kantner's work at Chaco Canyon, it was determined that: a. small stone shrines do not occur. b. people did not use predicted footpaths on a regular basis. c. large circular stone shires were almost always found with the roads, not the predicted pathways. d. roads did not serve simply as part of the Chacoan economy.

c. large circular stone shires were almost always found with the roads, not the predicted pathways.

21. Archaeologists conduct surveys because: a. one site can reveal everything about an ancient society. b. archeologists do not trust other archaeologists. c. no single site reveals everything about an ancient society. d. funding permits conducting surveys.

c. no single site reveals everything about an ancient society.

The primary distinction between humanistic and scientific approaches within archaeology revolves around the issue of: a. absolute truth. b. ethical concerns. c. objectivity. d. the definition of culture.

c. objectivity.

2. The key to maintaining information about an artifact's context is to record: a. archaeologist's name. b. artifact's material. c. provenience. d. date of discovery.

c. provenience.

Jens Jacob Asmussen Worssae was considered to be: a. an historian who studied Anglo-Saxon law and writings. b. an antiquarian who was interested in collecting objects rather than learning about them. c. the first professional archaeologist. d. the originator of the new archaeology movement of the 1960s

c. the first professional archaeologist

Culture history is: a. the kind of archaeology practiced during Renaissance times, primarily focused on the reconstruction of classical civilizations. b. a breakthrough in archaeological thought that rejected simple descriptions of cultural development through time for more comprehensive interpretations of past lifeways. c. the kind of archaeology practiced during the early to mid-20th century, in which changes in artifact frequencies through time were explained by diffusion of ideas or migration of people. d. the kind of archaeology most frequently practiced today by Americanist archaeologists.

c. the kind of archaeology practiced during the early to mid-20th century, in which changes in artifact frequencies through time were explained by diffusion of ideas or migration of people.

Archaeology can best be defined as the study of: a. humans in all times and places. b. the biological aspect of humans. c. the past through the systematic recovery and analysis of material remains. d. past and present human cultures through written records and oral history.

c. the past through the systematic recovery and analysis of material remains.

Participant observation is: a. an archaeological teaching strategy where students are introduced to excavation techniques by participating in real archaeological digs. b. a research strategy employed by linguistic anthropologists to help revive dying languages. c. the primary strategy of cultural anthropologists in which data are gathered by questioning and observing people while the observer lives in their society. d. a research strategy mostly employed by biological anthropologists while studying human biological variation.

c. the primary strategy of cultural anthropologists in which data are gathered by questioning and observing people while the observer lives in their society.

8. A total station, or EDM, is a device that: a. allows the boundaries of archaeological sites to be objectively determined. b. efficiently and accurately analyzes artifacts found during survey. c. uses a beam of infrared light bounced off a prism to determine an artifact's provenience. d. uses triangulation from radio waves received from satellites to determine your position, either in terms of latitude and longitude or the UTM grid.

c. uses a beam of infrared light bounced off a prism to determine an artifact's provenience.

25. The Chaco experiment, conducted by Judge, Hitchcock, and Ebert, showed that survey samples are: a. very good at recording the general character of a region. b. not very good at finding the unique or rare sites of a region. c. very good at recording the general character of a region and not very good at finding the unique or rare sites of a region. d. very good at finding both the sites that represent the general character of a region, as well as the unique or rare sites.

c. very good at recording the general character of a region and not very good at finding the unique or rare sites of a region.

. When archaeologists dig excavation units, they are concerned with: a. horizontal provenience. b. vertical provenience. c. keeping the walls of the unit straight and perpendicular. d. All of the answers are correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

13. In addition to an artifact's provenience, archaeologists might also be interested in: a. which side of an artifact was "up" when it was uncovered. b. the compass orientation of an artifact's long axis. c. whether or not the artifact is burned. d. All of the answers are correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

4. Which of the following is true about the Pleistocene? a. It was a geologic period lasting from 2 million to 10 thousand years ago. b. It was characterized by periods of extensive glaciation. c. Many species of now extinct fauna existed during the Pleistocene. d. All of the answers are correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

7. Which of the following were the textbook authors, Thomas and Kelly, interested in mapping at Gatecliff? a. The location of any artifacts found in situ b. The location of any features, such as hearths c. The location of any large ecofacts d. All of the answers are correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656) was responsible for which of the following? a. Establishing the antiquity of man by recognizing ancient handaxes associated with extinct mammal bones. b. Promoting the concept of organic evolution at a time when most scholars rejected evolutionary thought. c. Conducting intensive excavations aimed at resolving the question of human antiquity. d. Calculating the age of the earth based on biblical genealogy, and concluding that Creation occurred on October 22, 4004 BC.

d. Calculating the age of the earth based on biblical genealogy, and concluding that Creation occurred on October 22, 4004 BC.

The following contributed to the support and discovery of deep time: a. Charles Darwin publishes his influential book On the Origin of Species. b. James Ussher concludes that Creation began at sunset on Saturday, October 22, 4004 BC. c. Jacques Bocher de Crevecoeur de Perthes found ancient axe heads in the gravels of the Somme River. d. Charles Darwin publishes his influential book On the Origin of Species and Jacques Bocher de Crevecoeur de Perthes found ancient axe heads in the gravels of the Somme River.

d. Charles Darwin publishes his influential book On the Origin of Species and Jacques Bocher de Crevecoeur de Perthes found ancient axe heads in the gravels of the Somme River.

7. Which of the following is not used as non-invasive, below ground archaeological survey techniques? a. Aerial photography b. Proton magnetometer c. Ground penetrating radar d. Excavation

d. Excavation

Which of the following is not true of a person's culture? a. It is learned. b. It is shared. c. It is symbolic. d. It is biologically controlled.

d. It is biologically controlled.

Which of the following is not a step in the scientific method? a. Define a relevant research problem b. Generate one or more hypotheses c. Test the hypothesis or hypotheses with relevant data d. Prove the hypothesis or hypotheses true

d. Prove the hypothesis or hypotheses true

36. You are surveying in the Near East for archaeological sites, and come upon several artifacts on the ground surface. Historical documents suggest there was once a temple in this area. You think you have found the site. Because of the sacred nature of the site, you decide to excavate the least amount possible and thus want to know where the temple lies before getting out the shovels. How might you map the site without excavating it? a. Use ground penetrating radar to detect the walls. b. Use aerial photography to detect the outline. c. Use random sampling to excavate a series of test pits across the site. d. Use ground penetrating radar or aerial photography depending on their potential utility in this specific case.

d. Use ground penetrating radar or aerial photography depending on their potential utility in this specific case.

What makes an anthropologist an anthropologist? a. Studying native people b. Studying fossils c. Studying chimpanzees d. Using a global, comparative and holistic approach

d. Using a global, comparative and holistic approach

"Stratigraphy" is: a. the study of a site's artifact assemblage. b. the thorough and detailed documentation of archaeological excavations. c. the procedure by which archaeological sites are professionally mapped. d. a site's physical structure produced by the deposition of geological and/or cultural sediments into layers.

d. a site's physical structure produced by the deposition of geological and/or cultural sediments into layers.

24. The quality of information collected through survey cannot be directly affected by the: a. sampling strategy. b. working conditions. c. transect interval. d. age of archaeologist.

d. age of archaeologist.

3. The duck decoys of Lovelock Cave, Nevada illustrate: a. that caves were important habitation sites throughout Great Basin prehistory. b. the importance of context in archaeological excavations. c. the amazing degree of preservation possible in dry caves. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

29. A proton precession magnetometer is useful for identifying subsurface magnetic anomalies. Such magnetic anomalies can indicate all of the following except: a. the presence of subsurface artifacts. b. archaeologically irrelevant magnetic "noise." c. burned structures. d. ancient hunter seasonal rounds.

d. ancient hunter seasonal rounds.

Archaeology is about ancient objects, referred to as a. stratigraphy. b. middens. c. potsherds. d. artifacts.

d. artifacts.

34. If an archaeologist excavates one archaeological site, and makes generalizations about the prehistoric society as a whole from what he or she finds at that one site, then the generalizations will most likely be: a. applicable to the society as a whole as long as the excavated site was a "typical" site. b. applicable to the society as a whole as long as the society consisted of hunter- gatherers rather than agriculturalists. c. applicable to the society as a whole as long as the society consisted of agriculturalists rather than hunter-gatherers. d. biased, representing only part of the range of activities the society was involved in

d. biased, representing only part of the range of activities the society was involved in

9. The usefulness of aerial photography for archaeology: a. was not recognized until the 1960s, during the development of the "New Archaeology." b. is limited to times of cloud cover or haze. c. is limited to photographs taken at very high elevations, since this is where resolution is greatest. d. lies in the fact that aerial photographs can show features that are too indistinct or too large to discern from the ground.

d. lies in the fact that aerial photographs can show features that are too indistinct or too large to discern from the ground.

The concept of "deep time" refers to the following: a. that the oldest artifacts are found in the deepest parts of a site. b. the recognition that life is ancient and evolved over time. c. life on earth cannot be measured in thousands of years. d. the recognition that life is ancient and evolved over time and that life on earth cannot be measured in thousands of years.

d. the recognition that life is ancient and evolved over time and that life on earth cannot be measured in thousands of years.

1. Decomposition is carried out by microorganisms that require: a. cold, oxygen, and water to survive. b. warmth, carbon dioxide, and water to survive. c. warmth, oxygen, and dry conditions to survive. d. warmth, oxygen, and water to survive.

d. warmth, oxygen, and water to survive.

8. A UTM grid is not: a. a grid that divides the world into 1x1 meter squares. b. the same things as a Universal Tranverse Mercator grid. c. very useful for archaeological survey. d. without a means to designate north and east coordinates.

d. without a means to designate north and east coordinates.

Which of the following is untrue about paradigms? a. Paradigms provide specific guidelines for high-level theory. b. Paradigms generate more specific claims about a regions' prehistory. c. Like culture, paradigms provide understandings of the world. d. Paradigms do not reflect bias.

still figuring out the answer. not c tho.

The contribution of women to the development of archaeology is best summed up by which statement? a. Women contributed nothing; it wasn't until the 1960s during the fight for civil rights that any women were accepted into the archaeological community and allowed to conduct archaeological research. b. Women contributed very little; archaeological research was completely dominated by men throughout the development of archaeology, and is still heavily dominated by men today. c. Although women did contribute to the development of archaeology, their contributions are less well-known than those of men because they were excluded from traditional communication networks. d. Throughout the development of archaeology, the contributions of men and women have been roughly equal, and these contributions are equally as well known today; this is a testament to the early development of women's rights in America.

still figuring out this answer