ANTH 212 chap. 1-5 exam

In the video "A Man Called Bee", what did the ethnographer do to reassure the newly contacted Yanomamo village?

Dressed as a Yanomamo

Why can theories not be proved?

Many of the concepts and ideas in theories are not directly observable.

Why is it incomplete to simply call anthropology "the study of humans"?

Many other disciplines also study humans

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

Anthropology is the study of

humans

What do scientists use as predictions of what might be found in a study?

hypotheses

Which of the following strongly predicts an immigrant group's likelihood of retaining their native language into the third generation?

living in tightly knit communities

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

The method of __________ shows that a theory seems to be wrong.

falsification

Field independence-field dependence

A personality style characterized by an ability/inability to distinguish experience from its context.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Perceptual style

Individual pattern of perception

Parental responsiveness

One of the two important dimensions of parenting; responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner.

What is the difference between a paleontologist and a paleoanthropologist?

Paleontologists study many different types of animals, while paleoanthropologists focus on humans and their relatives.

Which statement is true of syntax?

Speakers of a language are usually not consciously aware of the rules of syntax

Why is it adaptive for some cuisines to have hot and spicy seasonings?

Spices help retard the decay of meat dishes in hot climates

In the Applied Anthropology example, how did Chinese and American preschools instill cultural value lessons in the children?

The Chinese preschool emphasized group activities, while the American preschool emphasized individualized activities..

Pauses, shrugs, vocal communication, and facial expressions all contribute to __________.

paralanguage

How did early evolutionists tend to think of Western cultures?

They viewed Western cultures as being at the most progressive stage of evolution.

What should be taken into account when using ethnographic information from multiple cultures?

You should make sure that all of the information was gathered in the same time period.

holism

a multifaceted understanding of people including their evolution, history, biology, and culture. Also a focus on tribal and peasant societies that other social scientists don't bother to study very much

Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as __________.

a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies

The process of cultural change known as __________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society, either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages.

acculturation

Ethical Relativism

actions must be judged by what individuals subjectively feel is right or wrong for themselves

Today, evolutionary anthropologists or behavioral ecologists look at how a behavioral characteristic may be __________.

adaptive for an individual in a given environment

Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________.

agency

Cross-cultural studies of childrearing habits have shown that compared to non-Western societies, American parents __________.

are less likely to breast-feed on demand

Which of these is an example of a bound morpheme?

bl

Fields of anthropology

cultural (includes archaeology and linguistics), biological, and applied. Understand the subdisciplines within each field

`Which of these fields focuses on the relationship between a culture and its environment?

cultural ecology

Which of the following types of nonverbal communication appears to be culturally universal?

facial expressions

A cultural anthropologist who spends a year or so living with, talking to, and observing people whose customs he or she is studying is known as a(n) __________.

ethnographer

Which type of culture was the traditional focus for anthropologists?

non-western cultures

Alyssa Crittenden's Research

on Hadza children had surprising results: children begin foraging as a form of play and older children could supply themselves with about half of all the food they needed on a daily basis.

Brumfiel's Aztec Research:

on growing social inequality through time among the Aztecs

The idea that an understanding of personality might help us explain connections between primary and secondary institutions is called __________.

personality integration of culture

Participant-observation refers to the __________.

practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society

An anthropologist comparing kinship terms between the Turkana and the Maasai—both pastoral peoples from East Africa—is doing __________.

regional controlled comparison

Which of the following is an example of forced acculturation?

schools for Native American children

What is a protolanguage?

spoken reconstructed language from which modern languages derived

An ethnohistorian would __________.

study the way in which cultures have changed over time

The fact that monkeys and apes can learn new behaviors from each other __________.

suggests that they have a culture

Because a word or phrase can represent what it stands for, whether or not that thing is present, we say that language is __________.

symbolic

When considering cross-cultural concepts of self, Melford Spiro pointed out that __________.

the ideal in a culture may not reflect reality

Which feature is shared by all creole languages?

the use of double negatives

In his research on psychological development in the Tiv, Douglass Price-Williams found that __________.

there was no difference between Tiv and European children in understanding of conservation of earth, nuts, and numbers

In general, the borrowing of __________ from another language is much more common than the borrowing of __________.

words; grammar