ANTH Ch. 8

foraging behavior; social behavior

Primates seem to be more flexible in their ____________________ than in their __________________.

True

Primates who participate in coalitions have knowledge of third-party relationships. Knowledge of third-party relationships enables individuals to predict how others will behave and gives animals a good idea of who will (successfully) support them and who will intervene against them in future confrontations with known opponents. True or false?

true

Primates with relatively large executive brains are more likely to innovate, learn from others, and use tools than primates with relatively small executive brains. true or false?

little; greater

Herrmann's study demonstrated that there was ___________ difference in the performance of human children and apes on tasks that involved physical cognition. However, there were _____________ differences in the social domain.

the maternal kin of the original aggressor

According to Cheney and Seyfarth's work on vervet monkeys, what group members do vervets selectively redirect their aggression toward? -the individual in the group with the absolute lowest rank -a random target in the group -the maternal kin of the original aggressor -the individual who is closest in proximity

other females that could hear the scream looked directly at the juvenile's mother

Cheney and Seyfarth conducted a playback experiment where female vervet monkeys heard a tape-recorded scream of a juvenile vervet monkey. When the call was played, the mother of the juvenile stared in the direction of the speaker. This behavior suggests that mothers recognized the call of their own offspring. However, what else happened? -Other females that could hear the scream looked directly at the juvenile's mother -The sisters of the juvenile stared in the direction of the speaker for as long as the mother. -All other females in the group stared in the direction of the speaker. -No other individuals in the group stared in the direction of the speaker.

learning

Compared to most other animals, primates rely more heavily on _______________ to survive and reproduce successfully. -learning -touch -smell -taste -sight -instinct

if organisms were to live long and have a stronger reproductive period, each baby born would be of a lesser quality

If all organisms do not have to experience the negative impacts of senescence, then why does natural selection not act against it in some cases? -If organisms were to live long and have a longer reproductive period, each baby born would be of a lesser quality. -Organisms that live longer have bigger litters and thus more babies. -Organisms that can live and reproduce for longer are originally built better and start producing early. -Living longer means that an organism is more reproductively successful.

if organisms were to live long and have a longer reproductive period, each baby born would be of a lesser quality

If all organisms do not have to experience the negative impacts of senescence, then why does natural selection not act against it in some cases? -Organisms that can live and reproduce for longer are originally built better and start producing early. -Organisms that live longer have bigger litters and thus more babies. -Living longer means that an organism is more reproductively successful. -If organisms were to live long and have a longer reproductive period, each baby born would be of a lesser quality.

True

It is important to keep in mind that the brain is a small but costly organ! Natural selection does not maintain costly features like the brain unless they confer important adaptive advantages. Therefore, in order for a large brain to be maintained it must provide individuals with an important adaptive advantage—like learning! True or false?

dominants are supported against subordinates, females are supported against males, close associates are supported against others

Knowledge and understanding of third-party rank relationships are essential to the development of coalitions in primates. In a study of capuchin monkeys, researchers noticed several basic rules when it came to forming coalitions. Identify these rules. -Females are supported against males. -Close associates are supported against others. -dominants are supported against subordinates -Whether a primate is male or female does not usually play a role in forming coalitions.

false

Life history strategies never change in a species. true or false?

slow maturation and late reproduction

Match the following selective costs and advantages to the life history strategies that they represent. -growth enhances reproductive success -fewer offspring are produced overall -energy is converted from current reproduction to maintenance

fast maturation and early reproduction

Match the following selective costs and advantages to the life history strategies that they represent. -more offspring produced overall -energy devoted to current reproduction and diverted from growth and maintenance -the length of reproductive life span is increased, and the time between generations is decreased

third

Monkeys have some knowledge of the nature of the relationships between other individuals. These are known as __________ party relationships.

sociality

Most primatologists believe that the enlargement and reorganization of the brain in monkeys and apes was linked to the competitive pressures produced by __________.

trade-offs constrain natural selection

Natural selection does not always select for the most advantageous traits. For example, some organisms only give birth to one infant at a time, and some animals experience the negative effects of senescence. Neither of these traits seems to make sense in the context of reproductive success and survival. Identify the reason why these scenarios occur. -Some organisms are more evolved than others. -Trade-offs constrain natural selection. -These organisms did not try hard enough to adapt. -Harsh environments lead to negative traits.

primates are knowledgeable about social relationships within their groups, animals living in large groups have larger neocortex ratios than animals living in smaller groups

One idea posed for primates' large brains is called the social intelligence hypothesis. Identify whether the following statements support or do not support the social intelligence hypothesis. -Primates are knowledgeable about social relationships within their groups. -Animals living in large groups have larger neocortex ratios than animals living in smaller groups. -Orangutans are mostly solitary primates. -Gorillas live in fairly small social groups.

2%

Our brains account for _____ of our total body weight.

20%

Our brains account for ______ of our metabolic energy

true

Selection for larger brains generates selection for long lives. true or false?

weaker (Selection acts very strongly on traits that affect infants and juveniles because if they do not survive this period, they cannot pass their traits on to any descendants. In contrast, selection acts less strongly on traits that affect animals late in their lives because they will have already produced offspring before the effects are felt.)

Selective pressures are much ___________________ on traits that affect only the old. -stronger -weaker -more pronounced

false (primates do, but not all organisms)

Senescence is inevitable and all organisms experience it. True or false?

learning, behavioral flexibility

Simon Reader of Utrecht University and Kevin Laland of the University of St. Andrews propose that the competitive pressures produced by several variables worked together to cause ape and monkey brains to enlarge and reorganize. Which pressures are these?

humans are similar to nonhuman primates, by studying living primates we can learn about the lives of our ancestors

Studying primate behavior and ecology is an essential part of studying human evolution and humans in general. Identify why it is important to study primates in the context of human evolution.

senescence (the condition or process of deterioration with age)

The deterioration of an organism's physical abilities, which occurs as they get older, is called __________. -senescence -juvenescence -fecundity -death

social intelligence

The idea that the parts of the brain that are linked to learning and planning expanded in primates because they needed to be able to operate effectively in this complicated social world is called the ____________ ___________________ hypothesis.

extracted

The primates in the pictures below are eating __________ foods, which require complex processing techniques.

mind

Theory of __________ refers to the idea that a primates' ability to predict what others will do in particular situations is based on their knowledge of the mental states of others.

neocortex

To test hypotheses about cognitive ability, researchers focus on the development of the __________________, the part of the brain where the most substantial evolutionary changes in size and complexity have taken place.

higher-ranking; lower-ranking

When Seyfarth and Cheney conducted an experiment where female baboons listened to a recording of one female's grunt followed by another female's submissive fear barks, they found that female baboons responded more strongly when they heard a ________________________ female responding submissively to a ________________________ female's grunt. -higher ranking -lower ranking

redirected aggression

When a primate is attacked and then immediately threatens or attacks a lower-ranking group member who was not involved in the original incident, the primate is exhibiting __________.

strepsirrhines, monkeys, great apes

When compared to other organisms, primates tend to have slower, longer life histories and larger brains relative to body size. However, among primates, there is variation in these characteristics. Place in order the following groups of primates, starting with the group with the smallest relative brain size and shortest life history. -monkeys -great apes -strepsirrhines

their knowledge of others' minds, their practice of social learning, their use of communication

Which of the following are ways in which the cognition of apes and humans differ?

short-lived: environments with intense predation pressure long-lived: environments with severe competition for access to reproductive resources

Which of the following ecological factors would you expect to result in a short life history? Which would you expect to result in a long life history? -environments with severe competition for access to reproductive resources -environments with intense predation pressure

large brain size, long life span

Which of the following features probably facilitates primates' heavy reliance on learning?

If a single chimpanzee is shown the location of a hidden food item, then that chimpanzee will lead all other group members in the wrong direction and dash off to grab the food alone.

Which of the following scenarios did Emil Menzel claim demonstrates that chimpanzees understand the mental capacities of other group members? If a single chimpanzee is shown the location of a hidden food item, then that chimpanzee will follow close kin to find the food item. -If a single chimpanzee is shown the location of a hidden food item, then that chimpanzee will lead all other group members to the hidden food to share it. -If a single chimpanzee is shown the location of a hidden food item, then that chimpanzee will search for the food alongside all other group members. -If a single chimpanzee is shown the location of a hidden food item, then that chimpanzee will lead all other group members in the wrong direction and dash off to grab the food alone.

animals that begin to reproduce early usually have short life spans, animals that reproduce early have high morality (death) rates, animals that begin to reproduce early are usually small bodied

Which of the following statements about animals that begin to reproduce early are correct? -Animals that begin to reproduce early usually have short life spans. -Animals that begin to reproduce early have high mortality (death) rates. -Animals that begin to reproduce early are usually small bodied. -Animals that begin to reproduce early have long periods of gestation (pregnancy).

the social intelligence and behavioral flexibility hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. both may be true. the social intelligence hypothesis does NOT do a good job of explaining variation in apes

Which of the following statements about the major hypotheses for the evolution of primate intelligence are correct? -The social intelligence and behavioral flexibility hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Both may be true. -The social intelligence hypothesis does not do a good job of explaining variation in apes. -The behavioral flexibility hypothesis is likely correct, but the social intelligence hypothesis is likely not. -The social intelligence hypothesis is likely correct, but the behavioral flexibility hypothesis is likely not.

Fruit is less seasonal in Sumatran forests than it is in Bornean forests, Sumatran forests have more fruit than Bornean forests, Bornean orangutans have shorter interbirth intervals than Sumatran orangutans, soil quality is higher in Sumatra than it is in Borneo.

Which of the following statements regarding the ecology and life history variables of orangutans are correct? -Bornean orangutans have shorter interbirth intervals than Sumatran orangutans. -Sumatran orangutans have a slightly smaller relative brain size than Bornean orangutans. -Bornean orangutans reproduce once and then die. -Soil quality is higher in Sumatra than it is in Borneo. -Fruit is less seasonal in Sumatran forests than it is in Bornean forests. -Availability of fruit or other important foods is not a primate life history variable. -Sumatran forests have more fruit than Bornean forests.

long gestation, large brains, large body size, late reproduction, low rates of morality, long life spans, large litters

Which traits to primates tend to exhibit? -short gestation -long gestation -large brains -small brains -large body size -small body size -early reproduction -late reproduction -low rates of mortality -high rates of mortality -long life spans -short life spans -large litters -small litters

3

at least _____ people are required to form a coalition, and several different kinds of interactions are going on simultaneously. These interactions normally include: 1) an aggressor attacking a victim, 2) the victim soliciting support from an ally, and 3) the ally intervening on behalf of the victim against the aggressor.