ANTH Exam 2

Whereas "distal" refers to ends of bones farther from the body's center, ________ refers to bone ends closer to the body's center.

"proximal"

Radiocarbon dating is only good for ______ years.

45,000 years.

The authors suggest that Oscar Montelius would have benefited from:

A master stratigraphic sequence with a deep stratigraphic profile.

Which dating method was used to estimate the age of Homo erectus?

Argon-argon.

Which pathologies in prehistoric bones are easy to identify?

Breaks

Because they fuse at known rates, which bones help calibrate age?

Epiphyses

Ishi was unfortunately buried against his instructions after his death.

False

Palynology is the study of exceptionally old plants.

False

Analysis of long bone cross sections helped archaeologists determine that, overall, people living at Stillwater Marsh did not walk much, but women walked more than men.

False.

Clay pipes hold great potential as time-markers because they generally broke within a year or so of their manufacture.

False.

Functional types cannot reflect how objects were used in the past.

False.

Bone collagen is an inorganic component of bone.

False. Bone collagen is organic

The Holocene is the pre-Pleistocene geological epoch that began about 10,000 radiocarbon years ago.

False. Holocene is the post-Pleistocene

Hastorf and Johannessen found that wood has an important symbolic dimension in the Andes.

False. Wood was has an important ECONOMIC role

Determination of a skeleton's sex can be observed by the subpubic angle. The angle is wider in

Females.

When modern archaeologists expect to encounter human remains, they involve a bioarchaeologist

From day one.

To tabulate ________, you must count bone frequency by element to find the most abundant skeletal element.

MNI

While Nelson sought ________ types at San Cristobal, he could have looked at function or other purposes

Morphalogical

________ helps to reconstruct past environments through the analysis of ancient pollen and spores.

Palynology

Which of the following is NOT a trapped charge dating method?

Radiocarbon dating

The time of year that a site was used relies upon determination of ________ through faunal study.

Seasonally

Sometimes the specimen is so difficult to identify because of modification that it can only be assigned to:

Size classes.

A second essential step in faunal analysis identifies the specimen to the level of:

Taxon.

What happens to bones, stone tools, ceramics, beads and figurines after the fieldwork?

They become data.

Archaeologists call strata in widely separated sties that contain the same distinctive artifact forms.

Time markers.

Paleodemography reconstructs parameters such as life expectancy at birth, the age profile of a population, and patterns in the ages of death.

True

A pollen diagram shows the proportional shift in pollen frequencies between stratigraphic levels within a site.

True.

Alfred Kroeber brought in the Yahi native, Ishi, who inadvertently began teaching Dr. Pope and Kroeber about Indian bow technology and practice.

True.

Ancient hunting practices were inferred from a pattern in the faunal data at the Hudson-Meng site in Nebraska.

True.

Cost is a factor of how an archaeologist excavates and dates a site.

True.

Cost is a factor of how an archaeologist excavates and dates a site. True or False and why?

True.

Only after documenting temporal and spatial change in selected artifacts can we hope to reconstruct what people actually did in the past.

True.

The Agate Basin Site indicates that the Folsom hunters did not rely heavily on meat storage.

True.

Typologies must be objective and replicable.

True.

The index fossil concept is attributed to a British geologist named:

William "Strata" Smith.

A set of human burials that comes from a limited region and time period is:

a burial population.

Classifications are formulated with which of the following in mind?

a specific purpose for the classification

An example of an attribute would be

a vessel shape and size.

Early on in archaeological pursuits, which type of dating method was technologically unattainable?

absolute dating method

If they have not decayed with age, changes in the pubic symphysis can be an indicator of

age of the individual.

"The Battle of Bighorn took place on June 25, 1876." This is an example of:

an absolute date.

A collection of artifacts from one or several classes of materials that comes from a defined context is called

an assemblage.

Zooarchaeologists are specialists who focus on:

analysis of archaeological zoo sites.

Research with present day hunter-gatherers suggests that

ancient populations suffered high rates of infant mortality.

Subdivisions of culture areas are correctly called

archaeological cultures.

Although human bone is distinctive, archaeological skeletal remains

are often fragmented and weathered, making them difficult to identify.

James Ford referred to the shape of popularity curves to determine chronology as:

battleship.

The study of the human biological component evident in archaeology is:

bioarchaeology.

Hypothesis testing is only as robust as the "if...then" type of arguments called:

bridging.

Stillwater Marsh skeletons exhibited ________, an eye orbit surface manifestation symptomatic of iron deficiency.

cribra orbitalia

Optically stimulated luminescence is used to date ________ while Thermoluminescence is usually used to date ________.

eolian sands; ceramics

George Miller and Richard Burger relied upon ________ in Chavin de Huantar to get a sense of fauna exploited there.

ethnographic analogy

Terminus post quem (TPQ) refers to the date before which a stratum or feature must have been deposited or created. True false and why?

false. TPQ refers to the date AFTER.

The animal remains recovered from an archaeological site are referred to as:

faunal assemblage.

Evidence of pollen at Shanidar Cave (Iraq) is indicates that

flower heads thought to be "bouquets" of ritual significance may have been the result of rodents.

Analogies justified by similarities in the formal attributes of archaeological and ethnographic objects are:

formal analogies.

Analogies that rely on similarities in form are called

formal analogies.

At Stillwater Marsh, when human burials were excavated, the Native Americans were:

given genuine authority, respect, and power.

Middle level research aims to provide archaeology with the tools needed to

infer behavior from contemporary behaviors and events.

The sipapu "place of emergence" pit in ancient structures was interpreted through living Pueblo use of:

kivas.

In the 19th century, archaeology and archaeological sites were viewed as little more than:

mines in which to prospect artifacts.

Archaeologists learn to identify bone through classes in human anatomy and:

osteology.

Morphological types are descriptive and abstract groupings of individual artifacts that focus on

overall similarity rather than function or chronological significance.

The study of ancient disease patterns and disorders is:

paleopathology.

A space-time systematic is what the archaeologist uses to try and explain a

pattern.

With competing hypotheses accounting for the same body of facts, it remains that most hypotheses are:

reasonable.

Prior to 1950 most dates for archaeological work were:

relative dates.

Experiments designed to determine the archaeological correlates of ancient behavior are important because

science requires experimentation.

The first step in organizing materials from the field is to

simplify.

The study of how organisms become part of the fossil record is called

taphonomy.

By pursuing related shifts in lifeways, drawing from evidence from settlement patterns, demography, cultural ecology, social organization, and religion we can learn about complex issues related to

the ancient people who made and used them.

The geological and archaeological assertion that processes modifying the earth are the same as those of the geological past is known as:

the principle of uniformitarianism.

Conventional comparative anatomy classes are insufficient because:

they deal with whole bones rather than broken ones.

The Index fossil concept relied on the presence or absence of distinctive kinds of artifacts, but seriation

used changes in the frequencies of artifacts or styles.

Bones left by ancient hunters at a killsite or butchering site can be affected by:

weathering, butchering practices, and carnivore scavenging.

The index fossil concept allowed correlation of:

widely separated strata.