Anthro 1000 Review Sheet 2

unilineal evolution

-western europeans -southern europeans -eastern europeans -asians -savages of the americans -africans -Australian aboriginals

what are the three ways to use the boundary maintenance?

1. Neutral- I can tell- physical characteristics like gender or race 2. positive- the difference is good- makes it good and the potential for survival is higher 3. negative- I'm normal and human and if you aren't like me then you aren't- ethnocentric

what are the three reasons for the rise of anthropology at the end of the 19th century?

1. at the beginning of the 19th century there was a lot of optimism about our future. people believed that we would be able to eradicate diseases and issues with modern medicine 2.the colonized other- in order for colonial systems to work there needed to be order and systems and to have that you need to know the people you are trying to take over. you need to manipulate them. these were the first anthropologists 3. beginning in the 19th century there was the vanishing race- all inferior races were on their way out!

what two developments in the west helped to develop the "other" in the 19th century?

1. colonialism 2. manifest destiny

what are three contributions made by Franz boas which make him the father of the american anthropology?

1. he creates the first post graduate program in the united states 2. he said that you need to participate in a culture to learn about it . you can't just observe people, you need to be apart of it. 3. he rejected social darwinism

what are the two reasons as to why it is important to understand social darwinism?

1. it is the foundation of early anthropology 2. the ideas are still believed even though it lacks scientific evidence

what are the five elements of social darwinism used to construct the notion of race?

1. race= different species: a black man is inferior to a white man 2. multi-origins (polygenesis): oldest races are the inferior ones- they are the most inhuman 3.races are not equally human (unlined evolution) 4. justifies social, economic and political policies: it is ok to split people up by race- they're inferior- survival of the fittest 5. proven by science- some people still believe in this today

the origin of species

a book that darwin wrote that explained evolution

herbert spencer

a social darwinist that was not a scientist and twisted things for his own gain.

what is the connection between anthropology and the other?

prior to anthropology there was sociobiology and they studied the "superior" people. then anthropology came and they studied the "inferior" people, otherwise known as the other.

race

races are different species- we are all fundamentally different

us dichotomy

rational, religion, science, history, civilized

polygenesis

says that the older races are most inferior- multi-origins

in the 19th century what was the most important science for explaining the natural world?

biology

Franz Boas

german scientist who later became an anthropologist. he will be known as the farther of anthropology and will make many contributions

white mans burden

god has put a burden on the white man to go out and civilize all of the savages in the world- you must "save them"

other dichotomy

irrational, superstition, magic, legends, savages

what are some of the social, political and economic policies justified by social darwinism?

slavery, colonialism, vanishing races and segregations. the inferior races must die out

social darwinism

states that there are inferior and superior people.

phenotype

superficial physical characteristics

what does race imply?

that we are all fundamentally different

what do we mean when we say that the other is a social construction?

the character, culture and existence is a construction of the western culture

us/ other dichotomy

the difference between humans and the other

the vanishing race

the fact that all inferior races are on their way out. they can be viewed in the museums but there is no need for them in the world

scientific racism

the fact that social darwinism was proven by science- that was scientific racism that one species is superior to another

what is meant by the colonized other?

the other were either tamed, trained or eliminated. the white mans burden.

inuit

the people in the arctic that Boas was studying when he decided to be an anthropologist

boundary maintenance

the recognition of differences between people

survival of the fittest

the superior and stronger races will stay alive while the inferior ones will die out and be gone forever

what is the fossil other?

these are cultures that are dead. these cultures can no longer change or evolve. the irish, african, and aboriginals will always be inferior

fossil other

these are cultures that can no longer change and are essentially dead

essentialism

these are inherited, unchanging characteristics that determine behavior, temperament and level of intelligence

colonized other

these are the inferior people and when we colonize and take over their land the inferior people need to be tied, trained or eliminated

the other

those that are less than human- they are inferior

charles darwin

was a naturalist and "biologist"- he said that all life changes- evolution

minifest destiny

you are making gods destiny for you real. USA must bring civilization to the west and drive out the savages and wild beasts