Anthro 105 Sahady-WVU: Exam 2

Food production, as a subsistence pattern, developed about...

10,000 to 12,000 years ago

In order for an item to be cultural, it must be _______

Learned and commonly shared among individuals

Tribal societies generally consisted of autonomous bands capable of independently sustaining themselves, who joined together for what purposes?

Defense and communal gatherings such as a feast or hunt

________ is credited with providing us with the first, detailed definition of culture, "...that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

E.B. Tylor

Horticultural groups engaged in what type of subsistence economy?

Farming using human labor and simple tools

Like band societies, tribal societies...

Have no political organizations

In which of the following ways is a "big men" most likely to gain the allegiance of followers?

demonstrate sacred knowledge

The process in which an organism adjusts successfully to a specific environment is called______

adaptation

The principal benefit of plant cultivation for human populations is that it...

allows more food to be obtained from a given piece of land, thus supporting a larger human population

Characteristics of a civilization include all of the following except?

an egalitarian form of government

Among the Yanomamo, the village headman leads...

by example and persuasion rather than by coercion

Over time the transition from foraging to food production...

caused mortality to decline, populations to increase in size, and life expectancy to increase

To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the concept of________

cultural relativism

The process whereby a person learns their culture is called_______

enculturation

Agricultural production, and the ability to store surplus food, led to the eventual appearance of...

full-time craft specialization

A society ________

generally refers to a particular group of people living and interacting within a definite territory

The phrase "original affluent society" refers to...

the notion that hunter-gatherers spend less time acquiring their food than does an agricultural society

It would be fair to say that, in a multicultural society such as exists in the United States...

there are conflicting systems of norms and values

Since acquiring natural food resources influences the type of marriage patterns found in foraging groups, the primary form of marriage was...

polygamy

Ethnocentrism is a...

practice of judging another society by the values and standards of one's own society

One of the chief advantages of slash-and-burn cultivation is that it...

produces food without complex technology

Hunting and gathering societies will sometimes resort to infanticide in order to...

reduce the effects of anticipated food shortages

Anthropologists use the term "pastoralists" to refer to peoples who...

rely primarily on herd animals, such as caribou, cattle, sheep or goats

Most anthropologists have come to agree that human behavior _________

results from a combination of biology and culture

The main characteristic shared by all hunting and gathering societies, past and present, is_____

mobility

political systems with centralized bureaucratic institutions that establish power and authority over large populations in a specific territory are known as______

states

Negative reciprocity most likely occurs between...

strangers and enemies

Since band societies are egalitarian, the leaders of bands...

must lead by personal influence and persuasion rather than coercion

A typical _____ consists of two parents and their immediate biological offspring or adopted children

nuclear family

The two basic elements of social organization for foraging groups are the...

nuclear family and band

Property rights in band type societies...

simply do not exist since these types of societies are always on the move looking for a new place to live

societies with differences in wealth and status

social stratification

The political structures of chiefdoms differ from those of tribes because in a chiefdom

the central leadership position is inherited, or passed down within a single ruling family

A way of life shared by a group of human beings - including their language, beliefs, and things they make and use - is referred to by anthropologists as their ________

Culture

There are many definitions of culture, however there are a number of aspects that are common to most definitions. These include all of the following except_______________

Culture is biologically inherited

Monogamy is a marriage unit made up of a man and one wife. It is most closely associate with what type of subsistence pattern?

Agricultural states

Symbols...

Are arbitrary meaningful units we use to represent reality

Social inequality is exemplified in the ______ system of India. These social units are locked groupings into which a person is born and dies.

Caste system

Social mobility is exemplified in the _______ system of United States. These social units are fluid and individuals can move up and/or down in the system.

Class system

When an anthropologist conducts fieldwork by going to live and participate in the daily activities of some native group, they are using what anthropological technique?

Participant observation

An example of ethnocentrism would be the belief that...

Societies that practice polygamy are evil

Conflict resolution in forager societies...

is based on informal sanctions because there are generally no formal government institutions or political authority available

It has been suggested that the status of women in bands and tribal societies...

is related to how much they contribute to the subsistence activities of the group

Compared with hunting and gathering band-level societies, tribal societies are...

larger with fairly well defined territories, but otherwise quite similar to band-level groups

Clearly defined norms of a society that, when violated, provide punishment through the application of formal sanctions by ruling authority are called______

laws

Leaders of band societies...

lead by persuasion, example and personal influence

The initial transition from foraging to food production...

leads to higher mortality rates, poorer sanitation, and decreased life expectancies

While studying the Yanomamo, Napoleon chagnon found that soil depletion was not the only reason that these peoples moved their garden plots. His research found that...

major population movements of the Yanomamo were due to warfare and conflict with neighbors

Most of the diet of the inuit comes from...

meat from hunting

What form of reciprocity would you expect to be the LEAST common among the Inuit?

negative reciprocity