Anthro, Anthro, Anthro, Anthro 8, anthro 7, Anthro 6, Anthro 6, Anthro 4, Anthro 3, Anthro 2, Anthropology 1, Anthropology Final

what are the three main methods of cultural evolution or change?

1) innovation 2) invention 3) diffusion

Financial globalization began in the ___ Though it was interrupted by two world wars, it has accelerated over the last 70 years. Many transnational corporations have set up shop in countries with low hourly wages and/or lax environmental regulations. And they have accumulated vast amounts of capital assets in the process. For example, if Walmart were a nation-state, it would have the world's 24th largest economy.

1870s

Breastfeeding was universal in the United States until baby formula was developed when?

1950s

We can begin to trace anthropological study of the spread of cultural attributes from one society to another to the early ___ century diffusionist such as ___ and his students

20th cent. , Franz Boas

being subjected to alien cultural influences

A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are

they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

the layout of the factory in which they are built

A commodity chain analysis applied to motorcars would be interested in all of the following except

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence development programs from within

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

the reduction or elimination or tariffs to promote trade

A key feature of financial globalization is

true

A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.

A visual representation of family relationships is called a

A kinship chart

all of the above

A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork (where):

Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a

A savage and bloodthirsty society

it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except

A WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY IS IMPORTANT FOR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING REASONS EXCEPT

A. it is useful for analyzing postcolonial conditions B. it highlights resistance at the periphery C. it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology D. it explains how and why global capitalism has disrupted so many societies Answer is C

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as...

A: Advocated of poor and marginalized people

Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication...

A: Mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is...

A: The first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence development programs from within

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that...

A: They explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity

Financial globalization has allowed for...

A: corporations to move factories from one country to another

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called

Action anthropology

A key way that objects are used to manipulate people comes through which of the following?

Advertising

A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"?

Alcoholism

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called

Archaeology

World systems theory helped anthropologists...

B: Better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world

The process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as...

B: Cultural imperialism

Hybridization is about...

B: Cultural mixing

If a developmental anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably have to emphasize the...

B: Overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

Some social networks are so spatially disbursed that migrants participate in a community that spans multiple countries, referred to as...

B: Transitional community

Globalization is the...

B: Widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries

COCA-GLOBALIZATION: FOLLOWING SOFT DRINKS FROM NEW YORK TO NEW GUINEA

BY ROBERT J FOSTER

Anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?

Baseball

JAMES FERGUSON, WHO IS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST OF DEVELOPMENT, ARGUES THAT DEVELOPMENT EXISTS

C. to expand state power

___ are people who are expelled by authorities of their own home countries.

C: Exiles

Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by...

C: Interconnections between societies

Often, anthropologists use the term _____________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.

C: Transnational

Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and

Cognatic

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called _________________ and was a driving force in anthropology.

Colonialism

If the world is not becoming homogenized,what is actually happening? Anthropologists remain divided on this question, but two to consider are:

Cultural convergence Hybridization

includes research and planning aimed at identifying, interpreting, and protecting sites and artifacts of historic or prehistoric significance.

Cultural resource management

THE PROCESS OF PROMOTING ONE CULTURE OVER OTHERS, THROUGH FORMAL POLICY OR LESS FORMAL MEANS, IS REFERRED TO AS

D. cultural imperialism

A KEY FEATURE OF FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION IS

D. the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnograpy?

D: Comparative

___ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries.

D: Migrants

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists...

D: To expand state power

One way that Anthropologists help local communities and cultures as well as organizations and corporations who are trying to settle into a different location is through

Development anthropology Anthropology of development

Who was responsible for the theory of social evolutionism?

E.B Taylor

diffusionists

Early twentieth-century Boasian anthropologists who held that cultural characteristics result from either internal historical dynamism or a spread (diffusion) of cultural attributes from other societies

The so-called cannibal forks of the Fijians were of great interest to collectors in England because

English collectors interpreted Fijians a savages and wanted examples of their savagery for the collections they displayed in their homes

in the 1950s, ____ ____ suggested that non-western societies could not be understood without the reference to their place within a global capitalist system

Eric wolf

Cultural Convergence Theories (1983) suggest that local traditions are gradually fading as Western ideas replace those in non-Western communities. Another version of the theory is called "McDonaldization" Yet another version of the theory is called "Coca-Colonization" To whom is this theory attributed to?

Ernest Gellner

Cultural convergence theories:

Ernest Gellner, McDonaldization, and Coca-colonization

Bronislaw Malinowski developed the __________ method, which requires the researcher to live with people for years in order to develop the "native's point of view."

Ethnographic

__________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations

Evolution

T/F Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally practiced in the same way for all humans

False

T/F Anthropologists believe that the "native point of view" is better than their own.

False

T/F Anthropologists care about how objects are created but not really how they are destroyed.

False

T/F Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.

False

T/F Anthropologists use just three methods—interviews, fieldnotes, and participant observation.

False

T/F Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.

False

T/F Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.

False

T/F For early anthropologists, primitive religions were based on a fundamental error in thinking.

False

T/F Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.

False

T/F In the Kula and Sagali exchanges the prestige lies in receiving items such as armbands and skirts, not in giving them

False

T/F Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries

False

T/F Most anthropologists see the consumption of an object or commodity as an antisocial act.

False

T/F Most mammals use some form of call system to communicate with others of their species. Dogs and chimpanzees share an additional linguistic characteristic because they can communicate simple combinations of ideas about things they are not currently seeing.

False

T/F Sex is a simple product of nature and biology.

False

T/F Studies have shown that marriage is mostly about sex.

False

T/F The central point of the concept of spheres of exchange is to make a distinction between general- and limited-purpose money.

False

T/F? Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank.

False

T/F? Globalization is so exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before.

False

T/F? People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.

False

The circulation of clothing globally assists clothing manufacturers in developing countries, such as Zambia.

False

The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called

Functionalism

What is an example of Development Anthropology?

Gerald Murray worked to reduce deforestation in Haiti in the 1970s and 1980s.

true

Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics

false

Globalization is exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before.

_________ are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect his or her private observations, which can also be useful data.

Headnotes

On the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader name Barjani was remembered through which object?

His hat

the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, they would probably emphasize

the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials from different countries

In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on

Many anthropologists are wary about traditions because while they may feel ancient to some people, they are often

Invented

ANTHROPOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT CONT Anthropologist ____ ____ points to developing agencies as not knowing the cause of some of the conditions they are trying to fix. For example, instead of trying to introduce modern capitalism into a society who already use that system, understand that the reason they are impoverished is because their work is being exploited. Introducing new methods to getting their product to market isn't going to solve the fact that there are socioeconomic inequalities and subordination.

James Ferguson

Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?

Jews, Italians, and Finns

The early anthropologist who wrote the book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies and was the first to distinguish between biological sex and gender roles was

Margaret Mead

what are some convergence theories?

McDonaldization, Coca-colonization

Ethnocentrism

Means you think your culture is superior to other culture

Another key feature of the changing scale of globalization is the mobility of people.

Migrants Immigrants Refugees Exiles

An anthropologist who studies how societies control sexuality would likely be most interested in the following situations

Obstacles in access to birth control

global Integration creates an opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

Ferdinand de Saussure made a distinction between the formal rules of language (langue) and the ways people speak it (

Parole

on their own terms

People around the world often think of development as undermining self -determination but will often accept it when it is_______________

___________ assumes ethnicity is largely a natural phenomenon, based on biological, linguistic, and geographical ties to those with whom individuals have obvious similarities of appearance, geography, language, or socioeconomic context.

Primordialism

Coca-colonization

Process by which products and customs associated with Western-European culture and introduced into indigenous groups, challenging, altering, or displacing traditional culture; creates cultural imperialism

WHAT ARE THE OUTCOMES OF GLOBAL INTEGRATION?

Promoters of globalization emphasize the "winners" of this interconnectedness (unprecedented prosperity, economic growth).Opponents emphasize the "losers" (poverty, widening gap between rich and poor). An anthropological analysis of globalization must explore cultural nuances of global interconnections: inequality, confrontation, domination, accommodation, and resistance.

the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be

Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study

Qualitative

Europe and the People Without History (1984) challenged popular stereotypes of indigenous people as isolated, passive "victims of progress" (Bodley, 1999). Who is this work attributed to>

Reic Wolf

What are some limitations to the Cultural Convergence Theories?

Shared foods, entertainment, and clothing do not necessarily mean that humans are culturally homogenous in other aspects. As such, one major limitation of convergence theories is that they equate material goods with cultural and personal identity

Anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested that shopping for and consuming objects are fundamentally as much acts as they are economic acts.

Social

Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?

Surnames

false

The authors think that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more.

Anthropologists who look at the negative aspects of development are

The correct answer was: a. anthropologists of development.

Immigrants are people who

The correct answer was: a. leave their country with no expectation of returning.

A commodity chain is

The correct answer was: a. linked elements that contribute to the manufacture of an object.

Franco moved to the United States three years ago owing to conflict in his home country. He is a(n)

The correct answer was: a. refugee.

Transnationalism and globalization are

The correct answer was: a. synonyms.

Exiles are people who

The correct answer was: b. are expelled by the authorities of their home country.

U.S. president Harry Truman defined the world in what binary?

The correct answer was: b. developed-underdeveloped.

The idea that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another is

The correct answer was: b. diffusionism.

Wanjira was an outspoken poet who had to leave her home country after publishing a dissenting play about the government. She is a(n)

The correct answer was: b. exile.

The reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade began in the 1880s and was the beginning of

The correct answer was: b. financial globalization.

By watching TV and consuming spaghetti noodles, people are participating in

The correct answer was: b. globalization.

Eric Wolf rejected the idea that

The correct answer was: b. people in the periphery were passive.

World systems theory posits

The correct answer was: b. rejection of the idea that global interconnections are anything new, identifying the late fifteenth century as the beginning of a new capitalist world order that connected different parts of the globe in new ways.

The expansion of capital accumulation and European colonialism had what affect on societies of that time?

The correct answer was: c. It disrupted them..

Localization is

The correct answer was: c. a phenomenon whereby greater global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves.

The theory of the clash of civilization

The correct answer was: c. argues that cultural differences have not disappeared and are dividing the world into civilizations in perpetual cultural tension with each other.

Hybridization theory emphasizes

The correct answer was: c. border crossing.

Frank and Wallerstein developed a theory that distinguishes between which types of countries?

The correct answer was: c. center and periphery.

Karen Tranberg Hansen studied the sale of what in sub-Saharan Africa?

The correct answer was: c. clothing.

Migrants are people who

The correct answer was: c. leave their home to work for a time in other regions or countries.

Strikes, protests, and spirit possession are examples of

The correct answer was: c. resistance.

Development is

The correct answer was: d. a set of institutions ostensibly aimed at alleviating problems.

When influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations, this is called

The correct answer was: d. cultural imperialism.

The expansion of capitalist markets is a feature of

The correct answer was: d. development.

Paula moved to New York City from Poland twenty years ago when she married her husband. She is planning on retiring in the Seychelles next year. She is a(n)

The correct answer was: d. immigrant.

The flip side of globalization is

The correct answer was: d. localization.

Refugees are people who

The correct answer was: d. migrate because of political oppression or war.

Cultural convergence theory

The correct answer was: d. posits that as globalization spreads cultural diversity will decline and local distinctions will gradually fade.

An anthropologist who is studying how a former British colony looks at the way unequal power relations are shaped because of imperialism is which type of scholar?

The correct answer was: d. postcolonial.

Globalization is

The correct answer was: d. the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.

Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as

The interpretive approach

accumulate prestige

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to

cultural imperialism

The promotion of one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, like the spread of technology and material culture.

localization

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of

it highlights how people impose local meanings on objects

The research that anthropologist Karen Tranberg Hansen has done on secondhand clothing in Zambia is interesting because

When anthropologist Robert Welsch had a very high fever from malaria in Papua New Guinea, why did the Ningerum villagers want to take him to the health center many miles away?

They did not want to be suspected of bewitching him with sorcery

Often, anthropologists use the term " " rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.

Transnational

Financial globalization began in the 1870s. Though it was interrupted by two world wars, it has accelerated over the last 70 years. Many transnational corporations have set up shop in countries with low hourly wages and/or lax environmental regulations. They have accumulated vast amounts of capital assets in the process. For example, if Walmart were a nation-state, it would have the world's 24th largest economy.

True

Some anthropologists avoid the term "globalization" in favor of "transnational," which refers to relationships that extend beyond nation-state boundaries without assuming they cover the whole world.

True

T/F Beliefs get most of their power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other religious behaviors.

True

T/F Judaism, Christianity, and Islam became state religions, whose religious message and ritual supported the government of the state.

True

T/F Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.

True

T/F Racialization has identified different markers of racial identity in Latin America than in the United States.

True

T/F Repatriation is the act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged.

True

T/F Secular rituals that celebrate the state or nation, particular occupations, or other identities may achieve many of the same ends as religious rituals

True

T/F The prophet Mohammad had a Christian wife.

True

T/F There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly.

True

T/F? A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.

True

T/F? Localization is the flip side of globalization.

True

The process of globalization affects us all, especially anthropologists who seek to understand the differences and similarities between human groups and cultures.

True

Today, most migrants stay within the same major region of the world in which they are born.

True

Contemporary international development is promoted by the

United Nations, government aid agencies, lending agencies, and nongovernmental organizations.

comparative

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?

it explains why conflict is growing in the world

Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?

better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world

World systems theory helped anthropologists

a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism

World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?

invention

a combination of existing cultural elements into something new. New art forms or new theories may be considered inventions.

An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in a study of

a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located

Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are

a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female

An anthropologist who studies unearned privilege would be most interested in which of the following?

a situation in which an upper-class man gets accepted at an Ivy League university because his father and grandfather went there

innovation

a variation on an existing cultural pattern that is accepted or learned by members of a society. Most innovations are modifications of already existing habits of behavior or thoughts. An innovation may arise unintentionally or through deliberate experimentation

relative deprivation

a view of social change and movements, according to which people take action for social change in order to acquire something (for example, opportunities, status, or wealth); ex.- joining the movement for gay marriage in order to acquire the right to marry

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to

accumulate prestige

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to:

accumulate prestige

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to: imitate European consumers steal and resell secondhand clothes accumulate prestige all of the above

accumulate prestige

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

advocates of poor and marginalized people

A synonym for hybridization is: syncretism friction creolization all of the above

all of the above

The major goal of "development" is: improving health expanding capitalist markets alleviating poverty all of the above

all of the above

A synonym for hybridization is:

all of the above syncretism friction creolization

A synonym for hybridization is:

all the above

The major goal of "development" is:

all the above

"clash of civilizations" theory

alternative to convergence theories; argues that consciousness of culture is growing and people come together because of cultural similarities; conflict is not primarily ideological or economic, but rather cultural in character.

multisited ethnography

an ethnographic research strategy of following connections, associations, and putative relationships from place to place; seeks to track cultural themes as they express themselves in distinct places/settings that are typically connected in some way; useful in studying transnational phenomena like environmentalism, the media, extensive religious societies, spread of tech

what are the two distinct anthropological approaches to development?

anthropology of development and development anthropology

Migrants

are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries.

Advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their

attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved

A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are

being subjected to alien cultural influences

A key illustration of a ________ __________ on male and female differences is how anthropologists are rethinking sexual dimorphism among the human species.

biocultural perspective

Today, most migrants stay within the same major region of the world in which they are ___

born

what is a problem with the world systems theory?

capitalist expansion actually did meet opposition by the periphery peoples

Innovations like ____, _____, _____ allow rapid and frequent communication between any two parts of the world.

cell phones, the Internet, and e-mail

Globalization illustrates how people ____ their cultures because of their connections with other ____

change, groups

A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a

cognatic clan

People's fascination with having the newest Nike shoes or iPhone is an example of which of the following anthropological concepts?

commodity fetish

When objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called

commodity fetishism

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?

comparative

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography? analytical comparative genealogical rooted local

comparative

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multisited ethnography?

comparative

the methodology of multi-sited ethnography

comparative

world systems theory: Andre Frank and Wallerstein According to this theory, the world is divided between a dominant "___" and a dependent "______." Core nations develop their economies at the expense of ______ nations. The role of the periphery is to provide ___ AND ___ ___ for the ____ consumption, resulting in the periphery's poverty, underdevelopment, and dependency on the core.

core and periphery periphery labor and raw materials for the cores consumption

Most families function as groups of real people who work together toward common ends. Such family groups are referred to as

corporate group

As such, one major limitation of convergence theories is that they equate material goods with

cultural and personal identity.

An anthropologist who studies the new ways in which class identities are combined with racial and ethnic identities, such as the idea that WASP signifies white or Jew signifies middle class, takes what type of approach?

cultural constructivist

__________________ (two words) occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.

cultural imperialism

hybridization emphasizes a world based on c

cultural mixing, border crossing, and persistent cultural diversity.

what are some arguments against the hybridization theory?

culture-mixing is a supernatural phenomenon; it ignores the fact that boundaries have not disappeared; ignores real political/economic power/inequalities

The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it

demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power

People around the world often think of _______ as undermining self-determination but will often accept it when it is on their own terms.

development

why is defining globalization a challenge?

different academic disciplines define globalization differently, difficult to tell whether it's a process, system, or goal

What is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologist's perspective?

doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspectives

When people consume films cross-culturally, they

embed local concerns and interpretations into the storytelling

Globalization: Interconnections should not imply that everyone is an ____ participant in the process of globalization. Unfortunately, the word "globalization," with its emphasis on globe, exaggerates the span of ___ and ___ interconnections.

equal, financial and social

_________________ are people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.

exiles

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists:

expand state power

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists: to alleviate poverty to improve working conditions for farmers expand state power all of the above

expand state power

until the 1980s, mainstream anthropology was locally focused on research. in ___-to____ ____ settings

face to face village

People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.

false

The circulation of clothing globally assists clothing manufacturers in develolping countries, such as Zambia.

false

When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.

false

the circulation of clothing globally assists clothing manufacturers in developing countries, such as Zambia.

false

Anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females, and those who do not fit either category as

gender/sex systems

The __________ ________ refers to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females, and those who do not fit either category.

gender/sex systems

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves.

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that _____

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves.

According to anthropologists, ____________ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.

globalization

Many arguments over ________ are about winners and losers, but anthropologists are just as interested in cultural nuances such as inequality, confrontation, domination, and resistance.

globalization

When anthropologists go into the field, they

go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered

Ernest Gellner suggest that local traditions are

gradually fading as Western ideas replace those in non-Western communities.

Anthropologist Ashraf Ghani's successes as a finance minister and presidential candidate in Afghanistan can be attributed to what?

his attentiveness to local social norms and priorities

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?

history

If anthropologist Daniel Miller were studying the production of a commercial product like blue jeans, he would likely want to understand:

how blue jeans create images of social status and position within a community

A visual anthropology perspective is applicable to all of the following except

how ppl need to work to buy things

Just as in the days of colonialism, technologically advanced capitalist countries are the model for ___ social and economic development.

ideal

Cultural ________ occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.

imperialism

The major goal of "development" is:

improving health expanding capitalist markets alleviating poverty all of the above

The major goal of 'development' is

improving healthexpanding capitalist marketsalleviating poverty all of the above

A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork

in a government hearing on immigration policy by traveling with migrants as they cross borders in the Southwest by interviewing border officials

As globalization has increased pace, anthropologists now realize that too narrow a focus gives an ______ understanding of peoples' lives and the underlying causes of cultural differences.

incomplete

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

integrated

Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?

it explains why conflict is growing in the world.

What is the combined effect of having surnames that are inherited from a child's father and having a woman take her husband's surname at the time of marriage?

it is easier for the family to forget the surnames of women after several generations

For a society to have a separate occupational category of artist, it needs to have which of the following characteristics?

it must have a considerable degree of social stratification and lots of different kinds of occupational categories

The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to

language death

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

linguistic anthropology

Development Anthropology: Development anthropologists guide development projects in ways that are beneficial for ___ _____, in addition to the plans of ____ agencies. For example, Gerald Murray worked to reduce deforestation in Haiti in the 1970s and 1980s. Murray bridged the gap between the goals of the planners and those of the farmers, suggesting efficient, mutually beneficial solutions. Think of development anthropologists as advocates for the people who often work with agencies like USAID to better the lives of local populations.

local people, outside

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of __________________.

localization

Eric wolf says that

long distance trade and cultural interaction was around long before European colonialism.

who do development anthropologists see themselves as advocating for?

marginalized people (poor, small farmers, women, etc.)

A culture of is a term that refers to the cultural perspectives and social processes that shape and are shaped by how goods and services are bought, sold, and used in contemporary capitalism.

mass consumption

A culture of _____________ is a term that refers to the cultural perspectives and social processes that shape and are shaped by how goods and services are bought, sold, and used in contemporary capitalism.

mass consumption

Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication

mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world

What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?

medical anthropology

Another key feature of the changing scale of globalization is the ___ ___ ____ Looking at the past, these maps show that migration out of Europe was popular and usually for economic reasons and colonialism. Post World War 2 saw a reversal and instead of heading out of Europe people headed back to Europe.

mobility of people such as migrants, immigrants, refuges, and exiles

Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?

most young married men were serving in the military

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as

natural selection

If you wanted to study ongoing racialization processes in the United States, you would most likely focus on

new patterns in which people are dropping ethnic identification in favor of whiteness

world culture

norms and values that extend across national boundaries

While use of these technologies is taken for granted in the United States, only ___ in _____ people in sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) has computer access. ___ and ____ play a large role in a person's ability to participate in global communication.

one in 5,000 Wealth and poverty

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize the

overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

exiles

people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries

immigrants

people who enter a foreign country with no expectation of ever returning to their home country

migrants

people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

refugees

people who migrate because of political oppression or war, usually with legal permission to stay in a different country

hybridization

persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction or end-point; also called syncretism and creolization

A common element among fundamentalists is a

pervasive sense of belonging to their group

Leni Riefenstahl's 1935 film Triumph of the Will celebrated and glorified the Nazi regime with footage of actual rallies and conventions. Although every frame of this film was authentic and nothing in it was staged, many people describe it as a film because of the way it manipulated the footage to glorify Hitler and the Nazis.

propaganda

transnational

relationships that extend beyond nation-state boundaries without assuming they cover the whole world

A biocultural perspective on gender variance would emphasize all of the following except the

relative allocation of sex-specific hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, that influence whether a person is male or female

Which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order?

religious practices and beliefs

Anthropologists study ____________________, ranging from open rebellion to subtle forms of protest and opposition. Some forms of resistance are so subtle that they might not be recognized by outsiders. For example, females in a Malaysian factory protested working conditions via spirit possession, making them violent, loud, and disruptive. Examples like this interest anthropologists because they show how people interpret and challenge global processes through local cultural idioms and beliefs.

resistance by groups on the periphery

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

responsibilities toward the host country and the people being studied

periphery (world systems theory)

rest of the world besides home countries; provide labor and materials for core's conumption

Until the early 1900s, anthropologists believed that their role was to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble indigenously-made objects because those lifeways would soon disappear—an approach referred to as the

salvage paradigm

A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in:

social behavior and social action

ANTHROPOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT: Some anthropologists support the work of development anthropology by exploring what kinds of __________________________ Others challenge that development inevitably causes harm by giving more control to outsiders, worsening social inequality, and perpetuating the ethnocentric and paternalistic attitudes of the colonial era. this group works more toward the benefit on the ____

social conditions might help projects succeed project

The "natural" order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by

social institutions

A synonym for hybridization is

syncretism, friction, creolization

Which of the following explanations of political relationships among the !Kung would be least likely to come from a traditional political anthropologist?

the !Kung have to navigate complex politics as ethnic minorities in states that don't want them

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that they explain

the apparent decline of cultural diversity

development anthropology

the application of anthropological knowledge and research methods to the practical aspects of shaping and implementing development projects; branch of applied anthropology; started because planners did not take local cultures into consideration

Which of the following is an ethnocentric reaction to African art?

the craftsmanship is poor because Africans have no artistic skill

localization

the creation and assertion of highly particular, often place-based, identities and communities; side effect of globalization; creates opportunities for local cultures to express themselves more vividly

Cross-dressing rebel soldiers in Liberia is an excellent illustration of what?

the fact that gender identities are rooted in local concepts and practices

The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following?

the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives

anthropology of development

the field of study within anthropology concerned with understanding the cultural conditions for proper development, or, alternatively, the negative impacts of development projects

postcolonialism

the field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism

If you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use?

the genealogical method

core (world systems theory)

the home countries; win by exploiting periphery

The exercise of political power in state and nonstate societies is different in all of the following respects except

the importance of personal connections

A commodity chain analysis applied to motorcars would be interested in all of the following except

the layout of the factory in which they are built.

commodity chain

the linked elements--labor, capital, raw materials, etc.--that contribute to the manufacture of a commodity

Promoters of globalization highlight what?

the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be

An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as

the natural abilities of more civilized people to control less civilized people

disaster capitalism

the practice (by a government, regime, etc) of taking advantage of a major disaster to adopt liberal economic policies that the population would be less likely to accept under normal circumstances; ex.- 9/11 and resulting increased security measures

McDonaldization

the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant (efficiency, calculability, predictability, technology over human labor) are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world

Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?

the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different

diffusion

the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another. The cultural element is out of the context in which it was first developed. A diffused cultural trait may be readily accepted and altered to fit within the new culture. Or there may be conflict within or between cultures over newly diffused traits. This often happens when the traits are forced upon other cultures.

world systems theory

the theory that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market and global division of labor, dividing the world between a dominant "core" and a dependent "periphery"; rejects theory that global interconnections are new

In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on

the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials from different countries

In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on

the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials.

globalization

the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries; includes interactions in areas like communication, migration, and finances

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists

to expand state power

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

traditions

Often, anthropologists use the term ________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.

transnational

Often, anthropologists use the term _____________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.

transnational

Some anthropologists avoid the term "globalization" in favor of "________l," which refers to relationships that extend beyond nation-state boundaries without assuming they cover the whole world.

transnational

A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.

true

Eric Wolf usefully argued that people on the periphery shaped global capitalist systems but that they are often ignored by elites who write their histories.

true

Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.

true

The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.

true

Colonial governments referred to their duty to bring civilization to the "____" parts of the world

uncivilized

in 1949, president harry Truman sought to help the ________ world. it seemed natural that everyone would want to be ____

underdeveloped developed

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

the process of globalization affects ___ ___ especially anthropologists who seek to understand the ____ and ____ between human groups and culture

us all, differences and similarities