Anthro Exam 8
The word idaltu comes from the Afar language meaning ______.
"elder"
Through gene flow and natural selections, according to the multi regional hypothesis, local populations would not have evolved totally independently from on another and such mixing would have :
"prevented speciation between the regional lineages and thus maintained human beings as a single, although obviously polytypic species throughout the pleistocene.
The adult cranium from Herto is very large with a extremely long cranial vault. The cranial capacity is _______, well within the range of contemporary H. sapiens populations.
1,450 cm
Regional continuity (multiregional evolution) : how could anatomically modern humans arise separately in different continents and end up so much alike? Multi regional models answers this question by :
1. denying that the earliest modern H .sapiens populations originated exclusively in Africa. 2. asserting that significant levels of gene flow(migration) between various geographically dispersed premodern populations were extremely likely throughout the pleistocene.
It now seems very likely that early modern humans appeared in East Africa by shortly after 200,000 ya and had migrated to southern africa by _______.
100,000 ya
Qafzeh (israel)
110,000 H. sapiens sapiens Large sample (at least 20 individuals); definitely modern, but some individuals fairly robust. early date.
Skhul (israel)
115,000 H, sapiens sapiens minimum of 10 individuals. like Qafzeh modern morphology, but slightly earlier date. *earliest modern humans known outside of Africa*
How early do the premodern populations (neanderthals) appear in the Near East?
120,000 ya.
Well controlled radiometric dating securely places the Herto remains between _______ and ________ ya. making these the _______________.
160,000 and 154,000 best-dated hominin fossils from this time period from anywhere in the world.
Omo Kibish (Ethiopia)
195,000 ya. the oldest modern human found anywhere. two crania found. The first crania more modern than the second.
Wurm in Eurasia:
20,000 ya climatic pulse caused the weather to become noticeably colder in Europe and Asiaas the continental glaciation reached their maximum extent for this entire glacial period.
The complete replacement model proposes that anatomically modern populations arose in Africa within the last _______ years and then migrated from Africa completely ____________.
200,000 replacing populations in Europe and Asia
In Africa, several early (around ______ to________ ) fossils have been interpreted as fully anatomically modern forms.
200,000 to 100,000 ya.
Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal)
24,500 ya childs skeleton. some suggestion of possible hybrid between neanderthal and modern human (but is controversial).
By _______ ya modern humans had dispersed to all major areas of the old world.
25,000
Cro-Magnon (France)
30,000 ya H. sapiens sapiens most famous early modern human find in the world; earliest evidence of modern humans in France.
The TIanyuan fossils is accurately dated by radiocarbon at close to _______ ya.
40,000
Niah Cave (Borneo, Indonesia)
45,000 - 40,000 ya. H. sapiens sapiens. partial skull modern in morphology. Oldest modern human find in all of Asia.
At blombos Cave, remarkable bone tools, beads, and decorated ocher fragments are all dated to _______ ya.
73,000
At the Cro-Magnon site, the remains of ___individuals were discovered in 1868.
8
The complete replacement model doesn't account for a transition from premodern forms to modern H. Sapiens anywhere in the world except _______.
Africa
Findings from Herto strongly support an _________.
African origin of modern humans.
Early accomplishments in rock art are seen in southern Africa at the ________ rock shelter site where painted slabs have been identified dating to between 28,000 and 26,000 ya.
Apollo 11
Radiocarbon dating has placed the dating of Grotte Chauvet paintings during the ________ period likely more than 35,000 ya. making them considerably earlier than Magdalenian sites of Lascaux and Altamira.
Aurignancian
The Cro-Magnon materials are associated with the ______ tool assemblage.
Aurignancian
Who was the complete replacement model developed by?
British paleoanthropologist Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews. (1988)
Upper paleolithic cultures are usually divided into 5 industries based on stone tool culture:
Chanelperronian, Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian.
Who studied the remains from Abrigo do Lagar Velho?
Cidalia Duarte and Erik Trinkaus.
Western Europe has yielded many anatomically modern human fossils, but by far the best known sample of western European H. sapienss is from the _______ site, a rock shelter in southern France's anatomically modern humans.
Cro-Magnon
Dated to about 28,000 ya the __________ represent the earliest of Frances anatomically modern humans.
Cro-Magnon individuals
The first documented use of ceramic technology anywhere is found at __________.
Czech Republic, Dolni Vestonice and Predmosti (27,000 to 26,000ya).
Pinnacle Point
Dated to 165,000 ya this site provides the earliest evidence form anywhere of these behaviors thought by many as characteristic of modern humans.
Cave art is now known from more than 150 sites, the vast majority coming from southwestern _______ and northern ________.
France Spain
________ , of Loyola University, also favors an African origin of modern humans; but his assimilation model hypothesizes that in some regions, ___________.
Fred Smith more interbreeding took place.
In Lascaux Cave immense wild bulls dominate whats called ________; and horses, deer, and other animals drawn with remarkable skill adorn the walls in black, red, and yellow.
Great Hall of Bulls
_________, of the university of Hamburg, suggest the very little interbreeding occurred- a view supported more recently by John Reslethford in what he describes as "mostly out of Africa".
Gunter Brauer
Under the multi regional model, there are no taxonomy distinctions between modern and premodern hominins. That is all hominins following H. erectus are classified as a single species:
H. sapiens.
Which fossils are the most conclusive evidence yet indicating an African origin of modern humans?
Herto
The overall impression of the Herto remains is that the individual is clearly ________ as is the child, aged ___ to ___ years, and the other incomplete adult cranium.
Homo Sapiens 6 to 7
Many researchers have placed hominins from Flores into a separate species _________.
Homo floresiensis
To distinguish the Herto fossils from fully modern humans the researchers have placed them in a newly defined subspecies :
Homo sapiens idaltu
In _______, researchers found early modern H. sapiens fossils, including remains of at least 10 individuals, in the Skhul Cave at Mt. Carmel.
Israel
Excavations from the _______ area of the eastern portion of the Democratic Republic of Congo have shown remarkable development of bone craftwork, dating back to 80,000ya.
Katanda
The most spectacular and most famous of cave art sites are :
Lascaux and Grotte Chauvet (in France) adné Altamira (in Spain).
The fossils from these chinese sites are fully modern and all are considered to be from the ________. (with dates probably less than 40,000 ya).
Late pleistocene
"little lady of flores" or "Flo" remains consist of an incomplete skeleton of an adult female found in ______ cave as well as additional pieces of approximately 13 other individuals.
Liang Bua
In 2004 the world awoke to the startling announcement that an extremely small-bodies, small-brained hominin had been discovered in _________ on the island of Flores, east of Java.
Liang Bua Cave
The spear thrower (atlatl), barbed harpoons, and bow and arrows were used during the _______ period.
Magdalenian
Mitochondrial DNA inheritance follows a strictly _____ pattern.
Maternal
The regional continuity model is most closely associated with paleoanthropologist __________, of the University of Michigan, and his associates.
Milford Wolpoff
Dating from Tabun suggests that theres considerable chronological overlap in the occupation of the Near east by ________ and _________.
Neanderthals modern humans.
The earliest African specimens come from ________, in southernmost Ethiopia.
Omo Kibish
A recently discovered childs skeleton from Portugal provides some of the best evidence of ______________.
Ostensible interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern H. sapiens.
The most recent and highly notable discovery from South Africa come from another cave located at __________.
Pinnacle Point
Also from Israel, the _________ has yielded the remains of at least 20 individuals.
Qafzeh cave
For the moment the _____ fossil is the best dated early modern H. sapiens from China and one of the two earliest from anywhere in Asia.
Tianyuan
Just about 4 miles down the road from the famous Zhoukoudian Cave is another cave called _______, the source of a fragmentary skull, a few teeth, and several postranial bones.
Tianyuan
_______ , of University of California, has been working for 3 decades in the middle awash area of Ethiopia. They've discovered a remarkable array of early fossil hominins (Ardipithecus and Australopithecus) as well as somewhat later forms (H. erectus).
Tim White
DNA has been recorded fro more than ________ neanderthal fossils.
a dozen
These Herto fossils include :
a mostly complete adult cranium, a fairly complete (but heavily reconstructed) child's cranium, another adult incomplete cranium, and a few other cranial fragments.
A critical deduction of the Andrews and Stringer approach is that :
anatomically modern humans appeared as a result of a biological speciation event. In this view, migrating African modern H. sapiens could NOT have interbred with local non-African populations, because the African modern humans were a biologically different species.
In the complete replacement model taxonomically all of the premodern populations outside of Africa would be classified:
as belonging to a different species of homo. (ex. Neanderthals would be H. neanderthalensis.
The female skeleton from Liang Bua Cave is remarkable in several ways:
barely 3 feet tall brain capacity estimated at 417cm still living on Flores just 13,000 ya.
At Altamira the walls and ceiling of an immense cave are filled with superb portrayals of :
bison in red and black.
Upper Paleolithic modern humans not only invented new specialized tools, but they also experimented with new materials such as ______, _______, and ______.
bone ivory antler
The mtDNA sequences are so similar to those of modern humans that they could, in fact, be a result of ________.
contamination
The regional continuity model suggests that local populations (not all of course) in Europe, Asia, and Africa :
continued their indigenous evolutionary development from premodern middle pleistocene forms to anatomically modern humans.
Data from sequenced ancient DNA, various patterns of contemporary human DNA, and the newest fossil finds from Ethiopia all suggest that a strong multi regional model is _________.
extremely unlikely.
Y chromosome is transmitted only from _________.
father to son
Far more elaborate burials are also found, most spectacularly at the 24,000 year old Sungir site near Moscow where :
grave goods included a bed of red ocher, thousands of ivory beads, long spears made of straightened mammoth tusks, and jewelry.
The press has collectively nicknamed the individuals from Liang Bua Cave "________"
hobbits
___________ have far greater diversity than do populations anywhere else in the world.
indigenous African populations
The upper paleolithic was an age of ______.
innovation
With all the latest evidence, theres no longer much debate that a ___________
large genetic contribution from migrating early modern Africans influenced other groups throughout the old world.
Solution tools
lithic (stone) tradition using specialized flaking techniques to develop parallel lance heads, expertly flaked on both surfaces. The lance points were so delicate that they can be considered works of art that quite possibly never served a utilitarian purpose.
Why were the flores individuals so small? (Dwarf elephants also evolved on Flores)
natural selection frequently favors reduced body size.
White concluded that while not identical to modern people, the Herto fossils are _______. That is, these fossils "sample a population that is on the verge of anatomical modernity but not yet fully modern."
near-modern
mtDNA data suggests that ___________ interbreeding took place between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans.
no (or very little)
Partial replacement models assumes that ___________ and all these hominins should be considered members of H. sapiens.
no speciation event occurred
We can conclude that during the later pleistocene, __________.
one or more major migrations from Africa fueled the worldwide dispersal of modern humans.
Evidence from Abrigo do Lagar Velho strongly supports the ____________ while seriously weakening the ___________.
partial replacement model complete replacement model
Genetic patterns observed today between geographically widely dispersed humans are thought to :
partly reflect migrations occurring in the late pleistocene.
Aurignaican
pertaining to an upper paleolithic stone tool industry in Europe beginning at about 40,000 ya.
Magdalenian
pertaining to the final phase of the upper paleolithic stone tool industry in Europe.
Several researchers suggest an out-of-Africa model that leads to virtually complete :
replacement elsewhere.
mtDNA was sequenced from 9 ancient fully modern H. sapiens and the results show mtDNA sequence patterns seen in living humans - and thus ______________.
significantly different from the mtDNA patterns found in the neanderthals so far analyzed.
Burins
small chisel like tools with a pointed end; thought to have been used to engrave bone, antler, ivory, and wood.
Herto fossil evidence is compatible with an array of genetic data indicating _________.
some form of replacement model for human origins.
Unlike those who subscribe to the complete replacement hypothesis, supporters of these partial replacement models claim that :
some interbreeding occurred between emigrating Africans and resident Premodern populations elsewhere.
In addition to their reputation as hunter, western Europeans of the upper paleolithic are even better known for their ________.
symbolic representation (art).
From this same area in middle Awash highly significant discoveries came to light in 1997. For simplicity these new hominins are referred to as __________.
the Herto remains.
The Jinniushan skeleton hints at modern features in China as early as 200,000 ya. If this date ( as early as that proposed for direct antecedents of modern H. sapiens in Africa) should prove accurate, it would cast doubt on ___________.
the complete replacement model
Homo Sapiens had a major advantage to adapt to changing conditions :
the elaboration of increasingly sophisticated technology and probably other components of culture as well.
The complete replacement model is based on:
the origin of modern humans in Africa and later replacement of populations in Europe and Asia.
The chinese and American team that analyzed the remains from Taiyuan suggests that they indicate an African origin of modern humans but:
there is also evidence of at least some interbreeding in China with resident archaic populations.
Besides cave art, small sculptures were found, perhaps the most famous being female figurines popularly known as "______" found at france and italy.
venuses
Stringer says that even though there may have been a potential for interbreeding, apparently ______.
very little actually took place.
Microliths
very small stone blades found at Pinnacle Point.
The cultural period knows as the upper paleolithic began in _______ approx. 40,000 ya.
western Europe
C. Loring Brace suggested that with more effective tools as well as the use of fire allowing more efficient food processing, anatomically modern H. sapiens:
wouldn't have required the large teeth and facial skeletons seen in earlier populations.
