Anthro Final

Trait F is the Mendelian trait for freckles. The allele for freckles (F) is dominant over the allele for no freckles (f). Use the information provided on page 69 of your lab manual to complete the three separate Punnett squares, then use those Punnett squares to answer the following questions for exercise 1. (Q001) What is Timmy's maternal grandmother's genotype?

ff

Scenario D Biological anthropologists in Australia were called on to help identify victims of a series of fires. They analyzed the skeletal material for indicators of sex and age, and they compared this information to medical records and other documents to help identify fire victims. The anthropologists worked as part of an interdisciplinary team that was investigating the mass disaster. (Q) What is the primary subfield of biological anthropology addressed in this research?

forensic anthropology

The sternum is ______ to the thoracic vertebrae.

Anterior

All the following are subfields of biological anthropology, EXCEPT:

Archaeology

The cranium is ________ to the tibia.

superior

After skeletal remains have been identified as human, what step usually comes next in bioarchaeological and forensic investigations?

Determine the minimum number of individuals.

How many ribs articulate directly with the sternum?

14 ribs (7 pairs)

What is the biocultural approach in biological anthropology?

A research approach that recognizes the close relationship between human biology and culture and attempts to study these two forces simultaneously.

(Q002) Select the 2 bones listed below that are ANTERIOR to the occipital bone.

Frontal, Temporal

If an individual has type A blood as their phenotype, which genotype(s) could they have? (Mark all that apply) Correct!

AA; AO

Use the karyotype below to answer the following question: How many autosomes does this person have? How many sex chromosomes?

Autosomes: 44; Sex Chromosomes: 2

The cranium is ________ to the pelvis.

Superior

Platyrrhini includes the superfamily:

Ceboidea

Catarrhini includes the superfamilies:

Cercopithecoidea and hominoidea

I live in the forests of central Africa. I am arboreal and have a long tail. I have bilophodont molars, and I have a diet that includes a lot of leaves. What type of primate am I?

Colobine

What would be the complementary bases if the following strand was going through DNA replication? A-T-C-C-A-G-T-A-T

T-A-G-G-T-C-A-T-A

All the following statements about DNA are true, EXCEPT:

DNA consists of 4 bases - adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.

The radius is _______ to the humerus.

Distal

What is the first step in analyzing skeletal remains in both bioarchaeological and forensic contexts?

Distinguish between human and animal bone

The linea aspera, lesser trochanter, greater trochanter, and neck are all features of which bone?

Femur

(Q004) What is Timmy's mother's genotype?

Ff

(Q005) What is Timmy's father's genotype?

Ff

(Q008) What is Sally's genotype?

Ff

TRUE or FALSE - Looking at epiphyseal fusion, tooth eruption, and suture closure are methods used for aging adult skeletons.

Flase

(Q002) What is Timmy's maternal grandfather's genotype?

FF

(Q007) What is Timmy's genotype?

FF

Trait F is the Mendelian trait for freckles. The allele for freckles (F) is dominant over the allele for no freckles (f). What is the genotype of an individual who is homozygous dominant for freckles?

FF

(Q003) Based on the Punnett square you completed, provide the chances that a mating between Timmy's grandmother and grandfather will produce each genotype.

FF : 0%, Ff: 100%, ff: 0

(Q006) Based on the Punnett square you completed, provide the chances that a mating between Timmy's mother and father will produce each genotype.

FF: 25%, Ff: 50%, ff: 25%

(Q009) Based on the Punnett square you completed, provide the chances that a mating between Timmy and Sally will produce each genotype.

FF: 50%, Ff: 50%, ff: 0

TRUE or FALSE - Apes belong to the superfamily hominoidea, the infraorder anthropoidea, and the suborder strepsirhini.

False

TRUE or FALSE - Dominant alleles are better, stronger, and more common than recessive alleles.

False

TRUE or FALSE - Most male primates are ranked in a social hierarchy, but females are never ranked.

False

TRUE or FALSE - Once a tested hypothesis becomes a theory it is considered to be absolute truth.

False

TRUE or FALSE - Prehensile tails are found in some Old World Monkeys, but no New World Monkeys.

False

TRUE or FALSE - The bones of the human foot are the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

False

TRUE or FALSE - The sex chromosomes X and Y are considered homologous because they contain the same types of genetic information, are similar lengths, and have similar centromere positions.

False

TRUE or FALSE - Two-thirds of the skeleton is made of organic components.

False

Scapula

Flat bone

Sternum

Flat bone

The pinky toe phalanges are ______ to the big toe phalanges.

Lateral

Mister Poppleton, a cat enthusiast who breeds cats and competes on the Cat Fancier's Association competitive show circuit, has just received quite a shock! His award-winning cat, Emeline, has given birth to some surprising kittens. Read the information about cat fur color inheritance on page 75 of your lab manual, then answer the following questions from exercise 8. (Q001) Who is the father of these kittens? (Note: All of the kittens have the same father.)

Hugo

The lumbar vertebrae are _______ to the cervical vertebrae.

Inferior

During which stage of the scientific method is the hypothesis evaluated?

Interpretation

Vertebra

Irregular bone

Femur

Long bone

Humerus

Long bone

Has two cell divisions

Meiosis

Occurs in gamete-forming cells

Meiosis

Results in daughter cells with half the original cell's genetic materal

Meiosis

Haplorhini includes the infraorders:

Tarsiiformes and anthropoidea

Has one cell division

Mitosis

Occurs in somatic cells

Mitosis

Results in daughter cells that are exact copies of the original cells

Mitosis

(Q003) Which bone is SUPERIOR to the temporal bone?

Parietal

Anthropoidea includes the parvorders:

Platyrrhini and catarrhini

The occipital is _________ to the frontal.

Posterior

All the following are general anatomical similarities for MOST primates, EXCEPT:

Postorbital bar only (not having a full boney eye enclosure)

The femur is ________ to the tarsals.

Proximal

(Q005) What is the likelihood of their daughter Maria having each of the possible genotypes?

RR: 25%, Rr: 50%, rr: 25%

(Q001) Select the 3 bones listed below that are PROXIMAL to the carpals.

Radius, Humerus, Ulna

(Q003) What is the father's genotype?

Rr

The Punnett square on p. 70 of your lab manual shows the genotypes of two parents for trait R. Use this Punnett square to answer the questions in this exercise. Trait R is the Mendelian trait in humans for tongue rolling. The allele for the ability to roll the tongue (R) is dominant over the allele for the inability to roll the tongue (r). (Q001) What is the mother's genotype?

Rr

The order primates includes the suborders:

Strepsirhini anf haplorhini

(Q004) Which of the following bones IS NOT DISTAL to the femur?

Sacrum

Carpal

Short bone

(Q005) Which bone is POSTERIOR to the sternum?

Thoracic Vertebrae

(Q006) Which bone is INFERIOR to the cervical vertebrae?

Thoracic Vertebrae

TRUE or FALSE - Pedigree charts show multiple generations of real, related organisms.

True

TRUE or FALSE - Research conducted with primates in a zoo is considered a captive primate study.

True

TRUE or FALSE - There are 14 phalanges in the typical human hand.

True

A hypothesis is BEST described as a testable explanation for an observed phenomenon , while a theory is BEST described as a scientific explanation that has been repeatedly tested and is supported by significant evidence .

a testable explanation for an observed phenomenon; a scientific explanation that has been repeatedly tested and is supported by significant evidence

(Q002) What is the mother's phenotype?

able to roll the tongue

(Q004) What is the father's phenotype?

able to roll the tongue

(Q006) What is the likelihood of their daughter Maria having each of the possible phenotypes?

able to roll the tongue: 75%, unable to roll the tongue: 25%

The most common form of _____________ behavior in primates is grooming.

affiliative

Scenario B An anthropologist has been researching how Native Americans in California were impacted by Spanish missionization from 1776 to 1830. The researcher is particularly interested in how Native Californians may have negotiated their identity and balanced traditional practices with colonial influences. Therefore, the anthropologist excavates material remains from areas where the Native Californians may have gone when they fled the Spanish missions. The materials include things such as stone tools, shell beads, and historic bottle glass. These materials are analyzed and used in conjunction with historical documents to help the researcher better understand what life was like for Native Californians at that time. (Q) What is the primary field of anthropology addressed in this research?

archaeology

Scenario D Anthropologists have been studying Y-chromosomal DNA to understand where and when humans first appeared and when they moved into various areas of the world. The Y chromosome is found only in males, and most of the DNA found on the Y chromosome is passed directly from fathers to sons. Researchers collect Y-chromosomal DNA information from living men and measure the amount of genetic difference among populations. Greater amounts of genetic difference indicate longer periods of separation between different groups of people because it takes time to accumulate genetic variations. This Y-chromosomal DNA research has helped anthropologists to understand our species' origin in Africa and our various migrations to other parts of the world. (Q) What is the primary field of anthropology addressed in this research?

biological anthropology

Allowing for normal growth and development, extracting important nutrients from the skeleton, repairing damage to bone, and responding to functional and biomechanical challenges of bones are all examples of reasons why bones are _______________.

bone remodeling

A primatologist is watching numerous primates at once and collecting easily measurable information that facilitates comparisons. This researcher is:

conducting a group observation and collecting quantitative data.

Scenario A Anthropologists have been studying the role of soybean curd and related products in the culture of Hong Kong. The researchers interview people about how frequently they eat soybean products, where they eat them (at home or in restaurants), and during what time of day they eat them. The researchers also ask people about how they prepare soybean products, where they obtain soybean products, and any beliefs they might have about the soybean products (such as their nutritional value). The data are used to assess the role of soybean products in the culture. The researchers are also considering how their findings relate to global soybean consumption patterns. (Q) What is the primary field of anthropology addressed in this research?

cultural anthropology

The humerus articulates with the scapula at the _____________.

glenoid fossa

Scenario C Biological anthropologists have studied the relationship between stress and female reproduction in a rural community in Guatemala. The researchers collected regular urine samples from women over the course of 1 year. Stress hormone and reproductive hormone levels from the samples were measured to determine a possible relationship between stress and reproductive function. Results suggest that stress may have a negative impact on reproductive health. (Q) What is the primary subfield of biological anthropology addressed in this research?

human biology

In the human dental formula 2:1:2:3 represents the number of each type of tooth a human has in one quadrant of their mouth. It means that humans have

incisor(s) ; canine(s) ; premolar(s) ; molar(s)

Scenario C Building on previous research that shows people of different genders often communicate differently, an anthropologist has been studying how gendered communication affects family interactions. The anthropologist uses recorded conversations from participant families' homes. The anthropologist also uses documentary footage of family interactions. The interactions are analyzed for information about gendered communication, power relationships, and connections between various family members. (Q) What is the primary field of anthropology addressed in this research?

linguistic anthropology

A bone that has a shaft in the middle and distinct ends on each side is a ____________.

long bone

The genetic information that moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell during protein synthesis is mRNA ; the amino acids are transported by tRNA .

mRNA; tRNA

are the circumstances surrounding death that might have contributed to an individual's death, while is the medical determination of the physiological reason for death, as determined by a medical examiner or coroner.

manner of death; cause of death

The ____________ bone forms the posterior surface and base of the skull.

occipital bone

Compared to antemortem pathology, perimortem pathology:

occurs closer to the time of death.

All the following bones are part of the axial skeleton, EXCEPT:

os coxa

The fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis make up which bone?

os coxa

Bone cells responsible for making bone are ; bone cells responsible for removing bone are

osteoblasts; osteoclasts

Select the two traits that distinguish the platyrrhines and catarrhines.

outward facing nostrils versus downward facing nostrils; 3 premolars versus 2 premolars

Scenario A Biological anthropologists have discovered a previously unknown fossil species. The species lived about 4.4 million years ago in Africa. The dating of this fossil species places it closer in time to the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees than most other known fossil species. This newly discovered species has an interesting mix of traits. For example, it has adaptations for climbing in trees as well as for walking on two legs on the ground. It does not directly resemble any of the living ape species, which suggests that the living ape species (including humans) have each become adapted for their own environmental contexts over time. (Q) What is the primary subfield of biological anthropology addressed in this research?

paleoanthropology

The actual (physical) expression of an organism's genetic material is its ____________.

phenotype

One adult female, multiple adult males, and their offspring living together is known as:

polyandry

Scenario B Biological anthropologists have observed several chimpanzees in western Africa making tools to help them hunt. The chimpanzees were seen modifying branches and sticks into spears. They removed any leaves or small branches to make a smooth shaft. They also chewed on the end of the branches to give them sharp points. They then thrust the sharpened branches like spears into tree trunks, where small primates called galagos make sleeping nests. Although it remains unclear how successful the chimpanzees are in actually killing galagos, multiple members of the chimpanzee group have been observed producing the spears. (Q) What is the primary subfield of biological anthropology addressed in this research?

primatology

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells , and meiosis occurs in gamete-forming cells .

somatic cells; gamete-forming cells

Which of the following bones articulates with the ribs?

thoracic vertebra