Anthro Midterm quizzes (1-8)

In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because

we speak using larynx

Ethnocentrism -presents a major problem for anthropologists -means you think your culture is superior to others -is a common feature of culture -all of the above

all of the above

Among the Bonobo chimpanzees, social conflict is often resolved through sexual activity. This is a form of

reconciliation

Sickle-cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it - helps reduce the instance of melanoma, or skin cancer, in the tropics -provides a way for people to resist dangerous viruses like Ebola - offers health researchers a way to understand genetic differences in a closed population group - provides resistance to malaria in the tropics

- provides resistance to malaria in the tropics

All humans are born with some culture.

false

This school of anthropological thought stresses the interrelationship among the natural conditions in the environment and society: Neoevolutionism Structuralism Functionalism Interpretive Anthropology

neoevolutionism

Neanderthals and modern humans share the same genus and species classification (Homo sapien).

true

Which of the following is NOT studied by anthropologists? Dinosaur bones Primates Human culture Forensics

Dinosaur bones

The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was Emile Durkheim E. B. Tylor Max Weber Charles Darwin

E. B. Tylor

Old World monkeys are exclusively terrestrial dwellers. True False

False -- arboreal and terrestrial

In anthropology, holism refers to:

seeking to understand how all aspects of our species are related

Who taught Washoe (an ape) American Sign Language? Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf Allen and Beatrix Gardener Jakob Grimm Robin Lakoff

Allen and Beatrix Gardener

Cultural anthropologists use just three methods True False

False

This assumes a close relationship between language and culture and claims that language defines people's experiences

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

In Becoming Human, Zeray Alemseged named the Australopithecus afarensis child he found in Ethiopia`

Selam

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called biological anthropology linguistic anthropology cultural anthropology archaeology

archaeology

Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak.

false

The presence of a raised area in the middle of the cranium found in H. erectus is known as a suborbital arch saggital keel foramen magnum post orbital constriction

saggital keel

The Law of Superposition says that:

sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top.

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as folkways norms traditions symbols

traditions

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds Cognates Philology Phonology Syntax

Phonology

Mutation is the only source of new genetic material. True False

True

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best described as cultural relativism ethical responsibility natural selection ethnocentrism

ethnocentrism

Paleoanthropologists believe that the predominant diet of our earliest omnivorous ancestors consisted mostly of domesticated plants roots, tubers, and fruits seafood and plants meat from large mammals

roots, tubers, and fruits

Primates rely extensively on all the characteristics listed below except manual dexterity stereoscopic vision sense of smell larger brain

sense of smell ??

When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline? 1700s 1800s 1900s 1500s

1800s

Becoming Human: According to a technique called the "molecular clock," humans and chimpanzees last shared a common ancestor about ________ years ago 200,000 5 to 7 million 22 million 65 million

5 to 7 million

Which of the following would be considered a functionalist?

Bronislaw Malinowski

"Why Isn't the Sky Blue": What is the name of the British Prime Minister who was fascinated with the stories of Homer? WInston Churchill Neville Chamberlain William Gladstone Tony Blair

William Gladstone

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is -understanding the racial diversity of the human species -deconstructing cultures into the four subfields of anthropology -a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience -that people are fundamentally ethnocentric

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish

a more specific age for a fossil or something organic

Which project would likely require the assistance of a geomorphologist? -a study of landscape change -a study of community response to an environmental disaster -a study of how people maintain clean water in lakes -a study of how volcanoes forced migration patterns to change

A study of landscape change

Which of the following traits is unique to hominins and NOT found in other primates? Binocular vision Bipedalism Grasping hands Fingernails

Bipedalism

Studying another culture from its own point of view without imposing our own cultural values is known as: Moral Relativism Cultural Relativism Ethnocentrism Culture-bound worldview

Cultural Relativism

According to "Evolution as Fact and Theory", being an evolutionary scientist means you do not believe in a higher power. True False

False

Behavioral ecology uses a comparative approach to evaluate differences among primates. True False

False

In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places. True False

False

The appearance of culture was the event that signaled the arrival of modern humans. True False

False -- other factors, such as cranial capacity

Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences. True False

False — Cultural anthropology is one of the most qualitative of the social sciences.

How would you describe Edward Tylor's evolutionary theories? -He studied how humans have no directional evolutionary goal. - He studied how societies have harnessed more energy for production over time. -He studied how the human body has changed physically from earlier to later forms, sometimes even changing species. - He studied the history of human society from simple to complex technology and social institutions (from so-called savagery to civilization).

He studied the history of human society from simple to complex technology and social institutions (from so-called savagery to civilization).

Which hominin was the first stone tool maker (according to the lecture)? Homo habilis Homo erectus Australopithecus afarensis Neanderthals

Homo habilis

The idea of biological evolution was first proposed by Darwin in the mid 1800s Darwin in the late 1700s Lamarck in the late 1700s LeClerc in the mid-1700s

Lamarck in the late 1700s

The name most closely associated with the system traditionally used to classify living things is: Lyell Linnaeus Lamarck Leakey

Linnaeus

Which skeletal feature is paleoanthropologists' best indicator of bipedalism in a fossil? Depth Suborbital Ridges Size of Sagittal Crest Location of the Foramen Magnum Size of Prognathism

Location of the Foramen Magnum

Becoming Human: The _______________ is a deep furrow in a primate's brain. It divides parts of the brain related to vision from the rest of the neocortex, which is where more complex thought happens.

Lunate Sulcas

What is the tool tradition associated with Homo habilis? Oldowan Levallois Mousterian Acheaulian

Oldowan

The ability to touch the thumb with the tips of the other fingers on the same hand is called: Dexterity Prehensility Grasping Opposability

Opposability

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major sub-fields of anthropology? Physical/Biological Anthropology Linguistics Paleontology Archaeology

Paleontology

In archaeology, this is a division of prehistory based on gross changes in subsistence patterns, climatic changes, housing and burial styles, etc. Phase Period Site Age

Period

Reconnaissance work in archaeology is also known as: Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV

Phase I

Which of the following is NOT a part of a human's taxonomic classification? Primate Mammal Plattyrhine Hominoid

Plattyrhine (New World Monkeys)

"Why Isn't the Sky Blue": According to the studies of Lazarus Geiger, what color term (after black and white) appears first and most often in ancient literature? Blue Red Purple Green

Red

According to "Our Babies Ourselves", which of the following is NOT one of the "3 R's" of child rearing in Dutch society? Respect Rest Regularity Cleanliness

Respect

Who, along with Niles Eldredge, developed the theory of punctuated equilibrium? Duane Gish Mary Leakey Charles Lyell Stephen Jay Gould

Stephen Jay Gould

Which of the following is NOT evidence of early hominin bipedalism in the fossil record (as discussed in the presentation)? -Wide pelvis -Foreman magnum that sits at base of skull instead of towards the back -Laetoli Footprints -Strong clavicle

Strong clavicle

The primary result of natural selection is: A species with larger body mass To remove the strongest organisms from an ecosystem To maintain a species' adaptation to its niche To create fewer variations in a species

To maintain a species' adaptation to its niche

According to "Our Babies Ourselves", in the United States, individualism is valued highly, so generally parents do not hold their babies as much as other cultures. True False

True

Males and females in a given primate population may be co-dominant. True False

True

Primates often live in groups in order to avoid predators. True False

True

The physical characteristics of any organism that can be seen are known as the phenotype. True False

True

One important adaptation found in New World monkeys is the presence of a longer thumb a prehensile tail a wet nose color that blends into the surrounding habitat

a prehensile tail

Archbishop James Ussher calculated the age of the earth at about: about 6000 years old 65 million years old 4.5 billion years old 10 billion years old

about 6000 years old

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called rapid appraisal development anthropology action research participant observation

action research

Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involves learning the local language becoming involved in people's lives spending a significant amount of time in the field all of the above

all of the above

Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because - the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group - language is a guide to "social reality" - we understand the material world through the language we speak - all of the above

all of the above

One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use of aerial surveys surface surveys regional surveys GIS systems all of the above

all of the above

What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews? terms for biological species details about court cases life histories opinions on upcoming elections all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a feature of language? it is used to communicate it is symbolic it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar all of the above

all of the above

Social behavior patterns observed in one species that look like behavior patterns in another, but which do not arise from a shared ancestry, are known as non-ancestral behaviors homologous behaviors analogous behaviors inherited behaviors

analogous behaviors

In which of the following locations would you likely find an anthropologist doing fieldwork? a factory a mental institution a New York City neighborhood the Amazon rain forest any of the above

any of the above

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called loan words synonyms cognate words phonology

cognate words

When children in the United States reach a certain age, they often move out of their parents' home and into their own living space, something anthropologists refer to as dispersal filial separation consanguinial isolation age of consent

dispersal

Being able to communicate about things not currently present in space and time is known as: displacement duality of patterning productivity arbitrariness

displacement

The study of how people classify things in the world is called ethnography sociolinguistics ethnoscience biological determinism

ethnoscience

A form of non-portable material culture that a human has made and modified is called a/an____________. feature geode flake fossil

feature

Shaking hands when you meet someone is an example of a Folkway More Taboo Material Culture

folkway

Uniformitarianism is the idea that change occurs: -suddenly and through catastrophes such as floods, earthquakes, etc -gradually and through the result of processes that are still observable today. -in major punctations with new species arising very -rapidly as a result of mutations or changes in selective pressures -None of the above

gradually and through the result of processes that are still observable today.

Alfred Russell Wallace is known for: -proposing explanations for evolution that differed from Darwin's - hitting upon the idea of natural selection at about the same time as Darwin - deriving the basic laws of genetics -his advocacy of divine creation

hitting upon the idea of natural selection at about the same time as Darwin

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called biological anthropology linguistic anthropology cultural anthropology archaeology

linguistic anthropology

How words fit together to make meaningful units is called

morphology

Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except narrative symbols key scenarios summarizing symbols elaborating symbols

narrative symbols

If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage in historical anthropology paleoanthropology geological analysis living primates such as the great apes

paleoanthropology

Norms are stable because culture doesn't change they are the same in every culture people learn them when they are young all of the above

people learn them when they are young

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing

quantitative data

Cultural anthropologists face an ethical responsibility in their work and so must disclose to informants... funding sources for research reasons for doing the research their location in the field the names of all informants

reasons for doing the research

Discovery of an archaic human in the Denisova cave, which consisted of a finger bone and two teeth, has allowed paleoanthropologists to reconstruct their genome reconstruct their entire morphology classify them as a form of Neanderthal identify the "missing link"

reconstruct their genome

According to the lecture, in order for an explanation to be defined as scientific, it must be: proven testable developed in an academic institution such as a university at least 50 years old

testable

Ethnoprimatology is an emerging field that studies - the interface between human and ape communities differences in the evolutionary trajectories of humans and apes - the histories of primate communities, including humans and apes -the daily life of apes and monkeys

the interface between human and ape communities

An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as

the natural abilities of more civilized people to control less civilized people

In Mendelian genetics, a dominant allele is: - a better fit -more common - the one that is expressed phenotypically over other alleles - the one that codes for the normal expression of a trait

the one that is expressed phenotypically over other alleles

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that: -This style of teaching is traditional and thus inherent to the culture - this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals - this mode of teaching evolved over time - the teacher is the symbolic head of the class

this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals

Archaeologists are making a mistake when they clean samples of potsherds for analysis.

true

Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.

true

Who are the Narcerima? -A group of Mesoamericans conquered by the Aztecs. -A previously isolated indigenous group from the Amazon -Americans -They are a fictitious group of people made up by Horace Milner to fool gullible people

Americans

The famous group of hominins known as the Neanderthals is included in which of the following groups? Archaic Homo sapiens Anatomically modern Homo sapiens Australopithecus Homo erectus

Archaic Homo sapiens

The progression of ancestral forms leading to modern-day humans, the earliest being first, is which of the following sequences? -Australopithecines - Homo erectus - Homo habilis - Homo sapiens -Homo erectus - Australopithecines - Homo habilis - Homo sapiens - Australopithecines - Homo habilis - Homo erectus - Homo sapiens - Australopithecines - Homo sapiens - Homo habilis - Homo erectus

Australopithecines - Homo habilis - Homo erectus - Homo sapiens

According to the "Survival of the Fittest" video , what trait of the Rock Pocket Mouse was best adapted to survival on the lava flow? Long tail Wide Feet Nocturnal Vision Dark fur

Dark fur

The art found on the walls at Lascaux has been thoroughly deciphered as to its function and meaning. True False

False

In science, a theory is an educated guess and is not well-accepted among the scientific community. True False

False -- In science, a theory is a well-supported, well-tested statement about how something works.

In order to truly practice cultural relativism, one could never make a judgement on what is right and wrong. True False

False -- This is considered moral relativism and is not practiced by anthrpologists.

The term hominin refers to humans and great apes. True False

False -- just humans (bipedalism)

According Becoming Human (and Daniel Lieberman), the most compelling hypothesis for why bipedalism developed in early hominins is It allowed them to carry offspring It allowed them to see predators It conserved energy It helped them see potential mates from long distances

It conserved energy

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called a cognate language a creole slang a language ideology

a creole

The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in a random order based on chance the order in which each was created by the Gods a great chain of being order from most to least useful

a great chain of being

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as a pidgin language a creole language a national language slang

a pidgin language

Fossils of Homo erectus are found: both in the Old World and New World all over the Old World only in Africa only in Africa and Java

all over the Old World

The evolution of the tail among New World monkeys reflects an adaptation to their environment and would be of interest to a

behavioral ecologist

Cultural anthropologists do research by -building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time -gathering data to produce statistical models -focusing on single dimensions of people's lives -all of the above

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that -all organisms change over time regardless of their environment -organisms changed only as a result of not interacting with their environment -change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment -biblical forces were responsible for the changes we see in organisms

change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment

A primary characteristic that allows paleoanthropologists to place a particular finding into the genus Homo is molar size cranial capacity forehead flatness bipedalism

cranial capacity

All the characteristics listed below are common behavior patterns found in all primates except mother-infant bond affiliation and grooming father-son bond cooperation and conflict

father son bond

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is

natural selection

It is easy to identify direct causal links between genes and behavior. True False

False

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called -biological anthropology -linguistic anthropology -cultural anthropology -archaeology

cultural anthropology

The branch of linguistics that attempts to classify and construct a family tree of languages and to reconstruct extinct languages is known as structural linguistics sociolinguistics descriptive linguistics historical linguistics

historical linguistics

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in their entirety is called holistic structural symbolic ethnocentrism

holistic

The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it -helps us talk about difficult emotions - synthesizes everything important to society in a single symbol -implies how people should act -explains complex relationships in a single symbol

implies how people should act

Why was the discovery of penicillin in 1928 useful in our understanding of evolution? it proved that disease could be stopped through evolutionary means it demonstrated that bacteria could quickly develop the ability to resist antibiotics penicillin itself was a product of evolutionary mechanisms staphylococcal bacteria could not be killed by penicillin

it demonstrated that bacteria could quickly develop the ability to resist antibiotics

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady" contributes to gender equality in the workplace marginalizes women's voices in work contexts demonstrates that women and men are equal builds certainty and trust

marginalizes women's voices in work contexts

In some species of primates, females and their relatives and young are socially organized around patrifocal units analogous units dominant units matrifocal units

matrifocal units

If you observed gradual changes in environmental temperature and, at the same time, observed that there were changes in the phenotype of a butterfly species over fifteen generations, which theory might best help explain what is going on? plasticity natural selection extinction essentialism

natural selection

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what? -people make sense of the world through binary oppositions (e.g., raw/cooked) -cultures evolve over time -culture is systematic, operating in a balanced fashion to keep society functioning smoothly -individual societies develop individual traits

people make sense of the world through binary oppositions (e.g., raw/cooked)

If you discovered an ancient hominin with megadontia and a dental grinding structure similar to Paranthropus you might suggest that the diet of this hominin was predominantly meat based predominantly plant based derived from scavenging completely omnivorous

predominantly plant based

A dominance hierarchy exists when members of the same group have -specific individuals who possess greater physical strength than others -an agreed upon "pecking order" that allows individuals to mate with others -ranking relative to others that establishes access to resources -a relationship with other groups that allows them to establish peaceful relations

ranking relative to others that establishes access to resources

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by -developing theories to explain human action -studying a culture's customs -defending whatever another culture does -seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

Reading your textbook is an example of: Situational Learning Symbolic Learning Conditioned Learning Social Learning

symbolic learning

One compelling argument that favors the adaptation of bipedalism and the ability to run long distances is that early hominins, unlike many of the animals they sought as prey, had

the ability to sweat

The comparative method studies the evolution of a language focuses on one society over a long period of time uses data from many different societies all of the above

uses data from many different societies