anthro module 1
Convincing scientific evidence now indicates that:a) evolution has occurred in the past but no longer is occurringb) evolution is now occurring, but it did not occur in the pastc) evolution is occurring now
c
Human gametes normally have ____ chromosomes and zygotes normally have ____ chromosomes.a)22 and 44b)23 and 23c)23 and 46d)46 and 46
c
If natural selection causes both homozygotes (AA and aa) for a trait to die in early childhood, the result for the population will be: a)extinctionb)elimination of the recessive allele in one generationc)only heterozygous individuals will survive to reproduce
c
Anagenesis is:a)the evolution of new species within a single evolutionary line without branchingb)developing a special adaptation for survivalc)questioning or testing of hypotheses
a
As a result of normal conception, which of the following is likely to occur? a)Almost all offspring will have a unique combination of alleles.b)Most children in the same family will have the same combination of alleles.c)There is no chance or randomness in the inheritance of alleles from parents.
a
European and African genes entered the gene pool of Vietnam during the 1960's and early 1970's primarily as a result of:a)gene flowb)migrationc)natural selection
a
If natural selection is against individuals who are heterozygous (Aa) for a particular trait and it always causes death in early childhood, the result for the population will be: a)only homozygous individuals (AA and aa) will survive to reproduceb)elimination of the recessive allele (a) in one generationc)only heterozygous births will occur, which will ultimately result in extinction.
a
If nature selects only against people who are homozygous recessive (aa) for a particular trait and it always causes death in early childhood, the result for the population will be: a)a progressive decrease in the recessive allele (a)b)an elimination of the recessive allele (a) in one generationc)a gradual increase in the number of people who are heterozygous (Aa)
a
In order for a new recessive allele (created by a mutation) to be selected for or against by nature, it must: a)be expressed in the phenotype of an individualb)appear in the genotype of an individualc)be inherited by at least 10% of a populationd)be inherited by at least 50% of a population
a
New Human mutations typically occur at a rate of about __________ per individual among normal, healthy people.a)2-3b)1,000-2,000c)0
a
Rapid random changes in gene pool frequencies occurring in a small population are likely due to:a) genetic driftb) founder principlec) bottleneck effect
a
Rapid rates of evolution would be most expected among species that:a)mature in a few days or weeks and then reproduceb)mature very slowly and reproduce only after they are 20 years oldc)have larger bodies
a
The model of evolution that involves a slow, progressive change at a more or less constant rate is: a)gradualismb)punctuated equilibriumc)progressive equilibrium
a
The most likely explanation for the fact that the Hawaiian Islands did not have any land mammals until humans arrived is that:a)life on these islands has evolved largely independently of the rest of the worldb)all of the mammals on these islands died out before people camec)the environment was unsuitable for mammals on these islands
a
The ultimate source of new genetic variation in a species is:a)mutationb)the combination of parental chromosomes during sexual reproductionc)the Hardy-Weinberg equation
a
When chromosomes "cross-over" during the meiosis process, the result is: a)new combinations of existing genesb)a reduction in the number of genes that can be inheritedc)nothing changesd)A and B
a
Which field of anthropology is primarily interested in the prehistory and early history of societies and their cultures?a)archaeologyb)forensicsc)ethnobotanyd)cultural anthropologye)none of the above
a
Biologists have discovered that:a)animals obtain their specific characteristics by obtaining genes from the plants that they eatb)the basic simple language of the DNA code is the same for all organismsc)all species evolve at the same relatively slow rated)B and C
b
Cladogenesis is:a)the evolution of a new species from an ancestral speciesb)the diversification of a species into two or more species as groups adapt to different environmentsc)the process by which ultraviolet radioaction causes mutations that in turn result in evolution
b
High frequencies of rare genetically inherited traits in people who share a common ancestor is most likely the result of:a)natural selectionb)the founder principlec)genetic driftd)Huntington's disease
b
In Central Africa, nature has selected for people who:a)are homozygous recessive for sickle-cell traitb)are heterozygous for sickle-cell traitc)produce only normal red blood cells
b
In which of the following types of societies would genetic drift have the least likelihood of causing rapid evolution? a)a band of 12 isolated humans living 70,000 years ago in Southern Africab)Japan todayc)a community of 40 members of a religious sect who have had nothing to do with their neighbors in Pennsylvania for 8 generations
b
Most known human mutations:a)are caused by radiationb)appear to be spontaneousc)are due to viruses
b
Slight genetic change over a few generations in a population that does not result in the evolution of a new species is:a) macroevolutionb) microevolutionc) evolutionary equilibrium
b
The fossil record shows that:a)most species have not evolvedb)some species are evolutionary transitions between major groups of organismsc)all species are today just as they were when they were created
b
The primary focus of population genetics has been:a)macroevolutionb)microevolutionc)creation science
b
Which field of anthropology is primarily concerned with the non-cultural aspects of humans and near-humans?a)archaeologyb)biological anthropologyc)linguistic anthropologyd)cultural anthropologye)none of the above
b
Which of the following is true about anthropology? a)It usually is preferable to do anthropological research alone rather than with a team of researchers.b)Anthropology as an academic discipline is comparatively young. Its roots go back to the intellectual Enlightenment of the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe and North America.c)Most anthropologists today are generalists--they master all of the fields of anthropology.d)All professional anthropologists now work in colleges, universities, or museums.
b
Which of the following statements about genetic drift is true? a)It has its greatest effect on gene pool frequencies in large populations.b)It occurs independently of mutation and recombination.c)It is due to mutation rather than natural selection.
b
Which of the following statements is true about natural selection?a)It is usually the least powerful evolutionary mechanism.b)Whether individuals are selected for or against by nature ultimately depends on their genotypes.c)It can cause minor changes in gene pool frequencies from generation to generation but not extinctions.
b
Which of the following statements is true concerning the creation of new combinations of chromosomes in zygotes as a result of sexual reproduction? a)It is a rare occurrence.b)Both sperm and ova cells are a source of new combinations.c)Sperm, but not ova, cells are a source of new combinations.
b
Which of the following statements is true?a)All species evolve at about the same rate.b)Different species evolve at different rates and those rates change through time.c)Almost all species that have come into existence are still alive today.d)none of the above
b
Culture is: a)entirely learned during our lifetimes.b)the full range of learned behavior patterns and knowledge acquired by people as members of a society.c)what made it possible for humans to transform themselves from relatively insignificant plant and dead animal scavengers in Africa to a truly global species capable of controlling the fate of all other species.d)all of the above
d
Paleoanthropologists are mostly interested in learning about:a)the cultures of living peopleb)sub-cultures of modern, large-scale societiesc)ancient Greece, Rome, and Egyptd)the fossil record of human evolutione)none of the above
d
The scientific method of inquiry involves which of the following steps?a)formulation of questions based on preliminary observationsb)formulation of hypotheses or predictions that can be testedc)testing of hypotheses through systematic observation and/or experimentationd)all of the above
d
What do anthropologists mean when they refer to the concept of "integration" in regards to cultures? a)Different kinds of people should learn to live together in peace.b)Any successful behavior, strategy, or technique for obtaining food and surviving in a new environment provides a selective advantage in the competition for survival with other creatures.c)The best way to study another culture is by working with a team of researchers from different academic disciplines.d)All aspects of a culture are interrelated.
d
Which of the following can introduce new alleles into a population's gene pool?a)mutationb)natural selectionc)gene flowd)A and C
d
Which of the following cannot cause evolution?a)genetic driftb)non-random matingc)gene flowd)all can cause evolution
d
Which of the following is a characteristic of anthropology? a) It is concerned with both human biology and culture.b) It is concerned with human variation, evolution, and adaptation.c) It focuses only on prehistoric societies.d) a and b
d
Which of the following is true of the scientific method of inquiry?a)The first step is the formulation of hypotheses or predictions.b)It is used primarily in trying to understand the supernatural world.c)If after repeated testing, a hypothesis still holds up as a valid explanation for a group of facts, it becomes accepted as an unchallengeable theory.d)none of the above
d
Which of the following kinds of work would applied anthropology include?a)cultural resource managementb)medical anthropologyc)ethnobotanyd)all of the above
d
Which field of anthropology would most likely be interested in the marriage patterns and kinship systems of different societies around the world?a)cultural anthropologyb)linguistic anthropologyc)zooarchaeologyd)all of the above
a
Which of the following best describe how anthropologists primarily learn new information about humans? a)field workb)laboratory experimentsc)reading travelers accountsd)none of the above
a
Which of the following is true of genetic bottlenecks?a)They occur when there are major environmental changes that alter natural selection so that most members of a species die before reproducing.b)The result is usually increased genetic diversity in a population following a genetic bottleneck.c)They reduce the fertility of the survivors.
a
Which of the following statements is true about mutations?a)They can produce new alleles of existing genes.b)They can be inherited if they are in somatic cells.c)They are never as simple as an error in a single codon in a DNA molecule.d)A and B
a
Which of the following statements is true regarding biological evolution?a)Evolution is genetic change in a population from generation to generation.b)The rate of evolution is essentially the same for all living species.c)A and B are both true
a
If natural selection is against all alleles (AA, Aa, and aa) for a particular trait and it always causes death in early childhood, the result for the population will be:a)gradual but steady decrease in the recessive allele (a)b)elimination of the recessive allele (a) in one generation, but no effect on the dominant allele (A)c)extinction in one generation
c
In order for a mutation to be selected for or against by natural selection, ordinarily it must:a)be a gross chromosomal rearrangement or an irregular number of chromosomesb)occur in the genotypec)be expressed in the phenotype
c
In science, a hypothesis that has been confirmed through numerous tests is known as:a)an opinionb)an assumptionc)a theoryd)speculation
c
Inherent in the holistic approach to learning about humans is the realization that: a)All people are fully and equally human.b)Ethnocentric beliefs are biologically inherited.c)People cannot be understood by studying either their biological makeup or their cultural background alone. It is necessary to take into consideration both genetically inherited and learned traits in trying to explain how we have become the people we are.d)all of the above
c
It is now known that mutations can be caused by all of the following except:a)radiationb)some chemicalsc)incest (i.e., mating with close relatives)d)some microorganisms
c
Natural selection can cause evolution of a population's gene pool if it selects for or against:a)either homozygote (AA or aa) but not bothb)the recessive homozygote and the heterozygote (aa and Aa) but not the dominant homozygote and the heterozygote (AA and Aa)c)any genotype (AA, Aa, and aa) or combination of genotypesd)B and C
c
The fact that South and Central American Indians are nearly 100% type O for the ABO blood system is best explained as being the result of:a)genetic driftb)natural selectionc)the founder principle
c
Which field of archaeology would most likely be interested in ancient pre-literate societies around the world including those of most early North American Indians?a)classical archaeologyb)historical archaeologyc)prehistoric archaeologyd)primatologye)none of the above
c
Which of the following is not one of the 4 main fields of anthropology?a) archaeologyb) biological anthropologyc) cartographyd) cultural anthropologye) all of the above are main fields of anthropology
c
Which of the following statements is true?a)Gene pool frequencies do not change as a result of migrations in or out of a population.b)Gene flow occurs only as a result of migrations.c)Gene flow can cause new alleles to enter a population's gene pool.
c
Which of the following statements is true?a)Less than 60% of all natural populations of plants and animals have diversity--that is, they are not clones.b)The earth's environments have remained unchanged since the end of the last ice age.c)Humans have altered the environments of some species in order to control the direction of their evolution.d)none of the above
c
Which of the following statements is true?a)Very few living things can create complex organic molecules out of carbon and other common elements.b)Only microscopic organisms begin their lives as single cells.c)Genes are segments of DNA moleculesd)All living things get the energy that they need for growth, repair, and reproduction from sun light.
c
Biological anthropology includes the study of which of the following topics?a)non-human primatesb)fossil record of human evolutionc)human variationd)mechanisms of evolutione)all of the above
e
