Anthro
The process by which children learn culture is known as A. acculturation. B. cultural transmission. C. enculturation. D. ethnoabsorption. E. diffusion.
C
What kind of social unit is common among foragers? A. Tribe B. Chiefdom C. Segmentary lineage D. State E. Band
E
What kinds of people do anthropologists consider to be "cultured"? A. Educated people B. Key cultural consultants C. Ethnocentric people D. Culturally sensitive people E. All people
E
What kind of researcher has traditionally studied small, non-Western populations? A. Ethnographer B. Sociologist C. Economist D. Palynologist E. Limnologist
A
What term do social scientists use to refer to the socially approved use of power? A. Authority B. Influence C. Prestige D. Stratification E. Endogamy
A
What term refers to the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences? A. Syntax B. Lexicon C. Grammar D. Phonology E. Morphology
A
What term refers to the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society? A. Subcultures B. Globalization C. Diffusion D. Hypodescent E. Pidgins
A
What term refers to the type of pastoral economy in which the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year? A. Nomadism B. Migration C. Transhumance D. Potlatching E. Redistribution
A
Which of the following groups are not foragers? A. Basseri (Iran) B. Australian aborigines C. Mbuti (Congo) D. Eskimos (Alaska and Canada) E. San (Kalahari Desert)
A
Which of the following is a cultural generality? A. Life in groups B. The use of fire C. Incest taboo D. Use of symbols E. Nuclear family
E
Which of the following is a cultural universal? A. Hypodescent B. Hyperdescent C. Bifurcate merging kinship terminologies Incorrect D. Transhumance E. Some kind of family
E
Which of the following is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation? A. Intensive use of land and human labor B. Irrigation and terracing C. Use of draft animals D. Location in arid areas E. Slash-and-burn techniques
E
Which of the following is not a distinctive feature of four-field anthropology? A. It has a holistic approach. B. It has a broad cross-cultural comparison. C. It is the study of human biology, culture, and language. D. It is a science and a humanity. E. It has an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures.
E
Which of the following statements about culture is not true? A. It is a distinctive possession of humanity. B. It is acquired by all humans as members of society through enculturation. C. It encompasses shared, symbol-based, learned behavior and beliefs transmitted across generations. D. Everyone is cultured. E. It is transmitted genetically.
E
Which of the following statements about culture is not true? A. All human groups have culture. B. Culture provides the particular way that groups of humans deal with biological needs. C. Human groups differ in their capacities for culture. D. The capacity for culture is shared by all humans. E. Cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans.
C
Which of the following statements is true of Arembepe, Brazil? A. Kottak is the only anthropologist to have studied it. B. Over time, it has become more and more isolated from the rest of the world. C. It is an area of multiple research projects conducted by many anthropologists from different countries. D. Only Americans are interested in studying Arembepe. E. The villagers were mobile foragers when Kottak first visited
C
What term refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups? A. Syntactical vocabulary B. Spatial vocabulary C. Focal vocabulary D. Vernacular vocabulary E. Temporal vocabulary
C
What term refers to the study of a community, region, society, or culture over time? A. Team research B. Etic research C. Longitudinal research D. Survey research E. Genealogical method
C
Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies? A. Social stratification B. Sedentism C. Egalitarianism D. Irrigation E. Large populations
C
Which of the following is not associated with the market principle? A. Profit motive B. The law of supply and demand C. Fixed values for products D. Bargaining E. Industrialism
C
What is the basis of political organization in states? A. Kinship and marriage B. Segmentary lineage organization C. Influence D. Monopoly of force by a central authority E. Egalitarian social organization
D
What is the term for a sign that has no necessary or natural connection to the thing it stands for or signifies? A. Morpheme B. Lexicon C. Phoneme D. Symbol E. Collateral
D
What is the term for the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses? A. Ethnology B. Ethnography C. Cultural resource management Correct D. Adaptation E. Phenotype
D
What people say they do or should do (as opposed to what they actually do) is known as A. imagined culture. B. ethnocentrism. C. agency. D. ideal culture. E. verbal culture.
D
Which of the following is found in all human societies? A. Gender-based division of labor B. Transhumance C. Highly specialized technology D. Domestication of animals for food E. Terracing
A
Which linguist has argued that all human languages have a common structural basis and that all humans have similar linguistic abilities? A. Edward Sapir B. Benjamin Lee Whorf C. William Labov D. Noam Chomsky E. Deborah Tannen
D
Horticulture makes intensive use of A. labor. B. land. C. machinery. D. capital. E. none of the factors of production.
E
Which of the following statements best describes the use of language by apes? A. Only humans are capable of learning and using language. B. Apes use American Sign Language in the wild. C. Apes cannot be taught to use American Sign Language. D. Only chimpanzees can learn American Sign Language. E. Apes can learn American Sign Language and have shown the capacity for cultural transmission, productivity, and displacement, although there is still a gap between human and other ape language capabilities.
E
Anthropology's comparative, biocultural perspective A. allows the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem. B. is the reason anthropology has traditionally studied nonindustrialized societies. C. is insignificant, since evolution is studied by biological anthropologists while culture is studied by cultural anthropologists. D. is a product of the participant observation approach. E. places anthropology in the humanities.
A
All peasants A. produce food without elaborate technology. B. live in industrial states. C. are foragers. D. sell all of the food they produce. E. own the land that they cultivate.
A
An anthropologist is studying ethnic-religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka. She or he is most likely a(n) A. cultural anthropologist. B. linguistic anthropologist. C. paleoanthropologist. D. archeological anthropologist. E. biological anthropologist.
A
Agricultural intensification is not associated with A. greater ecological diversity. B. deforestation. C. increased regulation of interpersonal relations. D. increased potential for conflict. E. population growth.
A
Berlin and Kay's (1969/1992) cross-linguistic study of color terminology revealed that A. basic color terms tended to evolve in a particular order. B. color terminology was least developed in areas with a history of using dyes and artificial coloring. C. all languages included sixteen basic color terms. D. the languages of cultivators in Papua New Guinea and foragers in Australia had more basic color terms than did European and Asian languages. E. there are only two basic color terms, black and white.
A
Biological anthropologists study all of the following except A. ancient languages. B. human biological plasticity. C. primates. D. hominid evolution. E. human genetics.
A
Ethnography is A. the firsthand, personal study of local settings. B. the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations. C. the study of interrelationships among all living things in an environment. D. a policy aimed at removing groups that are culturally different from a country. E. the cross-cultural comparison of cultural data.
A
For most of human history, people lived in societies characterized by what kind of sociopolitical organization? A. Band B. Tribe C. Chiefdom D. State E. Complex chiefdom
A
Foraging economies are usually associated with which type of sociopolitical organization? A. Band B. Tribe C. State D. Chiefdom E. Complex chiefdom
A
In survey research, what is sampling? A. The collection of a representative sample of a larger population B. The interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants C. Participant observation D. The collection of life histories of every member in a community E. The recording of the emic perspective
A
In which kind of society is it most likely that leaders will acquire their positions as a result of their personal backgrounds or abilities, rather than heredity? A. Tribal society B. Feudal state C. Imagined community D. Chiefdom E. Agrarian, preindustrial state
A
The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is A. designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society in general. B. designed to protect anthropologists who conduct fieldwork in remote places and are subject to potentially hazardous working conditions. C. applicable only to research being conducted in the United States. D. simply disregarded by most researchers. E. overly general and thus of little use to most anthropologists.
A
The tendency of people living in the Peruvian Andes to develop a voluminous chest and lungs for life at very high altitudes provides an example of a(n) A. genetic adaptation B. long-term physiological adaptation C. short-term physiological adaptation D. cultural adaptation E. archeological adaptation
A
The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end is known as A. applied anthropology. B. economic anthropology. C. conceptual anthropology. D. sociobiology. E. participant observation.
A
The view that American Thanksgiving Day represents a postharvest festival like many other societies hold is A. the etic view. B. the consultant view. C. the emic view. D. the sociologist's view. E. the participant observation view.
A
What genetic difference has been found between humans and chimpanzees that is likely responsible for the human capability for speech? A. A mutation in the FOXP2 gene B. A mutation in the microcephalin gene C. A mutation in the hyoid D. A mutation in the lungs E. A mutation in the tongue
A
What is an ascribed status? A. A status that a person has little or no choice about occupying B. A status that a person chooses C. A status that a person earns, as when a successful law student becomes a lawyer D. A position of dominance in a society E. A status based on standardized test scores
A
What is salvage ethnography? A. Recording cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization B. Recovering an archaeological site that is about to be destroyed by a public building or road C. Rewriting an ethnography that was written in the ethnographic present D. Recording linguistic diversity that is about to become extinct. E. Making sure that ethnography remains an important part of anthropology.
A
Which of the following is not one of the ways in which individuals learn culture? A. Genetic transmission B. Unconscious acquisition C. Through observation D. Through direct instruction E. Conscious acquisition
A
Which of the following is not typical of state societies? A. A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy B. Class stratification C. Boundary maintenance systems D. Intensive agriculture E. Fiscal systems
A
Which of the following is one of the advantages an interview schedule has over a questionnaire-based survey? A. Interview schedules allow informants to talk about whatever they feel is important. B. Interview schedules rely on very short responses, and therefore are more useful when there is less time to conduct research. C. Questionnaires are completely unstructured, so informants might deviate from the subject of interest. D. Interview schedules are better suited to complex, urban societies. E. Questionnaires are emic, whereas interview schedules are etic.
A
what is the term for cultural change that results when two or more cultures have continuous firsthand contact? A. Acculturation B. Enculturation C. Independent invention D. Colonization E. Imperialism
A
A big man's position depends on all of the following except A. hard work. B. inherited status. C. generosity. D. personal charisma. E. accumulation of wealth.
B
According to Aihwa Ong, spirit possession of female factory workers in Malaysia is A. an example of the interrelatedness of religion and economy. B. an unconscious protest against stressful and exploitive working conditions. C. the result of a gender-based division of labor, which is unique to Malaysian society. D. a reflection of the workers' gratitude for having been hired. E. an example of negative reciprocity.
B
An anthropologist should remain with the group they are studying for A. less than one month, in order to not overstay their welcome. B. at least one year, in order to witness all seasons of activities. C. at least five years, in order to see how culture changes over time. D. six months, in order to interview all members of the culture once. E. three months, in order to see a full harvest cycle.
B
Ethnology is A. the study of human speech sounds. B. the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology. C. the most important subfield of anthropology. D. the study of ancient ethnic groups. E. a synonym for ethnography.
B
How do chiefdoms differ from states? A. Chiefdom status systems are based on differential access to resources. B. Chiefdoms lack socioeconomic stratification and stratum endogamy. C. Chiefdoms lack ascribed statuses. D. Chiefdoms have permanent political regulation. E. Chiefdoms have full-time religious specialists.
B
If rights to land are passed on through descent groups, what type of adaptive strategy is most likely? A. Large-game hunting B. Nonindustrial food producing C. Reciprocal D. Foraging E. Redistribution
B
In band societies, what typically determines the amount of respect or status that an individual enjoys? A. Rank ascribed at birth B. Culturally valued personal attributes C. The individual's possessions and their monetary value D. The amount of labor that the individual can extract from his or her spouse and children E. Genealogical relationships to apical ancestors
B
Regular shifting between "high" and "low" variants of a language is known as A. displacement. B. diglossia. C. semantics. D. kinesics. E. lexicon
B
The American Anthropological Association, or AAA, acknowledges the public service role provided by anthropology by recognition of which of the following dimensions of the field? A. cultural anthropology B. applied anthropology C. biological anthropology D. general anthropology E. biocultural anthropology
B
The Romance languages (e.g., French, Spanish) belong to which of the following language families? A. Mixe-Zoque B. Indo-European C. North Caucasian D. Dravidian E. Austro-Asiatic
B
The study of interactions among past living things in a past environment is A. paleoanthropology. B. paleoecology. C. garbology. D. social archaeology. E. adaptive anthropology.
B
Transhumance is a form of A. horticulture. B. pastoralism. C. foraging. D. agriculture. E. reciprocity.
B
What are cultural particulars? A. Features of a culture that are isolated from other features in the same culture B. Features unique to a given culture, not shared with any others C. Different levels of culture D. The most general aspect of culture patterns E. Cultural features exhibited by individuals rather than groups
B
What distinction do Gezon and Kottak draw between culture and society? A. Culture is the result of higher education, whereas society is shared by all people. B. People share society―organized life in groups―with other animals, but culture is distinctly human. C. Culture is genetically programmed, whereas society is transmitted through social learning. D. People attain culture through international travel but society is the social environment of their native land. E. Society rests more upon certain features of human biology than culture does.
B
What do anthropologists mean when they say culture is shared? A. Culture is an attribute of particular individuals. B. Culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups. C. Culture is what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions. D. Culture is universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual. E. Enculturation is accomplished by more than one person.
B
What do sociolinguists study? A. Bipedalism B. Speech in its social context C. The universal grammar of language D. Cognitive capacity for language E. Cross-cultural phonemic distinctions
B
What is the term for processes that are causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent? A. Acculturation B. Diffusion C. Globalization D. Enculturation E. Independent invention
C
What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue? A. The degree of cultural complexity is related to the effectiveness of languages as systems of communication. B. The languages people speak influence the way they think. C. The Hopi do not use three verb tenses; thus, they have no concept of time. D. Culture determines what language is able to describe. E. All humans are endowed with the ability to use language
B
What is cultural relativism? A. A cultural universal, based upon the human capacity to use symbols B. The argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture C. A cultural particular, based upon the interrelatedness of humans D. The opposite of participant observation E. The same thing as ethnocentrism, but it applies only to family structures
B
What is the ethnographic present? A. The dates that the anthropologist was living in the culture B. The period before Westernization C. The period that documents culture change D. The dates that include culture contact E. The date the ethnography was published
B
What is the primary difference between a village head and a "big man"? A. A big man can enforce his decisions. B. A big man has supporters in multiple villages. C. A village head is a band leader, whereas a big man is a tribal leader. D. A big man's high status is ascribed, whereas a village head's high status is achieved. E. Village head is a permanent political office, whereas big man is a temporary position.
B
What is the term for a social status based on talents, actions, efforts, choices, and accomplishments? A. Ascribed status B. Achieved status C. Situational status D. Negotiated status E. Ethnicity
B
What kind of exchange principle was prominent in Polynesian chiefdoms? A. Market principle B. Redistribution C. Generalized reciprocity D. Balanced reciprocity E. Negative reciprocity
B
What mechanism of cultural change is responsible for pidgin English? A. Enculturation B. Acculturation C. Independent invention D. Migration E. Diffusion
B
What term refers to the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language? A. Morphemes B. Phonemes C. Syntax D. Grammar E. Diglossia
B
Which of the following is not one of the adaptive strategies included in Cohen's typology? A. Pastoralism B. Redistribution C. Agriculture D. Industrialism E. Foraging
B
Which of the following is the most important factor in determining an individual's power and prestige in a state? A. Personality B. Socioeconomic class C. Speaking ability D. Anthropomorphism E. Physical size
B
Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is not true? A. Cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures. B. Cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others. Incorrect C. Cultural relativism argues that we shouldn't use our own standards to judge conduct in other cultures. D. Cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other. E. Cultural relativism argues that each culture is a unique, integrated whole.
B
Which statement about nonhuman primate calls is not true? A. They occur in response to environmental stimuli. B. Calls demonstrate linguistic productivity. C. They are automatic and cannot be combined. D. Calls vary in intensity and duration. E. Call systems produce a limited number of sounds.
B
What term refers to languages that have descended from the same ancestral language? A. Descendant languages B. Sibling languages C. Daughter languages D. Brother languages E. Protolanguages
C
What term refers to the process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems? A. Enculturation B. Acculturation C. Independent invention D. Globalization E. Diffusion
C
According to the text, what can we appropriately conclude from geneticists' finding that someone of African ancestry may have more in common biologically with someone of native Australian, Asian, or northern European descent than with a fellow African? A. People of African descent have migrated to Australia, Asia, and northern Europe and mixed their genes with local populations. B. People of Australian, Asian, and northern European descent have migrated to Africa and mixed their genes with local African populations. C. You may have more genetic material in common with someone who looks totally different from you than with someone considered your own "race". D. African populations are divided into a number of races, some of which have evolved to look like peoples of other regions of the world. E. Because Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, African peoples have much in common with peoples of all regions of the world.
C
Cultural resource management is an example of applied A. ethnology. B. biological anthropology. C. archaeology. D. linguistic anthropology. E. ethnography.
C
How are cultural rights different from human rights? A. Human rights are real, whereas cultural rights are just perceived. B. The United Nations protects human rights but not cultural rights. C. Cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals. D. Cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights. E. The term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights.
C
How does horticulture differ from agriculture? A. The former involves the use of domesticated animals, whereas the latter does not. B. Because they do not irrigate their fields, agriculturalists are more dependent on seasonal rains. C. Agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not. D. The former is labor intensive, while the latter is land intensive. E. Horticulture's long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of agriculture.
C
In a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as standard or superior. This phenomenon is referred to as A. diglossia. B. creolization. C. symbolic domination. D. hypercorrection. E. style shifting.
C
In a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as standard or superior. This phenomenon is referred to as A. diglossia. B. creolization. C. symbolic domination. D. hypercorrection. E. style shifting.
C
In order to conduct research among a group of people, the anthropologist must A. get permission from the American Anthropological Association. B. pay a fee to the individuals who will be interviewed. C. inform the people about the purpose, nature, and procedures of the research and its potential costs and benefits to them. D. get permission from the U.S. State Department. E. hold a PhD in anthropology.
C
In what sense are nonindustrial economies embedded in society? A. Nonindustrial producers do not partake in the results of their labor. B. Nonindustrial economies have little to do with the everyday lives of people. C. Relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects. D. Most nonindustrial economies are strictly regulated by a government. E. Most economic activity takes place far from home.
C
The best known examples of pantribal sodalities existed among societies in A. Melanesia. B. Polynesia. C. The Great Plains of North America. D. Southern Europe. E. Papua New Guinea
C
The emergence of agriculture in at least seven different regions of the world is an example of A. acculturation. B. enculturation. C. independent invention. D. colonization. E. diffusion.
C
The study of sounds used in speech is known as A. historical linguistics. B. sociolinguistics. C. phonology. D. morphology. E. ebonics.
C
The study of the forms in which sounds combine to form words and their meaningful parts is known as A. phonology. B. syntax. C. morphology. D. lexicon. E. grammar.
C
What are the four main subdisciplines of anthropology? A. Medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology B. Archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology C. Biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology D. Genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology E. Primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleopathology
C
What is a mode of production? A. A postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture and international mercantilism B. The land, labor, and technology used in production C. The way production is organized in a society D. Technology used to produce consumer goods E. The cultural aspects of an economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry
C
What is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of local life? A. Representative sample B. Etic informant C. Key cultural consultant D. Biased informant E. Life historian
C
Which of the following statements is true of Arembepe, Brazil? A. Kottak is the only anthropologist to have studied it. B. Over time, it has become more and more isolated from the rest of the world. C. It is an area of multiple research projects conducted by many anthropologists from different countries. D. Only Americans are interested in studying Arembepe. E. The villagers were mobile foragers when Kottak first visited.
C
Which of the following strategies is unique to anthropology? A. Comparison B. A biological perspective C. Ethnography D. An evolutionary perspective E. Working with skilled respondents
C
Which of the following techniques was developed specifically because kinship and marriage relationships are so important in nonindustrial societies? A. The life history B. Participant observation C. The genealogical method D. The interview schedule E. Network analysis
C
After being spoken for generations, pidgins may develop into A. focal vocabularies. B. syntaxes. C. protolanguages. D. creole languages. E. diglossias.
D
All humans were foragers until approximately A. 10 million years ago. B. 1 million years ago. C. 100,000 years ago. D. 10,000 years ago. E. 1,000 years ago.
D
An obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is known as A. cultivation. B. swiddening. C. fallowing. D. symbiosis. E. transhumance.
D
During the first few weeks in the field, the anthropologist will A. be completely useless, as he or she is in culture shock. B. spend time recovering from jet lag. C. only hand out gifts to the children of the culture. D. notice some of the most basic aspects of cultural diversity that eventually fade from consciousness. E. read background history on the culture.
D
In survey research, a sample should A. include the entire population in question. B. include anyone who will agree to talk with the researcher. C. not be randomly selected. D. be constituted so that valid inferences about the larger population can be made. E. be invariant.
D
In survey research, what term is used to refer to the attributes that differ among members of a population? A. Unknowns B. Questionnaires C. Interviews D. Variables E. Random sample
D
Most professional linguists regard BEV as what? A. A protolanguage B. A distinct language C. A linguistic anomaly D. A dialect of American English E. An inferior version of English
D
Paying taxes is an example of A. generalized reciprocity. B. balanced reciprocity. C. the market principle. D. redistribution. E. negative reciprocity.
D
The term alienation is used to describe what phenomenon in industrial economies? A. Peasants' loss of land B. An increasing subculture of poverty C. Negative reciprocity D. The separation of workers from the things they produce E. The great distances that separate the homes and workplaces of most people
D
When studying a culture today, anthropologists A. must focus on one site at one point in time. B. will not take photos of their informants due to privacy laws. C. try to find cultures that have never been contacted by another culture. D. must consider culture contact, external organizations, and power differentials and how they affect cultures. E. only study cultures with no access to television.
D
Which of the following is a characteristic shared by most present-day foragers? A. They primarily fish for subsistence. B. They are wholly dependent on welfare supplied by state-level societies. C. They live largely in isolation from food-producing neighbors and the influence of the state. D. They live in marginal environments. E. They adopted foraging after abandoning more advanced subsistence strategies.
D
Which of the following is not a characteristic field technique used by ethnographers? A. The genealogical method B. Participant observation C. Conversation D. Telephone questionnaires E. Interview schedules
D
Which of the following societies has village heads? A. Qashqai B. San C. Kapauku D. Yanomami E. Basseri
D
Which of the following statements about agriculturalists is true? A. They clear tracts of land they wish to use by cutting down trees and setting fire to the grass. B. They generally work less than horticulturalists. C. They must be nomadic to take full advantage of their land. D. They use their land intensively and continuously. E. Their diet is more varied than that of horticulturalists.
D
Which of the following statements about anthropology is not true? A. Anthropology is the exploration of human diversity in time and space. B. Anthropology studies the whole of the human condition. C. Anthropologists focus in part on the diversity that arises through human adaptability. D. Anthropology's biocultural approach entails finding evolutionary explanations for all human behaviors. E. Anthropology offers a comparative, cross-cultural perspective to the study of the human condition.
D
Which of the following statements about leaders in foraging bands is true? A. They retain their power by maintaining strong ties with the commoner class. B. They inherited privileged access to strategic resources. C. They maintain control by conquering foreign territories. D. They have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions. E. They are the dominant males in the largest, most powerful descent groups.
D
Which of the following statements about nonstate societies is true? A. Warfare is conducted by professional armies. B. Political institutions are totally separate from economic institutions. C. Social control is maintained mostly through physical coercion. D. Economic, political, and religious activities are often interrelated. E. All political power is based on religion
D
Which of the following statements about nonstate societies is true? A. Warfare is conducted by professional armies. B. Political institutions are totally separate from economic institutions. C. Social control is maintained mostly through physical coercion. D. Economic, political, and religious activities are often interrelated. E. All political power is based on religion.
D
Which of the following statements about shifting cultivation is true? A. It typically involves the use of draft animals. B. It cannot support permanent villages. C. It requires irrigation. D. It requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years. E. It relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
D
Which of the following statements concerning the Basseri and the Qashqai is true? A. Both were nomadic foraging groups in Iran. B. A symbiotic relationship existed between the Basseri, who were nomadic pastoralists, and the Qashqai, who were horticulturalists. C. The Basseri "big man" (tonowi) could enforce his decisions, whereas the Qashqai village head could only lead by example. D. The Qashqai authority structure was more complex and hierarchical than that of the Basseri. E. The Basseri and Qashqai were two of the age sets in Melanesian society.
D
Which of the following was not traditionally used by the Inuit to handle disputes? A. Blood feuds B. Song contests C. Killing an offender D. Courts of law E. Kin ties
D
he pressurized cabin of an airplane flying at high altitude provides an example of a(n) A. genetic adaptation B. long-term physiological adaptation C. short-term physiological adaptation D. cultural adaptation E. archeological adaptation
D
Although rap music began in the United States, it is now popular all over the world. Which of the following mechanisms of cultural change is responsible for this? A. Acculturation B. Enculturation C. Independent invention D. Colonization E. Diffusion
E
Anthropology is a holistic discipline in that it A. has traditionally focused on nonindustrial societies. B. deals with human culture. C. does not attempt to make generalizations about humanity. D. now focuses on industrial societies. Correct E. studies human biological, cultural, and linguistic variation across both time and space.
E
Anthropology is a holistic discipline in that it A. has traditionally focused on nonindustrial societies. B. deals with human culture. C. does not attempt to make generalizations about humanity. D. now focuses on industrial societies. E. studies human biological, cultural, and linguistic variation across both time and space.
E
Classic ethnographies, like those of Malinowski, tend to focus on A. the interpretations of those things that are important to the natives. B. a particular aspect of culture, such as kinship or religion. C. the anthropologist's interactions in the culture. D. the feminist view of culture. E. a holistic view of all aspects of a culture.
E
Deborah Tannen's research on the speech habits of men and women has revealed that A. there are no discernible differences between the way men and women use language. B. men tend to make eye contact more frequently than women. C. women tend to recite information in an attempt to solidify their position in a social hierarchy. D. men rely more on nonverbal gestures than do women. E. women tend to use language to build social connections with others.
E
In what kind of society is differential access to resources based on social stratification? A. Chiefdom B. Band C. Clan D. Tribe E. State
E
In which region of the United States do people not speak with an accent? A. New England B. West Coast C. Southeast D. Midwest E. Regional speech variations exist throughout the United States
E
Linguistic displacement is A. the ability to use the rules of language to produce entirely new expressions. B. the lexical difference between a protolanguage and a daughter language. C. the ability to respond to environmental stimuli. D. the linguistic dimension of culture shock. E. the ability to talk about things that are not present.
E
Means of production include A. foraging, horticulture, agriculture, and pastoralism. B. the market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity. C. generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity. D. kinship, descent, and marriage. E. land, labor, and technology.
E
Taking part in the events one is witnessing and describing is known as A. longitudinal research. B. emic research. C. etic research. D. informed consent. E. participant observation.
E
The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions is called: A. ethnosemantics. B. biosemantics. C. protolinguistics. D. phonemics. E. kinesics.
E
What anthropological approach focuses on how people with different motives, intentions, and degrees of power and influence manage to create and transform the society in which they live? A. Cultural relativism B. Experimental anthropology C. Interpretive anthropology D. Neoevolutionism E. Practice theory
E
What do anthropological archaeologists study? A. Language B. Race C. Biological adaptation D. Modern cultural diversity Correct E. Material remains
E
When a tenant farmer gives 20 percent of his crop to his landlord, he is allocating resources to a A. social fund. B. subsistence fund. C. ceremonial fund. D. replacement fund. E. rent fund.
E
When an individual gives something to someone else but expects nothing in return, this is an example of A. balanced reciprocity. B. positive reciprocity. C. negative reciprocity. D. specialized reciprocity. E. generalized reciprocity.
E
Which of the following does not describe the situation of the Yanomami? A. Missionaries lived with the Yanomami for 50 years, providing health care and transportation. B. The Venezuelan president expelled the missionaries from the Venezuelan Amazon. C. The Yanomami claim that the government is not providing the same level of health care assistance as the missionaries, leading to an increase in deaths. D. Some Yanomami are being trained in health care. E. The Yanomami are isolated from missionaries and the Venezuelan government, and are self-sufficient.
E
Which of the following features do humans not share with other primates? A. Opposable thumbs B. Enlarged brain to body ratio C. Depth perception D. Parental investment in offspring E. Habitual, obligatory bipedalism
E
Which of the following traits is not shared by humans and chimpanzees? A. Tool use B. Meat eating C. Stereoscopic vision D. High intelligence E. Estrus
E
Which of the following traits is unique to humans? A. Social life B. Tool use C. Meat eating D. Food sharing E. Kinship
E
Why does a big man accumulate wealth? A. Big men are chiefs who are trying to make their achieved status more permanent by engaging in conspicuous symbolic displays of wealth. B. The term big man refers to the liminal state that a Kapauku youth enters before marriage, during which he accumulates wealth in order to fund the wedding and pay the brideprice. C. Big men typically are war leaders and as such they must maintain a supply of "grievance gifts" to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command. D. To become a big man, an individual must wear a tonowi shell necklace, which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku standards. E. Big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.
E
