Anthropology 101 ch. 1
Some anthropologists believe that the ethical principle of what? is not enough, and that anthropologists have a responsibility to "do good" in a society
"Do no harm"
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures
Archaeology
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
Hypothesis
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
1800s
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
A goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
An approach in anthropology that directly addresses issues of social justice, such as poor health and political disempowerment
Action Anthropology
How do anthropologists know what they know?
Anthropology has a strong relationship with the scientific method: all anthropologists use theories, collect data, and analyze those data
The practical use of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems, sometimes called anthropology's "fifth field"
Applied anthropology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition
Biological Anthropology
A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in
Building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of pas cultures
The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
Charles Darwin
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones, and was a driving force in anthropology is called
Colonialism
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices
Cultural Anthropology
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called?
Cultural relativism
The taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group
Culture
The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world
Diversity
How did anthropology begin?
During the nineteenth century, the rise of industrialization, the influence of evolutionary theory, and colonial contact with less-industrialized cultures led to the discipline of understanding how cultures operate and interact
Verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory alone
Empirical
Assuming your cultures way of doing things is the best is called
Ethnocentrism
Refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations
Evolution
Anthropologists like E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science
False
T or F: Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four sub fields
False
When cultural anthropologists live in societies for extended periods of time observing social life they are doing
Fieldwork
Diversity defined anthropologically
Focuses on multiplicity and variety
Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation
Holism
Linguistic anthropologists study
How our language evolved, how our mouths form words, and how indigenous people classify their social worlds
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?
Industrialization
The practice of anthropologists explaining their research and being clear about the risks involved
Informed consent
During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
Learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture l
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use
Linguistic anthropology
Ethics, defined as what?, are important to anthropologists
Moral questions of right and wrong
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as
Natural selection
During colonialism, the perception of non-Western peoples as primitive or savage is referred to as the process of
Othering
Anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product
Practicing anthropology
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
Proof of their primitive nature
The application of the comparative method in his research in Palau New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on
Published and unpublished accounts of mask collectors who visited different villages
Research that involved interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is what kind of study
Qualitative study
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
Quantitative data
An ethical approach to anthropological research emphasizes
Responsibilities toward the host country and the people being studied
The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then tests these hypotheses
Scientific method
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
The Industrial Revolution
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
The complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except
The construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community
A key feature of what? concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, behaviors within a social group that feel natural
The culture concept
An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as
The natural abilities of more civilized people to control less civilized people
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
The people or species they study
A tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis
Theory
T or F: A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution"
True
There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly
True
When qualitative methods are employed, the researchers themselves are often used as the research instrument
True
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
Anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
T or F: Diversity, defines anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which just sayin not the same thing as "difference"
True
What do the four subfields of anthropology have in common?
Anthropologists in all subfields share certain fundamental approaches and concepts, including culture, cultural relativism, diversity, change, and holism
T or F: Contemporary cultural anthropologists tank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" to categorize human diversity.
False
T or F: Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provides an accurate description of the way people actually lived
False
T or F: The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths
False
A methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring then, and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed
Quantitative method
The comparative method
Refers to the practice of comparing two or more cultures
Until the early 1900s, anthropologists believed that their role was to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble indigenously-made objects because those life ways would soon disappear-an approach referred to as
The salvage paradigm
A relativistic perspective on the meaning of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico would emphasize that
Those meanings are only sensible within. Culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality