Anthropology 204- Language and Culture Exam

What term describes the need to be independent and free from imposition?

negative face

The general ability to use language accurately, effectively, and flexibly is known as what?

communicative competence

Which English sound has the features: + voice, + velar, +stop?

/ɡ/

Which new sound entered English as a result of borrowing words from French?

/ʒ/

Gua was the subject of one of the earliest attemps to teach a chimpanzee to use human language. About how many words did he learn to produce?

0

Which of these centuries is inside the Middle English period?

1200-1300

How many prepositions are there in: "The young girl didn't know where she was, so she asked a man with a small child if he knew the way to the station"?

2

By the time Kanzi was eight years old, his understanding of spoken English was similar to that of a human child of what age?

2 1/2 years (K)

At roughly what age does a child typically begin to incorporate inflectional and functional morphemes in their speech?

2 1/2 years (m)

What percentage of it eventual weigh is a baby's brain at birth?

25

How many grammatical genders does German have?

3 (g)

How many conjunctions are there in: "Pierre and Marie-Claire came home early because they were tired, but Heléne stayed out till midnight"?

3 (p&mc)

The first clear evidence of writing dates from approximately how long ago?

3000 B.C.E.

About how long ago did we start to find structural features in fossils that would indicate that a creature could produce speech-like sounds?

35,000 years

How many adverbs are there in: "We had a very hard day yesterday, so we really couldn't get up early this morning".

4 (a)

What percentage of students developed lip-reading skills through Oralism?

4 (o)

At what age (in months) can infants hear the difference between [ba] and [ga'?

5

Approximately how many years ago did written language develop?

5,000

"The librarian climbed the rickety ladder and placed the book on the topmost shelf." How many functional morphemes does this sentence contain?

6

How many hedges are there in this text: "It was late but I'm not sure exactly what time it was. I think there were three of them and they just sort of appeared from nowhere. One of them was smell and had a bit of a limp. I think another was holding a knife or something."

7

Approximately how many languages are there?

7,000

How many anaphoric expressions are there in this sentence? "Dr. McDuff, the new professor, told Mahina that she had to so extra exercises at home because he thought she wasn't paying attention during his lectures and the exercises would help her understand the lectures better."

8

How many inflectional morphemes are there in modern English?

8

How many weeks before birth is the human auditory system functioning?

8

Approximately how many languages are spoken in Papua New Guinea?

800

How many deictic expressions are there in this sentence? "We were students there last year, but those instructors didn't care about us, so now I'm studying here instead."

9

What percentage of human breathing while speaking involves exhalation?

90

Which two of these features are NOT characteristic of AAVE? A) "be" for current action B) "bin" for past action C) dentals pronounced as velars D) double negatives E) possessive -'s omitted F) reduced consonant clusters

A) "be" for current action C) dentals pronounced as velars

Which two words are examples of initialisms? A) ATM B) laser C) NATO D) scuba E) WHO F) zip (code)

A) ATM E) WHO

Which two of the following contain a performative speech act? A) I promise to leave you some pizza B) You promised to leave me some pizza, but it's all gone! C) I said I was sorry I had eaten all the pizza D) I name this ship Esmerelda E) The scientists named the ship Explorer F) I wonder where he went

A) I promise to leave you some pizza D) I name this ship Esmerelda

What is the most important aspect of L2 input?

comprehensible

Which two of the following could NOT be generated by VP --> V NP? A) John baked a cake B) saw you C) pushed the swing D) ran E) helped Stephen F) chased the runaway thief

A) John baked a cake D) ran

Choose the two pairs that illustrate non-gradable antonymy. A) alive / dead B) long / short C) raise / lower D) rich / poor E) true / false F) wide / broad

A) alive / dead E) true / false

Choose the two phrases that could NOT be generated by: NP --> Art (Adj) N? A) ancient castles B) an old building C) a museum D) the new school E) a huge tower F) a room with a view

A) ancient castles F) a room with a view

Choose the two minimal pairs. A) beat bought B) bell smell C) pin ban D) rag bag E) tame chime F) thyme time

A) beat bought D) rag bag

Choose the two words that belong to a closed class. A) because B) break C) follow D) sad E) that F) yellow

A) because E) that

What two biological processes is it necessary to control in order to produce the intonation needed for speech? A) breathing B) lip movement C) swallowing D) tongue control E) vibration of the vocal folds F) volume

A) breathing E) vibration of the vocal folds

Choose the two words that contain an allomorph of the "plural" morpheme? A) children B) eating C) phenomena D) sings E) taken F) wasted

A) children C) phenomena

Choose the two words that illustrate hypocorism. A) comfy B) poly-sci C) smelly D) swindle E) toastie F) typo

A) comfy E) toastie

Choose the two indirect speech acts used to make requests. A) could you close the door. B) I'm going to close the door. C) please leave the door closed. D) close that door. E) would you mind closing the door. F) the door isn't closed.

A) could you close the door. E) would you mind closing the door

Which two features are NOT typical of caregiver speech? A) exaggerated repetition B) extra loudness C) frequent questions D) longer pauses E) repeated syllables F) simplified words

A) exaggerated repetition D) longer pauses

Which of these examples illustrates overgeneralization? A) four mens B) little lines each side C) she name is Lola D) the part inferior E) the rabbit of Easter F) the things horses wear

A) four mens

Which two of the following expressions are examples of spatial deixis? A) here B) mine C) now D) that book E) this boy F) those people

A) here D) that book

Which of the following utterances illustrates inversion? A) how is that open? B) owl eat a candy? C) you want eat? D) what book name? E) where it goed? F) why you smiling?

A) how is that open?

Which two parts of the human vocal tract are in different positions compared to other primates? A) larynx B) lips C) mouth D) pharynx E) teeth F) tongue

A) larynx D) pharynx

Choose the two utterances that show respect for the interlocutor's positive face. A) shall we go to Martin's tonight? B) I'm sorry to bother you but could you pass the newspaper. C) I know you're busy but could you take a look at this for me? D) I know what you mean. Can we try it this way? E) I wonder if you can help me? F) Would you mind reaching that book off the shelf for me?

A) shall we go to Martin's tonight? D) I know what you mean. Can we try it this way?

What does the sign involving rotating both hands with interlocked fingers in front of the chest mean?

America

How did Washoe communicate?

American Sign Language

In what language is the future spoken of as if it were behind one's back?

Aymara

Choose the two numbers whose pronunciations would end with closed syllables. A) 2 B) 10 C) 20 D) 33 E) 44 F) 50

B) 10 E) 44

Choose the two utterances that contain pragmatic markers. A) Do you know the way to San Jose? B) He's from Eire, you know, the independent part of Ireland. C) I believe you know where the money is hidden. D) Some of you didn't study, you know who you are. E) I don't know where I could have left my keys. F) Do you know those people, I mean do you know their names?

B) He's from Eire, you know the independent part of Ireland. F) Do you know those people, I mean do you know their names?

Which two processes have given rise to the word deli? A) backformation B) borrowing C) calque D) clipping E) conversion F) hypocorism

B) borrowing D) clipping

Which two of the following pair are reversives? A) black / white B) buy / sell C) damp / moist D) enter / exit E) fast / slow F) rich / poor

B) buy / sell D) enter / exit

Choose the two words that contain a bound stem. A) careless B) deceive C) goodness D) repeat E) tourists F) undresses

B) deceive D) repeat

Which two phrases are likely to exhibit assimilation in conversational speech? A) a ripe banana B) don't be silly C) five elephants D) deep friendship E) smoking gun F) ten points

B) don't be silly F) ten points

Which two of these words do not end with a nasal sound? A) comb B) fair C) mane D) mole E) ring F) sign

B) fair D) mole

Which two words normally contain a single vowel sound (i.e. not a diphthong)? A) fried B) friend C) great D) meat E) sign F) throw

B) friend D) meat

Which two features were traditionally more characteristic of women's speech than men's? A) fewer back channels B) higher pitch C) less pitch movement D) longer turns E) more double negatives F) more indirect speech arts

B) higher pitch F) more indirect speech arts

Which two of these words contain a zero-morph in the past tense? A) fight B) hurt C) put D) see E) sing F) touch

B) hurt C) put

Choose two things a speaker usually knows about an expression in the tip of the tongue phenomenon. A) similar meaning B) initial sound C) phonological outline D) number of letters E) number of syllables F) part of speech

B) initial sound C) phonological outline

What term is used to talk about words that frequently occur together?

collocation

Which two of these descriptions characterize the audiolingual method? A) language function is emphasized B) language is a set of habits C) learning vocabulary lists D) memorization is encouraged E) practicing oral drills F) specific purpose learning

B) language is a set of habits E) practicing oral drills

Choose the two sentences with the most cohesive ties: A) Jamaica in the Caribbean. It is near Cuba B) My friend visited Jamaica. She went there on a cruise ship. C) Jamaican people are very friendly. They like to dance and have fun D) There are beautiful beaches in Jamaica. The ocean is really blue. E) Reggae music came from Jamaica. You can hear it all over the island F) People love to go to Jamaica. It always has warm weather in winter

B) my friend visited Jamaica. She went there on a cruise ship E) Reggae music came from Jamaica. You can hear it all over the island

Which two expressions have the most instances of postvocalic /r/? A) free elementary readers B) newer reference works C) rare real estate opportunity D) three raspberry tarts E) raw vegetable restaurant F) our worst nightmare

B) newer reference works F) our worst nightmare

Choose the two combinations that are NOT prepositional phrases. A) preposition + article + noun B) preposition + adjective C) preposition + pronoun D) preposition + proper noun E) preposition + verb F) preposition + noun phrase

B) preposition + adjective E) preposition + verb

What part of the brain is considered to be most involved in speech production?

Broca's area

Choose the two sets that contain a pair of co-hyponyms and a superordinate. A) animal / dog / terrier B) banyan / pine / rose C) bird / duck / parrot D) daffodil / turnip / vegetable E) flower / plant / tree F) cockroach / insect / lizard

C) bird / duck / parrot E) flower / plant / tree

What three ways do speakers make that they want to hold the floor in a conversation? A) by asking a question B) by pausing between sentences C) by pausing within a phrase D) by speaking very quickly E) by using connectors F) by using ums and ers to fill pauses

C) by pausing within a phrase E) by using connectors F) by using ums and ers to fill pauses

Which two of these patterns of development are typical for color terms? A) brown then black B) gray then white C) green then blue D) pink then red E) purple then green F) yellow then orange

C) green then blue F) yellow than orange

Choose the two words that begin and end with fricatives. A) death B) flag C) hash D) sick E) that F) vase

C) hash F) vase

Which two of these forms illustrate metathesis? A) æmtig --> empty B) hlud --> loud C) hros --> horse D) spiritus --> espiritu E) thridda --> third F) ßunor --> thunder

C) hros --> horse E) thridda --> third

Which two of these words usually contain more than one schwa sound: [ə]? A) about B) happily C) innocent D) memory E) photograph F) photography

C) innocent F) photography

Choose the two words that normally contain diphthongs. A) caught B) key C) late D) my E) myth F) you

C) late D) my

Which two of these affective factors are beneficial for L2 learning? A) inhibitions B) lack of empathy C) low anxiety D) positive self-image E) self-consciousness F) a sense of humor

C) low anxiety D) positive self-image

Choose the two words with the fewest affixes. A) disagreement B) joyfulness C) maximum D) misleading E) permanent F) refillable

C) maximum E) permanent

Which two of the following are affective factors influencing second language learning? A) age B) environmental C) motivation D) the learner's L1 E) self-consciousness F) teaching method

C) motivation E) self-consciousness

What two categories of words do sufferers from Broca's aphasia typically omit? A) adjectives B) verbs C) prepositions D) adverbs E) nouns F) articles

C) prepositions F) articles

Choose the two statements that contain hedges: A) a sandwich is a sandwich B) Suzy left the office to get something to eat C) the front part was sort of yellow with blue spots D) I'm not sure, but you can check that online E) the fact that he's old isn't relevant at all F) how about going for some coffee?

C) the front part was sort of yellow with blue spots D) I'm not sue, but you can check online.

Which writing system has been in continuous use for the longest time?

Chinese (lt)

Which language has the most native speakers?

Chinese (ns)

Which of these is Tok Pisin an example of?

Creole

Choose the two phrases that would best characterize scripts A) describing a supermarket B) being a janitor C) knowing what is in a classroom D) eating in a cafeteria E) making your contribution information F) a vist to the dentist

D) eating in a cafeteria F) a visit to the dentist

Which of these phrases appears later than the others? A) it came B) it is no C) it on bed D) it opened E) it sitting F) it's mommy's

D) it opened

Choose the two words that contain two bound morphemes. A) bodybuilder B) carefree C) gigantic D) motorists E) seriously F) unbelievable

D) motorists F) unbelievable

Which two of these forms are most typical of a consonantal alphabet? A) baba ("father") B) beth ("house") C) cul8r ("see you later") D) msg ("message") E) ti ("tie") F) wtr ("water")

D) msg ("message") F) wtr ("water")

Which of the following phrases illustrates perseveration? A) a highly played player (paid) B) stick neff (stiff neck) C) a tup of tea (cup) D) not now, another nay (day) E) shu flots (flu shots) F) a pimple (pit bull)

D) not now, another nay (day)

Which of the following have the semantic features [+animate], [-human], [-adult]? A) boys B) chairs C) children D) puppies E) tadpole F) women

D) puppies E) tadpoles

Which two of these words contain the fewest digraphs? A) choreographer B) philanthropist C) photographer D) quarterback E) shepherd F) thatcher

D) quarterback E) shepherd

Where is control of the articulatory muscles located?

motor cortex

Which two of these are well-formed English noun phrases? (only one on quiz) A) the ball red B) the dog bit the man C) old man slept D) the rugby player with the broken nose E) sold the snake F) someone

D) the rugby player with the broken nose (ID on quiz) F) someone

Choose the two phrases that would typically be pronounced with elision of part of a consonant cluster. A) I have to B) you can go C) we ask you D) they want it E) she must be F) me and you

E) she must be F) me and you

Which two of these forms illustrate epenthesis? A) beorht --> bright B) brinnan --> boernan C) hring --> ring D) niht --> night E) slummer --> slumber F) spinel --> spindle

E) slummer --> slumber F) spinel --> spindle

Choose the two examples of blending. A) fax B) handbook C) smoke D) superman E) telethon F) velcro

E) telethon F) velcro

Which of these forms typically appears later than the others? A) cat not eat B) daddy can't sing C) dog won't bite D) I don't want it E) this isn't cake F) that not ready

E) this isn't cake

Which of these phrases appears later than the others? A) I don't want it B) nobody don't like me C) no sleeping here D) that not going E) we can't do that F) you didn't caught it

F) you didn't caught it

Which two of these languages are NOT Indo-European?

Finnish and Malayalam

Who introduced vowels to early alphabetic systems?

Greeks

In which country are Mayan languages spoken?

Guatemala

Which modern country was home to the Sumerians?

Iraq

Which two of these languages are NOT members of the Iranian branch of Indo-European?

Latvian and Urdu

Which of these expressions can be used to rewrite PN?

Mary

What is the basic structure of: "The old dog loved the small boy"?

NP VP

In which country is Tok Pisin the national language?

Papua New Guinea

Which language is written with the Cyrillic alphabet?

Russian

What is the basic word of Japanese?

SOV

What is the most common word order among languages of the world?

SOV

Which of the chimpanzees learned to communicate using plastic shapes?

Sarah

In which language would men and omen use different words for "milk"?

Sidamo

What is the name for the system that uses signs that correspond directly to the words in an English sentence?

Signed English

Which of these parts of the vocal tract is not normally used in the pronunciation of American English speech sounds?

Uvula

Who is famous for the slip in "You have hissed all my mystery lectures?"

William Spooner

Which of these symbols represents a voiceless palatal fricative?

[ʃ]

What is V --> {followed, helped, saw}?

a lexical structure

What is NP --> {Art (adj) N, Pro, PN}?

a phrase structure rule

We know that a trip to the store is likely to involve handling over cash, even if this detail is not mentioned, through the use of:

a script

Divers communicating with one another under the sea are using:

alternate signs

Which property is evidenced in Washoe's use of signs in WATER BIRD to refer to a swan?

analogy

What is the technical term for difficulty in finding correct words?

anomia

What is the term for the words and phrases that listeners use while someone is speaking?

back-channels

What is the technical term for short quick movements of the hand?

beats

The noun blog is an example of what type of word-formation process?

blending

Which of these Germanic cognates for "beech" is likely to be the oldest?

boeke (W Frisian)

What is the lexical relation between the words "rose" and "daisy"?

co-hyponyms

In language planning, what is the term for the stage when grammars and dictionaries of the standard language are developed?

codification

What is the term for the connections that exist within a text that makes it hang together logically?

cohesive ties

What is the term for when speakers modify their speech to be more like that of their listeners?

convergence

Which process is illustrated by the underlined word in "The cost of the project has snowballed?" (no word was underlined in the quiz)

conversion

At what level of structure are these two sentences the same? (1) The dog chased Jackie. (2) Jackie was chased by the dog.

deep structure

What kind of morpheme is the affix in suddenly?

derivational

What term is used to describe how dialects tend to merge over dialect boundaries?

dialect continuum

In chapter 17 we learned that in the Middle English period, French was the language of the nobility, government and law while a form of English was used in everyday life. What is the term for such a situation?

diglossia

Which property of human language does the honeybees' dance exhibit?

displacement

Which property of human language enables us to take one word (ten) apart and create another word (net)?

duality

How do we refer to this phonetic symbol: [ð]?

eth

What is the role of "you" in "Did you hear those weird noises last night?"

experiencer

What was the key element in Kanzi's learning?

exposure to language in use

Which of these kinship categories is separately lexicalized in Norwegian, but not in English?

female parent's mother

In animal communication systems each signal appears to relate to a particular occasion or purpose. What is this called?

fixed reference

Which of the following words has undergone a broadening of meaning since Old English?

food

What is the critical period for language acquisition?

from birth to puberty

Choose the word that ends with a voiced sound.

fudge

What is the name for the property of a grammar by which a finite set of rules can produce an infinite number of sentences?

generative

What is the role of "Aunt Alice" in: "Peter sent Aunt Alice a birthday card"?

goal

Which of these expressions is a VP?

got on the train

What reason is usually given to explain why working class speakers are less likely to shift their speech style as much as middle class speakers?

group solidarity

What do we call symbols that are used for concepts such as "daytime"?

ideograms

Which term describes an individual's personal use of language?

idiolect

Suppose you ask me, "Are you coming out to lunch?" and I reply, "I've brought sandwiches," by what mechanism can you work out that I don't want to come out to eat?

implicature

What is the term for an additional meaning conveyed by an utterance?

implicature

In the sentence, "We went to view an apartment, but the bedroom was too small," what allows us to connect "apartment" and "the bedroom"?

inference

Which derivational element did the writer Roald Dahl use when he created the word scrumdidlyumptious (= very delicious)?

infix

How do we describe the type of motivation involved in learning an L2 to achieve a specific career goal?

instrumental

What type of motivation in learning an L2 in order to take part in the social life of a community?

integrative

Which of these factors does NOT define a sociolect?

intelligence

What one thing appears to be crucial for a child to acquire language?

interaction with language-users

What are dialect boundaries based on?

isoglosses

Which of these words represents a noun phrase?

it

What is typically found in a register?

jargon

Which two of these English words contain letters of an earlier pronunciation?

knot and night

If the Taglog word for "eat" is kain, which of these would be the command "eat!"?

kumain

Choose the group of words that represents a minimal set.

laugh life loaf

Which word would normally be pronounced with a flapped /t/ (represented by [ɾ]) in American English?

letter

What is the term for the attribution of specific language abilities to specific parts of the brain?

localization

What two articulatory parameters have "outward and downward" and "above the eyes" as primes?

location and movement

Which lexical relation is illustrated in: "She like those crackers so much that she ate the whole packet"?

metonymy

Which of the following words has a CVCC syllable structure?

mix

A french learner of L2 English who says "Give me the book blue" is showing evidence of what?

negative transfer

What language are children who spend their early yers in isolation likely to develop?

no language at all

What feature of the noun in "a new furniture" makes it ungrammatical?

non-countable

Which two of these terms were NOT used to identify appropriate participants in regional dialect surveys?

normal and senior

Historically, how many deaf children had deaf parents?

one in ten

Which two of the following processes are NOT part of the language planning?

organization and representation

Which two articulatory parameters are present in the description "flat hand, palm towards signer"?

orientation and shape

The use of goed or wented is an example of?

overgeneralization

Which of these related forms is most likely the oldest?

pata

Choose the word normally pronounced with aspiration of [p].

pay

Choose the word that begins with a voiceless sound.

pet

What kind of sign is the image of a stylized person running typically used to indicate an emergency exit?

pictogram

After -ing, which forms are typically next to appear in a child's speech?

prepositions in/on

Which of these social markers is associated with the opposite status in American English and British English?

pronouncing postvocalic /r/

If a language has a word for "green," what two other colors is it likely to have words for?

red and yellow

What term is used to describe how a speaker uses language to enable a listener to identify an object in the world?

reference

Which property allows us to use language to talk about language?

reflexivity

The kind of writing typically found in academic works in an example of what?

register

What is the lexical relation between the words "lengthen" and "shorten"?

reversives

What is the best translation of "She read magazine" accompanied by a sweeping repetitive motion of the hands?

she's reading a magazine

Identify the adverbs in: "The sly wizened old woman gave Snow White a very shiny red apple"?

shiny and very

A mondegreen is a misinterpreted word or phrase resulting from a mishearing of the lyrics of a song. It comes from a misinterpretation of a line in an old Scottish ballad: "they hae slay the Earl of Murray/And Landy Monegreen." It turns out that this wasn't a double murder after all, but they had laid the dead earl on the green. What language-processing error is this an example of?

slip of the ear

What types of speech sounds are the earliest to appear in the vocalizations of human infants?

sounds made with the lips

What distinguishes "dead" from "dying" is ASL?

speed

"Sarah saw the man in the park with a telescope" is an example of which of the following?

structural ambiguity

Which discourse feature is present in this dialog? "will the student be reading any novels by Dickens?" "No. They're all really long, aren't they?"

tag question

Which of these methods is more likely to result in a learner becoming a fluent user of their L2?

task-based learning

Which of these pairs has coherence, but not cohesion?

the movie theatre was empty. We could sit wherever we wanted.

Which word contain both a prefix and a suffix?

unforgettable

What typical difference between men's and women's spoken interaction is most likely to lead to misunderstandings?

use of back-channels

What is the term used to refer to a non-standard spoken version of a language used by lower-status groups?

vernacular

Which of these pairs has a morpheme in common?

walked/went

Which theory suggests that the development of language was motivated by the need for early humans to cooperate?

yo-he-ho

Which of the following is not a valid consonant cluster in a syllable coda, according to the phonotactic rules of English?

ʤz