Anthropology Ch 2

cross-cultural perspective

analyzing human social phenomenon by comparing that phenomenon in different cultures

When advertisements use female bodies as sex symbols, they are being a. traditional. b. relativistic. c. symbolic. d. misogynistic.

symbolic

If culture is emergent and dynamic, why does it feel so stable?

we are use to constant changes with the ability to adapt

social institutions

organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way in a particular society

social sanction

reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation

superstructure

Worldview: society's shared sense of identity and worldview; collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which a group of people makes sense of the world

Norms are a. ethnocentric. b. stable over time. c. invisible. d. flexible.

invisible

functionalism

perspective that assumes that cultural practices and beliefs serve social purposes in any society to run smooth and minimize social change

T or F: A degree of ethnocentrism is normal to find in cultures.

True

cultural determinism

idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors like physical enviornment and human biology on human behavior

The more "culture" one appears to have, the less_________ one holds.

power

interpretive theory of culture

theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols

What is the opposite of ethnocentrism? a. absolutism b. cultural relativism c. norms d. traditions

cultural relativism

cultural adaptation

complexity of ideas, activities, and knowledges that enable people to survive and even thrive.

constructivist view

culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.

gender

the identity or what group you feel you belong to such as male, female, or neither

infrastructure

Economic base; economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices, and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living

T or F: All humans are born with some culture.

False

T/F: Understanding culture does not involve overcoming ethnocentrism.

False

Who was responsible for establishing anthropology in America?

Frank Boas

Cultural relativism is a concept that was pioneered by which anthropologist? a. E. B. Tylor b. Franz Boas c. Alfred Kroeber d. Clifford Geertz

Franz Boas

environment

Natural resources in a society's habit; culture relies on the environment

social structure

Social organization; The rule-governed relationships of individuals and groups within a society that hold it together

T or F: Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.

True

T or F: Culture is the learned and shared ways of thinking and behaving.

True

T or F: The Amish are a subculture in the United States.

True

Enculturation starts a. around five years old. b. around two years old. c. as soon as we are born. d. after puberty.

as soon as we are born

How is our experience of culture repeatedly stabilized?

by symbols, values, norms, and traditions

barrel model of culture

depicts that every culture is an integrated system; consisting of an economic base, an infrastructure, social structure, and a superstructure

subculture

groups within the principal culture that share their own norms and values within that sub-culture. Their norms and values will be similar and different from the leading culture

culture

learned and shared ways of thinking and behaving; makes the artificial seem natural

customs

long-established norms that have a codified and law-like aspect

cultural construction

meanings, concepts, and practices that people build out of their shared and collective experiences

One of the first steps that an anthropologist must take to understand other cultures is to a. be patriotic. b. overcome ethnocentrism. c. respect relativism. d. obtain an advanced degree.

overcome ethnocentrism

holistic perspective

perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole - that is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices - rather than the individual parts

tradition

practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring

Marriage is a. a norm. b. a tradition. c. a social institution. d. symbolic.

social institution

Culture is comprised of a dynamic and interrelated set of what structures?

social, economic, belief

symbol

something - an object, idea, image, figure, or character - that represents something else

Symbols are a. expressions of intrinsically desirable principles and qualities. b. typical patterns of behavior viewed as rules of how things should be done. c. the most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture. d. something that conventionally stands for something else.

something that conventionally stands for something else

cultural relativism

the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices

Traditions are a. symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles and qualities. b. typical patterns of behavior viewed as rules of how things should be done. c. the most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture. d. something that conventionally stands for something else.

the most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture

How is culture expressed through social institutions?

through interrelationships between separate domains like beliefs, social institutions and power, and daily life; also expressed through the integration of specific domains, e.g., beliefs about sexual morality intertwined with social authority, economic relationships and work habits

Cultural determinism is the a. idea that culture waxes and wanes according to population size. b. idea that culture is determined by human evolution. c. belief that culture is determined by environment. d. belief that culture is responsible for all human action.

belief that culture is responsible for all human action

All humans eat when they are hungry; however, they eat food that is considered acceptable within their culture base on what they learn. This is an example of: a. acculturation b. enculturation c. pluralism d. ethnocentrism

enculturation

When we teach children to eat with a fork rather than eat with chopsticks, we are engaging in a. indoctrination. b. normative behavior. c. acculturation. d. enculturation.

enculturation

The nationalist ideology where people view their own culture as the best of all possible worlds and superior to other people is an example of: a. cultural relativism b. ethnocentrism c. adaptation d. enculturation

ethnocentrism

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called: a. holism b. ethnocentrism c. scapegoating d. diversity

holism

Your schooling has led you to believe that all assigned homework must be passed in on time. This is an example of a. explicit enculturation. b. ethnocentrism. c. implicit enculturation. d. cultural relativism.

implicit enculturation

In the barrel model of culture, what are the three areas most interrelated? a. infrastructure, superstructure, and cultural structure b. social structure, political structure, and class c. infrastructure, superstructure, and social structure d. superstructure, infrastructure, and social structure

infrastructure, superstructure, and social structure

enculturation

process of learning the cultural rules and logic of a society, which begins at birth; occurs every day, whether aware of it or not; getting dressed

Values are a. symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles and qualities. b. typical patterns of behavior viewed as rules of how things should be done. c. the most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture. d. something that conventionally stands for something else.

symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles and qualities

values

symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities; changes more slowly than other aspects of culture

The alphabet and numbers are examples of a. culture. b. symbols. c. traditions. d. norms.

symbols

norms

typical patterns of actual behavior as well as the rules about how things should be done

Norms are a. symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles and qualities. b. typical patterns of behavior viewed as rules of how things should be done. c. the most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture. d. something that conventionally stands for something else.

typical patterns of behavior viewed as rules of how things should be done

Culture is considered to be all of the following EXCEPT: a. integrated b. based on symbols c. unchanging d. shared

unchanging

cultural appropriation

unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another