Anthropology Chapter 10

Most humans throughout history have enjoyed societies with minimal hierarchy. Most humans alive today, however, live in societies marked by inequality.

False

When anthropologists study up, this means they conduct fieldwork in several locations, to gain a more comprehensive view of the social issue they are interested in.

False

For thousands of years, humans lived as hunter-gatherers, with a high degree of reciprocity. Contemporary hunter-gatherers include the Ju/Hoansi and the Hadza. Today, anthropologists notice Amish barn-raisings as an example of social reciprocity in the modern world. The Kwakiutl potlatch is another interesting cultural practice of gift-giving through ritualized ceremonies. People in the United States practice reciprocity through gift-giving with friends and family, but this does not constitute our economy.

Hunter-gathers Ju/Hoansi Hadza Amish

Credit card debt shows how people consume as if they are middle to upper class, even when their income does not support this lifestyle. In 2016, over ________ percent of U.S. households carried a balance on their credit cards, with an average of over $________ per indebted household.

~50, 16,000

The United Nations has calculated that if household wealth were divided equally on a global basis, using 2000 data, each household would have roughly $20,000. Instead, about 2 percent of the world's population owns more than ___percent of the wealth on the planet. The wealthiest 20 percent of the world's population receive ______ percent of the total global income.

~50,75

Place the events that led to the extreme stratification of today's industrial capitalist societies in chronological order.

~Agriculture was developed. ~Elite merchants and landowners accumulated wealth. ~Industrialized capitalist economies developed. ~Globalization accelerated inequality worldwide.

Though U.S. income and wealth have not been increasing, the population continues to consume as if they are due to the availability of credit cards, student loans, and mortgages. Compare the debt size of these borrowing devices by matching the type of debt to current total amount of that type of debt measured in the United States.

$1.3 trillion -Student Loan Debt $762 billion - Credit Card Debt $13.8 trillion - Mortgage Debt

Global inequality affects quality of life in many ways. Identify countries in which people have a seventy-eight-year average life span.

Red colored areas

Match the social theorists to their ideas about stratification.

~Capitalists profit by extracting surplus labor value from workers.-Karl Marx ~Intersectionality highlights how race, gender, class, and other factors work together in society.-Leith Mullings ~Social reproduction passes inequality on from generation to generation.-Pierre Bourdieu ~Some individuals have better life chances than others.-Max Weber

Identify which phrases apply to income and which apply to wealth. Applies to Income:

~For the top 5 percent of Americans, the total is above $214,000. ~What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties

Identify whether the following social theorists developed their theories during the Industrial Revolution or during a time of advanced capitalism. Industrial Revolution:

~Max Weber ~Karl Marx

Identify whether or not the following statements describe how the "culture of poverty" theory pathologizes poverty. A Way that "Culture of Poverty" Pathologizes Poverty:

~Poor children feel helpless and marginal, and then they grow up to live in ways that perpetuate helplessness and marginality. ~Poor people's personal and family dysfunctions are what keep them poor.

In Worked to the Bone: Race, Class, Power, and Privilege in Kentucky (2001), anthropologist Pem Davidson Buck analyzes the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky. She describes a phenomenon she calls "sweat that trickles up" where the surplus value of these workers' labor benefits the elite. Identify whether or not these social factors shape the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky. Social Factor Shaping Experiences of Poor Whites in Kentucky:

~Social Factor Shaping ~Experiences of Poor Whites in Kentucky

While poverty is an issue affecting a large amount of the U.S. population, many people are not aware of the extent and severity of class stratification. Identify whether or not these are reasons why class stratification and poverty are largely invisible in the United States. Contributes to the Invisibility of Class Stratification and Poverty:

~Social class is present in society, but rarely discussed. ~The consumer culture in the United States can mask people's real economic circumstances.

Even though the United States is one of the richest countries in the world, poverty is significant and persistent. Identify whether or not the following are characteristics of poverty in the United States. Characteristic of Poverty in the United States:

~The largest group of the nation's poor are white. ~Over 40 million people live in poverty in the United States.

Place the events of the Flint water crisis in chronological order.

~The water source for Flint residents was switched from Lake Huron to Flint River. ~Public protests and complaints broke out about health problems. ~City officials denied there was a problem. ~Researchers reported elevated levels of lead. ~City officials restored the water source to Lake Huron.

Clean water is a basic necessity, yet obtaining clean water is a daily struggle for millions of people worldwide. Identify why the poor of Mumbai, India, have difficulty getting access to water.

~They do not have a permanent residence.

Identify whether or not archaeological evidence has shown the following to be key factors to evolutionary success. Key Factor to Evolutionary Success:

~cooperation ~sharing of food and responsibilities

Identify whether or not these factors are central to the intersectionality framework. Central to the Intersectionality Framework:

~gender ~race ~social class

Wealth is the total value of what a person owns, minus any debt he or she has. In the United States, the wealth gap has reached new heights and is still increasing. Identify whether or not these are causes for the widening wealth gap in the United States. Reason for Widening Wealth Gap in the United States:

~inheritance as a generational transference of wealth ~shifts in the U.S. tax code ~Increase in debt

In the 1990s, anthropologist Leith Mullings conducted the Harlem Birth Right Project study on how race, class, and gender intersected to affect women's health and infant mortality in Harlem, New York City. Identify whether or not these factors contributed to the decline of women's health and the elevation of infant mortality in this community. Contributed to Decline in Women's Health and Increase in Infant Mortality Rates in Harlem:

~location of six bus depots and a sewage treatment plant in Harlem ~decrease in jobs in the middle-wage sector ~low-quality housing

Match the social theorists to their theories about why inequality occurs.

~prestige and life chances-Max Weber ~intersectionality of race, class, and gender-Leith Mullings ~bourgeoisie and proletariat-Karl Marx ~habitus and social reproduction-Pierre Bourdieu

In his research of the French education system, Pierre Bourdieu noted a phenomenon he identified as _______________, whereby social and class relations of prestige are passed from one generation to the next. Key to this phenomenon is _____________, which is the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from family that individuals can use to gain access to valuable resources in society.

~social reproduction, cultural capital

In Worked to the Bone: Race, Class, Power, and Privilege in Kentucky (2001), anthropologist Pem Davidson Buck analyzes the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky. She describes a phenomenon she calls "sweat that trickles up" where the surplus value of these workers' labor benefits the elite. Identify whether or not these social factors shape the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky. Social Factor Shaping Experiences of Poor Whites in Kentucky:

~the construction of race through slavery, sharecropping, and Jim Crow legislation ~the arrival of immigrant groups like Jews, Catholics, and the Irish

Karl Marx's analysis of the nineteenth-century economy identified two types of people: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Identify the characteristics of each group. Proletariat:

~working class ~own their labor