Anthropology Chapter 9

Current ideals about types of family in Western culture became entrenched after World War II and the rise of an industrialized society. Match each term to the correct definition.

-Both: Family group consisting of mother, father, and children -Family of Orientation: Family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills. -Family of procreation: Family created when one reproduces within which one rears children.

Identify whether or not the following represent statements made by the American Anthropological Association in 2004 regarding marriage.

American Anthropological Association Statement: -A vast array of marriage types can contribute to stable societies. -Anthropological research does not indicate that heterosexual marriage is best or ideal. Not an American Anthropological Association Statement: -Governments should not regulate marriage forms in society. -There are three or four stable marriage forms, and same-sex marriage is one of these forms.

Descent groups are kinship groups in which primary relationships are traced through blood relatives. Identify whether or not these factors may cause descent groups to shift and change.

Factor that Causes Descent Groups to Change: -politics -colonialism -migration Not a Factor that Causes Descent Groups to Change: -anthropological research

The nuclear family was the foundation of kinship in colonial America, which is why it is idealized today in the United States.

False- (As a social form, the nuclear family emerged as a result of industrialization in the nineteenth century, long after the colonial period. It became prominent during a unique period of economic expansion after World War II.)

Identify whether or not the following are local beliefs held by Malay villagers on the island of Langkawi, as identified by Janet Carsten in the 1990s.

Local Belief: -Sisters and brothers are especially close because they live and eat together. -Bonds of "blood" are formed by eating food cooked at home. -All those who eat together eventually resemble one another physically. Not a Local Belief: -Including animal blood in meals creates "blood" bonds between people.

When anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard studied the Nuer of South Sudan in the 1930s, he expected to find a strict patrilineal descent system. Instead, he found that they placed just as much significance on kinship relations through marriage as kinship relations through descent. Forty years later, anthropologist Kathleen Gough revisited the study and suggested possible explanations for why the Nuer had departed from their normal patrilineal kinship model. Identify whether or not these situations in the 1930s likely influenced Nuer kinship in this way.

May Have Affected Nuer Kinship Relations: -The Nuer were conquering a neighboring group. -The Nuer were resisting colonial occupation. -The Nuer were fighting among themselves. Did Not Affect Nuer Kinship Relations: -The Nuer were consciously changing kinship patterns.

Reproductive technologies allow culture to shape biology. These technologies are not new, but they are rapidly expanding. Identify the following technologies as either having existed for a long time in various forms and in various cultures, or as new technologies that have emerged over the last thirty years.

technologies that have existed in various forms and in various cultures for many years -contraceptives -abortion -cesarean surgeries new technologies that have emerged over the last thirty years: -DNA testing for paternity -testing for the sex of unborn children

While most monogamous marriages take place between a man and a woman, same-sex marriage is gaining legal standing in nations around the world and currently is allowed in twenty-two countries. Place the following countries in order from the country that was first to legalize same-sex marriage on a national level to the country that did so most recently.

the Netherlands in 2000 South Africa in 2006 Argentina 2010 United States 2015

Identify the American Anthropological Association's stance on same-sex marriage and families of same-sex partners.

Same-sex marriages and children of these partnerships should be allowed.

Cross-cultural ethnographic research reveals diverse strategies for constructing kinship ties that do not require biological connection or marriage. Match the kinship networks with the fieldwork locale where anthropologists studied them.

-Map of southeast Asia, with Langkawi, Malaysia labeled: kinship network that creates closer ties of kinship through sharing meals and living in the same house. -Map of United States with the state of Illinois highlighted and Chicago labeled: kinship network that fights chronic poverty by providing a network of mutual support

Many cultures distinguish between parallel cousins and cross cousins. This diagram depicts the Iroquois kinship system. Identify all the parallel cousins in the diagram.

5 triangle and 6 circle

Identify whether or not these groups of people are depicted in the diagram.

Depicted in Diagram: -descent group -nuclear family Not Depicted in Diagram: -arranged marriage -clan

A man is married to two women, and all three individuals come from different kinship groups. The marriage has been orchestrated by the parents of the groom and brides, in order to create alliances between groups. Identify whether or not these terms describe these marriages.

Describes This Marriage Situation: -polygyny -exogamy -arranged Does Not Describe This Marriage Situation: -polyandry -endogamy

Identify the kinship system in which the nuclear family is emphasized.

Eskimo - The Eskimo kinship naming system is the most common in Europe and North America. The nuclear family, in the center, is distinguished from the extended family.

Marriage patterns around the world are changing rapidly, with a strong increase in the belief that companionate marriage is the ideal to be achieved. Along with this change, divorce rates are on the rise worldwide. Identify whether or not anthropologists have cited the following as reasons for the growing divorce rates.

Reason for Higher Divorce Rates: -expanding opportunities for women -shifting expectations about gender roles Not a Reason for Higher Divorce Rates: -decreasing rates of arranged marriage -increasing rates of companionate marriage

Drawing on Benedict Anderson's theory, anthropologist Janet Carsten describes how nationalism draws heavily on ideas of kinship and family to create a sense of connection within the nation. Identify whether or not these are ways in which kinship and nationalism are similar.

Similarity Between Kinship and Nationalism: -Members may see themselves as sharing common ancestry and biological connection. -Marriage is one key pathway to membership. -Belonging often derives from birth and biology. Not a Similarity Between Kinship and Nationalism: -Members see themselves as descended from a common ancestor.

Anthropologists have found that the incest taboo is a cultural universal, though the relations classified as incest vary across cultures. The origins of the incest taboo remain unclear, but anthropologists have offered numerous theories. Identify whether or not these theories attempt to explain the origin of the incest taboo.

Theory for Development of Incest Taboo: -to re-create our evolutionary instinctive horror for sex with immediate family -to protect the family unit from jealousy and sexual competition -to prevent inbreeding and genetically abnormal offspring Not a Theory for Development of Incest Taboo: -to promote mobility and human settlement, as humans have to search outside their families for mates

Anthropologist Kath Weston described "chosen families" as those formed when gay men and lesbians develop tightly knit groups after they come out and their biological families cut ties with them. Identify an issue faced by chosen families.

They lack certain rights that traditional families have.

Identify whether or not these are ways in which globalization has generally affected kinship relations.

Way Globalization Has Affected Kinship Relations: -Kinship relations are shifting due to globalization. -Globalization creates negative stress on kinship relations. Not a Way Globalization Has Affected Kinship Relations: -Kinship bonds are strengthened due to globalization. -Kinship relations are terminating due to globalization.

Anthropologists distinguish two types of descent groups,____ where the group can clearly trace back to a common ancestor, and ___where the group identifies a founding ancestor that cannot be expressly documented.

lineage, Clan