Anthropology EXAM 1

Grotte du Renne, France Molodova I.

Found charcoal possible evidence of fire, tusks were collected and used ivory to make tools possibly

Olorgesaille, Kenya, 700,000-400,000 ya.

Found many dead Gelada Baboons. Dated. Not good K40 potential, based on faunal remains and dated independently. Found gelada baboon remains with breakage patterns that resembled hunting, possible that humans stole them from leapords and butchered the,

How to identify stone toosl

Geological context, Humans use the tools to modify environment, leaves marks When humans manipulate rocks, flakes from working have sharp edge Flakes could have become knives Not much change from chimpazee Stone material working the best, is stone with structure matching glass to break them. Shattering principle Better in rocks with crystalline structure, flint, obsidian If the surroundings were sand and silt, surroundings different from the found artifacts

Archeological record Olduvai gorge

evidence of fossils with dexterity to make stone tools in same sites. Suggests origin of tool making behavior

Scratch pebble with red ochre stain dated to South africa 90tya,

evidence of use of pigments for ritual customs? Earlier signs- carved harpoons for fishing had added touches for decoration Identifying behavior, to make it their own, decoration and symbolism were pleasing

Empirical Approaches-

evidence to understand the past. Rocks, artifacts, monuments etc.

Absolute dating-

exact dating.

Figurines in the hut, found venus figurine and mammoth contracted from clay fired Interpretations-

examples of attempts at magic? Faces, and face of carved ivory with face- human faces are rare however Probably the artists 15tya before ceramics became abundant

Consideration of the human breeding strategy, as we industrialize and develop children it becomes more

expensive

Microwear analysis-

experimental archeology used to analyze what created marks on bones, raw flakes used on material compared to finds

Paleontology- Based on

extinctions

Sham menstruation-

faked menstruationhappens first in the time 120-130tya

Classic interpretation venus figurines - n, argued some are men

fertility symbols, look like pregnant women Functional interpretation- worshiping fertility Not all are covered, other elements are apart Have bulges, not out concept of beauty (changes a lot) doesn't match modern ones maybe matched middle ages Khosian women from south africa- have fatty deposits, thrifty genotype- women can store excess energy as fat in ways men do not. Hunter gatherer societies Stiaticka pingia women store in back men in the stomach, Allows women to get pregnant, without fat amenorrhea happens Don't all look this way since Some examples, don't look fertile May be me

Reciprocal altruism

final, and perhaps most powerful explanation of apparently altruistic behavior at least in the case of apes and people.Trivers says if they do it for you, you would do it for them

Australian new guinean migration-

first concerted migration after africa two 65ty most distinct from everyone else got over with watercrafys

Blade-

flake, twice as long as it is wide

Progressive development-

focused on physics as model of science, hollow theory circular.

1. Directional Change-

following laws of nature. Not good to understand the past

Importance of fire

food meat and plants, bacteria, alkaloids and poisons, domesticated plants, Warms humans, makes caves habitable by driving animals out

Can track the shifts with pollen of plants that are wind borne Create pollen to float in the wind, travel 100mi in the air, silica shells Pollen diagram- n

formed from pond and lake deposits that act as a trap for pollen gets in and sinks, layers then represent time, take samples of the layers of mud and you can see the amount of polle

Homoerectus-

fossil in java, island human beings that were very small, look like small homo erectus. ern humans

Index Fossils

fossils that tell about geological times, confined to periods of time

Stratigraphy-

geological principle, lower things are older than things above it. Assumes all things equal. Useful because behavior of humans.

Chopper-

gives sinuous edge, evolved into hand axes.

Assemblage-

groups of artifacts from a site that are contemporaneous to each other

Skhul skull.

had Occipital bun, Site Caves are very close to each other, string of caves along limestone

Mousterian innovation

hafting stone points into bone, antler, and wood. Such tools are called composite. First definitive composite tools

Teshik tash.

has a child burial, Found horns of goats, to overlook burial, Clearly intended to be symbolic

1 industry in middle stone age,

mousterian 3-4 assemblages miniscule compared to upper paleolithic

Mobile-

move it

New world-

named by the old world peoples, america etc.

Upper paleolithic burials- became common around

neanderthals burials

Down turn-

neanderthals time, absorb and disappearance, aurignacian, prevattien, chatelperronian, assertive style.

Locales-Oldowan DK, Olduvai Gorge 2-1.8mya-

near bedrock at olduvai one of first excavated. Found White-animal bones, Dark are rocks, many are cobbles however Come from almost every savannah animal Located near saline lake, may have been permanent with many reptiles and crocodiles Humans may have gone after smaller antelopes

When manipulating niche to change carrying capacity, when we control food production it creates ability to feed humans, and ability to control

niches

Ethnoarchaeology-

observe modern humans making record, and use analogy to interpret

Evidence of planned tool making-Teardrop handaxe clear continuity with

oldowan choppers

Microwear and cutmark evidence at FLK-zinj and FxJj50 shows

oldowan flakes were used to butcher/remove tissue from animal carcasses

Modified tools-

one tool modifies the other Most likely stone or organic.

Sungir-

out in the steppe bodies with beads,

Sexual and Reproductive Strategy Model- Owen Lovejoy

pair bonding based on female assurance of paternity and male provisioning behavior Giving knowledge of children and Males collected food that was able to be shared with children Set of relationships with males and females staying as pairs due to this fact

Mammoth step-

partially created by mammoth presence, eat grass and trees and more grass from the fertilizer

New world extinctions UNIQUENESS

particularly numerous upwards of 75% of medium to large mammal species are lost (genera)

55tya, and 25-20tya is The time period of

peopling of europe and conquest of neanderthals

Peck into the wall-

petroglyph

Painting the wall-

pictograph

Cumulative frequency Plot- sees differences, earlier are spruce trees, then oak and elm trees, Then when oak and elm decline, farming practices cut the trees for

pollen diagrams

When super heated changes to argon gas, volcanism heats it. Clocks in volcanoes are set, used as estimate. Found age of earth with this method

pottasium argon dating

Siberia Sungir right-

made much beadwork, in a land locked position, either trade or travel to get access to the shells 33 known neanderthal burials and 5 tools, 5 animal bones,

Upturn-

magdalenian, spread out over europe and back to assertive style

Example New world of australia- continents without people. Introduce people at the point where they become apex predators

martins blitzkrieg hypothesis

Possibly drum of mammoth skull in pile of jawbones at

mesariche site based on ethnoarcheology

Two general types of art forms emerged,

mobiliary and parietal (cave murals)

dolni vestonice Before last glacial cycle, and after

modern humans came into europe and displaced the neanderthals

Limitation of dendochronologyis that you need

preserved trees, not well preserved.

Multiregional Hypothesis-

promoted by milton wolpoff, people left africa the first time and the entire world moved toward homo sapien, neanderthals are just part of the ancestral tree.

The curve can show how it deviates. Some things older than carbon date. Used to calibrate. Also can use ocean dating

radiocarbon calibration curve

When dead, carbon 14 accumulation ceases. Can estimate age using this dating

radiocarbon dating

For time Gap between 50-400,000 years ago, dating is done using

relative time

venus figurines may be Development of

religion, reasonable take in ritualistic impossible art, to have emphasis on women more than men until they get to the complex modern societies

Island of Jersey.

remains of mammoth and wooly rhinos discovered at base of cliff suggest organized game drives

Kalambo Falls, Zambia, 650,000ya.

represent example of what humans used to hit things with. Also stakes for putting things in ground

Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov I Kostienki and Avdeevo,

strange heads on venus figurines whats up with the heads?Many symbolically rich artifacts appear to be representative of the heads Dolni vestonice and pavlov, eastern and grouping Avdeevo has a garment above breast Heads are very strangely decorated

Atlatl-

throwing stick, assertive style presented, increases length of arms for making for greater throwing power. Can get 10x more force when throwing spears etc. Drive it deeper, and father away from animals

Diadem-

tiara like thing

Ultimate causes example

time, i.e. if aztecs had more time they might be different now. History would be different.

Altruism-

traditionally seen as any behavior that benefits the group at the expense of the individual's self interest. Many interpretations of this

Radio carbon of tree rings is calibrated to the exact age according to

tree rings.

HAS, koobi Foora, Kenya 1.9-1.5mya,

type B. hippo artifact site. Hippo remains with stone tools

Flutes and whistles- shaman playing the flute and dancing like Whistles of toe bones can create shrill sounds Flutes are high pitched and can make music in the

upper paleolithic sites made of bird bones

Functional argument for ochre use`-

used the ochre for hide preparation, and it interacts with collagenase in hide and skins.

who founded the new world

vikings discovered first, portugese maybe even earlier

Niche-

way an organism makes of living, unique to organisms, human beings different in having same species in different niches

Pollen dating

way to document climatic change which is always naturally changing

Polymorphic humans evovled so

we remember who was nicer with us before, possible natural selection. reciprocal altruism

2. Non-directional Change-

with laws of process (like Natural Selection)- can use, natural selection can not predict future, only understand the past. Competitive exclusion, competing organisms for a niche.

Ethnographic evidence for women reproductive strategy-

women banded together to create ritual contexts to convince men to go out and hunt

Bipedal

, walk on two feet

Shade tree hypothesis

- the food and artifacts move like the shade moves, near water source.

Half moon notches, rare, could be decorations OR

. Lunar Calendar pattern was found Suggested notches are attempts to take track of time, possibly to keep track of the moon to track its phases Did analysis of notches, tend to occur in groupings 27-30 days like lunar cycle Variation like this expected Most noticeable thing in peoples life Need more time to figure out the time of a year, thirteen cycle in a year Possibly measured life and time with the months Length of time for women pregnancy, matches lunar month very closely

Middle Awash, 1.1 mya

. Seems people collected in centers and moved about. Rest of patterns were scattered, Humans Mostly scavenged still, Planning is increased, and maybe carrying it out with cooperation

Clovis 12900-13,500BP

13.5 tya explosion of cultural evidence, First human culture Projectile point resembles solutrean points, convergent adaptation to the environment

The transition to Upper Paleolithic in europe, asia, africa occurs unevenly between

25tya-45tya

Civilization

2: the process of becoming civilized a relatively high level of cultural and technological development; specifically the stage of cultural development at which writing and the keeping of written records is attained b: the cultural characteristics of a particular time or place

Bipedal Locomotion evolved in modern form by

3.5 mya

Shanidar Cave, Iraq.

6 neanderthal remains called burials, 3 are neanderthal crushed by ceiling of cave falling on them, 3 other are burials, elderly man with marks of stone knife, earliest evidence of interpersonal violence 45,000ya, One analysis that says the knife that got him was a human knife, 2 is old man beat up, right arm amputated, above left eye is caved in. lived through both incidences.(bone reformations). Neanderthals care for some people

radiocarbon Half-life ~

@5700 years, short. Goes to 50,000 years

Mousterian tool assemblages are more diverse than

Acheulian assemblages. In addition to hand axes they include points, side scrapers, and denticulates.

Hand axe industry is called

Acheulian-site from france (town) church with st. acheul, found site had very ubiquitous artifacts

Between 200,000 - 125,000 years ago, modern humans (i.eHomo sapiens sapiens),evolved in

Africa.

Distribution of Venus Figurines

All throughout europe Concentrated in the siberian steppe, southwestern france (neanderthal dominated area) central europe, northside of the alps- part of the Danu river valley-main places

Dyuktai- 20tya,

Andar river valley in russia, halfway across siberia Very likely the people who migrated to steppe tundra Sites in eastern europe that are later after the last glaciacion Right place and time to form genetic and modern ancestors

traditional Interpretations of Upper Paleolithic Art

Art for Arts sake/Telling stories Female- Male Dichotomy Hunting Magic Totemism/Shaminism Socialization Rituals

Old world-

Asia, Africa Australia, pacific islands, greenland maybe

Human Niche Concept- Colinvaux.

Assumes people are subject to forces like natural selection the same as all other organisms. Modern humans are special animals. however

aboringinal Adaptation to Living

Australia is a forbidding land, subtropical is not, most is dry People are forced to margins, or figure out to handle the dry environment Adapted to environment, europeans died trying to deal with the landscape Took aboriginal guides to handle the outback, Sometimes looks very dry Need to know were water is available, and change patterns

Australian Extinctions-

Australian fauna went extinct Marsupial mammals- marsupial dog like organisms, marsupial cat like animals. Some marsupial ungulate cow things

aboringinal Fire Use

Best evidence for humans using fire, especially hunter and gathers, to promote advantages in hunting Burns out undergrowth and creates new growth drawing ungulates, some used to trap and burn ungulates Fire is wasteful, in australia possibly changed the australian environment Particularly in the center, the outback part

By 1.4mya more sophisticated stone tools emerged-

Bifaces or Hand axes appear in archaeological record. Continuity with Oldowan Choppers

Dolni vestonice, Brassempouy ,

Brassenpouy from france- example of a face clearly a young women with something on her head, there are cross hatched lines in her head possibly a Recreation of a hat thing

Possible hand axe functions

Butchering large animals-Would have to hold with someting Flake can be cut Digging for tubers Stripping bark from trees Hunting-demonstrated that structure makes aerodynamic, possibly used to throw at animals Flake dispensers- flakes can be dispensable by cutting off

Chatelperronian Sites @ 35,000-40,000 years ago

Chatelperronian- represents group of sites in northern spain and southwestern france resembling Upper paleolithic human settlements Lithic technology includes blades- considered modern human tech Really is the bone and ivory tools- modern humans have a lot of these- neanderthals lack these tools Included interesting behavior, Notching bones as a timepiece, cognitive abilities, Necklaces of canines, and ivory

Child burial pit, Combre Grenal.

Child found, Layer 12 dated to 38,000, 11 layers after toward the present

VENUS FIGURINES

Class of upper Paleolithic mobiliary art that Appears to be women, Carvings of soft rock ivory and bone

Graysons counter argument climate-

Climate change is the real culprit Bird fauna goes extinct at the same rate, so the ecosystem breakdown is what is really happening and there are Few kill sites (predicted by model)

Images regardless of meaning, style, they venus figurines are badges of

accomplishment made by women for women signalling womeness

aboriginal cultures

Complex Kinship patterns, very elaborate Exclude people as marriage partners through patterns of clans and lineages Cannot marry someone outside the moiety, young men go about and to find marriageable partners May be kicked out when they mess with older mens wives

Venus of Lespuge and Venus of Willendorf

Considered fertility social class, lespuge has a skirt or something Willendorf- has a head garment

Bordes Cumulative Frequency Method for Analyzing assemblages-

Created a typology for the site, recognized to be types of artifacts with continuity across assemblage types, depending on shape and positions of flakes scrapers or if they had an edge etc.

Anatomical differences arose between males and females what where they?

Dimorphism sizes of teeth Male and female ape size (exception gibbons) pair monogamously Humans have monogamous canines, male canines before bipedalism shift began to shrink, before the males where like male chimps which used Females Evolved Permanently enlarged breasts and ovulatory crypsis

Katanda, Zaire. 90tya

Earlier signs of symbolism: bone tools in mousterian assemblages, Describes the vast gulf between modern human populations and everyone else, no comparison All mousterian type technology, no evidence neanderthals had anything symbolic Modern humans had much symbolisms, paints, beads, separation

KNM-ER 1470. East Turkana Kenya 1.8mya

Early human skull found, Small brained, difference is 3rd increase in cranial capacity Human teeth, generalized for omnivores Recreation of homo habilis looks like hariy mokey-human

The range of "Classic" Neanderthals extends from

Europe through the Near East.

Torralba- Ambrona Spain, 400,000-200,000ya.

Evidence for big game hunting. Located in mountains of spain based on pollen

Malta and Dyuktai Cultures 35-15tya

Evidence of cultures in northeast asian, they are ancestors of native americans 2 cultures near lake Baikal- deepest freshwater lake in the world One of them is the Malta culture 35tya, southern end of steppe tundra, warmer time People come from the south middle east upward and migrate

Lazaret Cave, France, 300,000ya,

Evidence of use of caves for shelter, Southern france, beach in neice, lazaret has evidence of occupation during winter months

Perfect storm?

Evidence shows exactly As people moved into new world the elephants went extinct and climate change is very evident in the mass extinctions of late pleistocene animals

Bluefish caves, Yukon Territory, Canada,

Excavated by Jacque Cinq Mars 1978. 13-15tya they made it in, late for the evidence Best evidence: blue fish caves, east of canada-US boundary, East end of brooks range Yukon river- huge river, mile across, has susquehanna valley etc. yukon is deeper and it fills with cold water and ice Not very good water to live near, forced people north of brooks range, definitely Interesting location, right spot for the people to avoid yukon Archeological evidence- dyuktai like evidence Mammoth Scapula upper cave 17500+- 130BP and Horse Femur: Lower Cave 14,900 +/- 100NP 2 caves upper and lower, look episodically occupied by hunter gatherers, hunting ,megafauna. Processed lived and moved on, no deep layers Upper cave, seems the archeological evidence is thrown in the front Mammoth scapula- cut marks, evidence of processing mammoths- common practice 2 bones radiocarbon dated. 2 caves are oldest radiocarbon dates in north america, on the Younger side of the second window of opportunity

Clacton, England and Schoningen, Germany

Fire hardened wooden spears 400,000 ya have been found at

Historical Science - the

Geology/Paleontology/Archaeology model Telling story, grains of sand have different origins, when using the model, data is collected to test an idea or theory about explaining phenomenon, explanation is then fit to data.

The widespread appearance of Upper Paleolithic Art most dramatically signals the

Great Leap Forward, Art not abundant until 45tya

Kostenki, Russia -

HUT OF mammoth bonescompared to moldova, more systematic iroquois hut like, long Made of mammoth bones and jaws, recreation shows

Gadeb, Ethiopia, 1.2mya.

Hand axes and faunal material. Same patterns for type C sites

bordes arguement for neanderthal problem

I don't see evidence of this being function Only explanation- stylistic, represents a particular variety of material culture identified to a group of people to identify themselves Wrote that the dordon valley, neanderthals are conservative and jokeyed for position on landscape in the resembled tribe. Dordogne is not very large, 4 groups over 200,000y in same position never borrowed from each other?

Moas of new zealand- New zealand no people until 1400AD what happened

In 400 years they were wiped out completely, evidence for destructive capabilities of human hunters who Also went after eggs of them

Refuge-

Last ice age - sallutrian, hallmark of upper paleolithic cave paintings, abundant and common, northern spain and southwestern france. Happening there only because europe is in ice age.

Portugal Burial Site

Late neanderthal burial covered in red ochre

Le Ferrassie Rock Shelter, France.

Many burials. Man and women laid head to head, man has flat rock at head,. Fetus buried, at birth or before birth death, Many tools as well

Radiocarbon Dating-

Measurement of ratio of radioactive C14 isotope to C12 isotope in organic material.

Potassium-Argon-Dating-

Measures radioactive decay of K40 to Ar40 gas in volcanic ash.

Neanderthals and their contemporaries in Africa are associated with the

Mousterian Industry or Middle Paleolithic.

Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel @50,000-60,000 ya.

Neanderthal buried with arms crossed, shallow pit with no artifacts. Had a hyoid bone almost identical to human hyoids modern times, did he talk?

Amud Neanderthal Burial 50,000BP.

Neanderthals are Around for 1/4 million years, Burials start in last years, modern humans evolved and made contact with neanderthals, and did not start burying until neanderthals. Did one influence the other?

Levallois technique

Neanderthals produced symmetric, regular flakes using sophisticated methods such as the Planned and organized, Pre-prepare cores to control flake production Flakes from technique are large, made into various things, tool flake and make the flake Makes levallois point, actual projectile point, Evidence exists of wood and rock binding

Window of opportunity for the Colonization of the New World by land bridge

Not until after 18tya, upward slope of 2nd window of opportunity is where the

Identifiable modified stone tools first appear 3+ mya in the

Oldowan Tool Industry, found by leakeys

2 industries of Old paleolithic

Oldowan, Acheulian

SEQUENCE OF INDUSTRIES

Oldowan- Acheulian- Mousterian

Terra Amata, France 300,000ya.

Open air shelter On beach in neice, cave and sea wall, Lazerey cave is close with identical tools

Examples of parietal art:

Pendants necklaces, wrench things, recreation of atlatl decorative end, Another is not decorated, Spatula, effegies,Carvings of ivory- very incredible art. Images of human faces are very rare- only inclusivley male portrait from upper paleolithic, Big brow ridges, and striahgt up and down forehead modern upper paleo

female reproductive strategy

Possibly women Faked menstruation to keep men around longer Women as a coalition attempt to convince men of infertility and sign fertility in a few weeks Didn't need synchrony for sham menstruation, by faking it they create synchronicity with none before

Deconstructionist Approaches-

Post modernism- rejected ahistorical approach Analysis reveals writer presuppositions, proof is fallacy, behavior is variable, knowledge is relative

Earliest modern human fossils outside of Africa are in the Middle East,

Qafzeh 95tya- and Skhul 100tya, very likely spot where they would have ended up

Olduvai gorge geography-

Ripped open earth and exposed sites, artifacts could be found on surface

Gorham's Cave,Gibraltar @ 28,000 ya.

Rock in europe in edge of europe. Last neanderthal remains, they Never crossed into morocco, and ended up there

Combre Grenal,France.

Rock shelter, located along dordogne, francois bordes found huge assemblages of stratified neanderthal remains to analyze neanderthal mousterian culture Understanding the meaning of this variability is called the "Mousterian Problem".

Altamira-

Shows the drawing in the cave, many paintings Different styles Another example is the overlaid animals etc. Horses have stylistic differences Also have felined, painted a pack of felines Lions on the landscape- do what packs of lions on the serengeti do Cave lions and competitors for the cave

Comparison of north america vs australia mass extinctions

Similarities between north america and australia. The Bigger the animal the quicker the extinction i.e. Giant Ground sloths -So large 12ft tall sloths, had no predators. Roamed on landscape with large claws and ate trees.

Neanderthals

Sometime in last 250,000 years, morphologically distinct group of Homo Sapiens, evolved in Europe and Middle East

Order of magnitude OF MASS EXTINCTION

South america>Australia>Eurasia>Africa

Puntajara- 32-18tya-

Subsistence patterns are similar throughout time Left side- ethnoarchaeological observation occupying pintajabara rock shelter in a foraging trip Divided space with grinding slab, hearth in predictable patterns, layer from 32tya Gender use of space important to aboriginal life

Zhoukoudian Cave, China, 600,000-230,000ya.

Suggestive, Chinese sites, interpretations of chinese changed. Large cave with lots of layers, located in vicinity of beijing Excavations, found teeth and skulls. Skulls from many individuals bottom part of skulls missing Homo erectus skull found in Zhoukoudian, China 0.6mya Primary Tool types are choppers scrapers burins and points. Many oldowan like tools, points possibly evidence for spear tips Humans were scavenged by hyenas and dragged into caveLots of scavengers, blackness by bats, and human activity afemoral

Dendochronology-

The use of annual growth rings in trees to assign calendar ages to ancient wood samples. Can get specific dates.

upper paleolithic triple burial

Three individuals, two males flanking a female, None are old mostly young adults Have many beads and other stuff, no known cause of death

Shungura Formation At Omo Ethiopia 2.4-1.9 mya,

Type A range narrower since layers are closer to sites. Predict that stone tools will be dated back to 3-4myBP

Gona, Hadar, Ethiopia. 3-2 mya.

Type A siteAssemblages in gona, said to be human. Wide date range. Potassium argon are only good on sandwiched site

FLK N Olduvai Gorge Tanzania 1.8-1.5mya-

Type B, tighter, At site had remains of elephant mixed with bone remains and tools

Mesariche

Upper paleolithic hut in france Around mammoth one Author venus figurines- used postmodernisms, using voice of people from region to figure out what happened Mammoth head possibly a drum, recreated upper paleolithic music with flute

Dolni Vestonice 27tya-

Upper paleolithic site from the Czech Republic

Neanderthal Flute? Divje Babe I, Slovenia@ 44,000 B.P.

Upper paleolithic site. Holes were made by scavenger teeth however, SEM, tooth marks mimicking drilled holes-No evidence for flute

Mastodons-

a north american relative of mammoths, different genera

A variety of mammoth species existed Inferred mammoth behavior was similar to modern african elephant behavior Old world animals that colonized new world in Pleistocene, and they spread-

adaptive radiation Northern mammoths are wooly, Southern have less hair Columbian mammoths in southern US Situations with group of mammoths in skeletal, form behave like african elephants, matriarchies and males on outside with access to females when ready with oestrus

Extinctions are widespread in Eurasia the americas and australia but there are fewer in

africa, Causes of each are evidenced in various ways

Scraper-

allowed to process hide

Group selection-is another explanation of apparently

altruistic behavior.

Kin selection is one explanation of apparently

altruistic behavior. shown in meerkats

adaptive radiation,-

animals expand range to new places were abilities suit niches

statigraphy Uses(constrained to function) and style (identifying people as member of tradition). Mixing style and stratigraphy can order

archeological record

Lascaux Cave France 20-17tya and Altimira Cave Spain, 24tya

are the two most impressive Upper Paleolithic Cave art sites

aboringenees Concentrated

around margins, darker area is outback- less sites

Type C Sites

artifacts with remains of several animals (living flows or camps) multiple species- main focus- most potential to tell about humans, but maybe not living sites- predators lions. Live in trees maybe.

Type b Sites

artifacts with remains of single animal (butchery sites)big animals

Type A Site-

artifacts without bones, in probability of likelihood, out of context most likely this

Pattern at mousterian site in combe grenal

assemblages formed 4 patters

Magdalenian-

back to assertive style, assertive style bone tools, once glaciers retreat ocean becomes valuable and they hunt sea mammals, seals etc.

Northeastern asians used the

beringia bridge to get over Possibly to use water crafts and move over coast lines Beringia is the axis, probably combination of both

FxJj50, Koobi Fora 1.6 mya-

best excavated and analyzed type C

Core rock and flaking with hammer stone, off of one face, flakes from both sides-

biface and Control the shape better this way

essentially `Razor blades- straight, angles, sharp, efficient cutting tools

blades of upper paleolithic

Unlike earlier humans, but like modern humans, Neanderthals at least occasionally

buried their dead. The symbolic/religious significance of these burials is debatable.

Younger Dryas 12,900-11,600BP

calibrates. Sudden return of ice age cold Causes debated: timed to draining of Lake Agassiz also timed to possible asteroid strike on North American Ice Sheet- both may help to upset the atlantic conveyor belt

Parietal-

cave murals

Dyuktai like were found Tools in Alaska,

characteristic Upper paleolithic tools Microblades- magdalenian like blades and cores they come from Bifacial forms as well for projectile tools Siberian culture Made it into alaska

DNA evidence points to late Miocene 6-7 mya for the last common ancestor of

chimps and humans, DNA evidence, less fossil evidence, human type ancestors

Empathy and altruism, empathy ability to recognize feelings of others, being able to do it stimulates us to sacrifice when time comes- Essential to notion of

civilization

humans arose in the context of

climatic change, includes presapien into sapien

Beringian standstill- population

come from dyuktai and malta, cold and migrate toward beringia into alaska, and run into wall of ice, laurentian and cordillian 1.45mil high sheet of ice

Clinal variation-

comes in waves, determinant of relatedness to certain people is proximity to those people

Emblemic style-

communicate as a group identity, clan symbolism, sites as way to orient and aggregate people together

Dniester River, Ukraine.

contains a Mousterian hut,@ 45,000 ya. Possibly that neanderthals exploited the landscape, however they are on southern edge, found small fire hearths, possibly individuals making hut, with 2 dozen people, expedition into steps to exploit migratory animals

Teardrop-

continuous edge used any side. Wear patterns evidence of working

Associated with movement of people is

definite increase in cranial capacity of human beings First million years increase, 1/2 million bigger, after million brains exceptionally larger

Olduvai Gorge in 1960 leakeys

discovered fossils they named Homo habilis dating 1.6-1.9mya

Postmodernism-

distrust of grand theories and ideologies as well as a problematical relationship with any notion of "art.

Average temperature changed how through history of earth ?

dramatically

Mass extinctions took place at the

end of the Pleistocene into the Modern Anthropocene- Cold gave way to warming conditions- today the holocene. 3-5ty mass extinction.

Horses evolved in north america but survive only in

eurasia

Camels evolved in north america too, but survive only in

eurasia with relatives in south america, llamas, and alpacas etc.

Single origin model-

every modern human is descendant of people who left africa 135tya app.

Ovulatory crypsis-

hidden ovulation, human men do not know when women are ovulating, don't know when mating will be successful must do many times Females don't know either evolutionary adaptation

Upper Paleolithic has an explosion in the diversity of

human culture

Cooperation, especially in the form of food sharing, is a critical part of the

human niche, leading to what makes us civilized!

Pictographs- natural pigments, problem to make the pigment stick, research shows:

human spit helped bind the pigments and to bind to paint walls

Issac proposed-

humans take food to spots to share

Aboriginal Culture: Simple

hunter gatherers until contact with european New guinea does have agriculture but is seperated Never many hunter gatherers on australian- small number Use atlatl- giant kangaroos when first got to australia, Lots of hunting, many animals extinct

Neanderthals were clearly ________Animal remains predominantly remains expected for hunter, Red deer and roe deer, small manageable animals Neanderthal bodies are built for ___________ Technology, spears, and morphology evidence that bodies are built for thrusting rather than technology to heave spears

hunters,thrusting

atatl and bow and arros increased

hunting efficiency in 35-24tya and 20tya

Mobiliary art represents

idiosyncratic personal style, reflecting expression of personal identity i.e. assertive style assertive style, saying something about yourself maybe shells are symbolic

proximate causality-

immediate cause

Assertive-

individuals to individuals, conveys information to other humans, aurignacian and chatelperronian. Interact with humans in assertive style, may be actual context from which symbolisms comes to be- marcel otte. Way to express good hunting skill,

DNA Evidence suggest Neanderthal lineage splits from homo sapien 5-8tya. when animals split and are recent in common ancestry they can

interbreed

FLK zinj, Olduvai Gorge 1.8-1.5mya-

interesting and found therancias, with mega teeth Plot of material, looking in two D, Confined to narrow layer, Separate clusters, most likely independent activities Many animals should be next to streams near this site 3 clusters found

First Modern humans are called

interkana- most genetically variable people.

dolni vestonice structure

ircular, houses and in the middle of enclosure a big fire hearth with broken figurines Around the site there are mammoth bones to create a fence enclosure Hut built into the side of the hill Located in mixed woodland, area favored by neanderthals Lean too into the hill, posts evidence In the middle of the building there was a clay hearth with a kiln, floor in the pit has ceramix figurines. Someone invented it and utilized it, figured out the use of clay to make figurines Female and mammoth figurines Worker has a figurine, SHE, human body found in the floor of the hut, representative of a burial, left her in the hut and resting place Very likely the inventor, old woman- was deformed on one side of the face and malformation in the skeleton also had venus figurines

Clovis hunters kill a bogged down mammoth at murray springs arizona , Columbian mammoth

killed and butchered.

First significant stone tool artifacts

knives

Archaeological layers of lascaux-

lamps styluses, pallet for pigment grinding Lamp 4- definitely lamp remains- residue on animal fat inside

Younger dryas-

last advance of ice, ices very sharp ice age

bipedaling gives what evolutionary advantage

leaves hands free to carry things, especially energy efficient for walking long distances

Levant-

lived in mt. carmel area, limestone deposits with caves created

Cleavers-

long flat edges, edge on top, for cutting meat and

Rock shelters-

rock creates overhang, can be inside and protected from elements, does not extend far back into rock

Children buried on a shell bead blanket, with thousands of drilled shells Society has scribe status, got status by their family, or everyone gets this treatment Most lilley doesn't matter with age more egalitarian social system Means there is much

sadness group mourns the lost

Predators like cave lions, sabertooths, cats and dire wolves go extinct too Predators also disappeared, things eating ungulates struggled and

scavengers as well

FLK Zinj Cutmark evidence points to

scavenging rather than hunting

Children of Eve hypothesis-

seemed that variation in DNA could be related to one population or one lineage 130tya molecular clock data

Paul Martins Overkill blitzkrieg model -

seems to be a connection between hunter people. Animals not accustomed to humans on the steppe and disappear

Several bison species go extinct, surviving species

shrinks in size, Pale comparison to modern bison

picks-

skinny pointy tools. Use to pry with pointy edge. Possibly used to collect plant foods and prying roots from ground

Omo I

skull considered first human skull from ethiopia Jaw is right size and shape for dental morphology Cranium pieces are right thickness Sign of intelligence to choose the site, looks on atlantic ocean, walk out of cave onto beach. Many crabs and fish around

Most likely humans from earlier time periods hunted

smaller animals

Lascaux cave

solutrean culture Hall of bulls, 8-9ft across Brown line on the cave wall is used for the animals Treated as ground surface for walking on, mineralization from water spot. Periodically fill and minerals Image from final photographs, Bulls are the dominant figures, horses also look on, Some are by themselves, some have evidence of painting over something before Horses often are fat- interpreted as pregnancy fertility concept French interpreter- associated the horses as women and the bulls with men Males and females from upper paleolithic transform themselves into animals maybe some Look pregnant Dot Symbols in front of one horse found, abstract code possibly? Needs to be decoded however. Symbols below the deer, counting ? Irish elk example, extinct ungulate at the end of pleistocene Axial Gallery-Twists Horse looks at a ghostly half horse, interpretation, horse looks at reflection? Sign of Self awareness? Symbols, flor del lie possibly, skilled art done on a rock Shown as moving There is a hole, floor drops 18ft and on the edge of the rock seems there was a ladder there Mural from the shaft at Lascaux One scene in the shaft Bison shifting his head, example of a readable painting, Man is dead because of signalling erection Man got the bison who got him or bison, both are killed and Show a story Flamingo like thing? Possibly a clan signal Wooly rhino with droplets from tail. Migratory rhinos may possibly can measure time, Rhino there is rhino moon> 6th days ? Chamber of Felines End of hall of bulls there is a grouping of scratched felines 4-5 in the image Have been killed possibly, built platforms and scaffolds to get up to paint

All upperpaleolithic human burials have

something inside them, shells beads etc. Ornamentation is the key to modern human behavior, chatelperron may have started to but not other neanderthals

Relatively Dating -

something is older or younger or before or after. No dates can be used

Binford arguement for mousterian

stylistically then style does not work that way, groups share with process of diffusion cannot be style. Binford used factual analysis, statistical analysis. Spit out factors to interpret data 1968 by hand. Made insane amount of calculation Made evidence for five factors. Argues for function in the site. Analysis of borde

Hafting-

technique to slot a prepared piece of stone into a base (spear)

Ahistorical Science -

the Physics/Chemistry/Genetics model Phenomenon are studied that do not vary with time, change predictably, wanted human culture to be straight forward, not how it really behave

Climate changes (especially climate changes) are critical to

the development of human beings.

Sahul-

the pleistocene australia/new guinea Connected by land bridge with glacial cycle

Neanderthal allometry gives clues to

their climate- cold