Anthropology Exam 1 Part 3

According to the video clip about the evolution of food production, agriculture began about __________ years ago. -12,000 -200 -20,000 -2,000 -900

12,000

Which term refers to a ranked society in which villages are not autonomous? -Tribe -Archaic state -Band -Primary state -Chiefdom

Chiefdom

Which of the following statements about egalitarian society is not true? -There is no hereditary inequality. -They often are found among foragers. -Everybody has equal status. -A person's status is based on his or her age, gender, and individual qualities, talents, and achievements. -There are no social classes.

Everybody has equal status.

Cuneiform is the name for the early writing in MESOAMERICA. True False

False (Mesopotamia)

Recent evidence has forced the revision of old assumptions in archaeology, most prominently the idea that new World farming originated in upland areas, such as the highlands of Mexico and Peru. Researchers now suggest that farming in the tropical lowlands of Central and South America began around 10,000 years ago, about the same time as food production in EUROPE. True False

False (The Middle East)

An INHERITED society is a society with hereditary inequality but lacking social stratification. True False

False (a ranked society)

Which of the following statements about the earliest writing is not true? -It played no role in the development of Mesoamerican writing systems. -It was developed as a form of record keeping. -It was syllabic. -It spread from Mesopotamia to Egypt. -It was scrawled on wet clay with a stylus.

It was syllabic.

Which of the following is correct about the food-producing traditions of Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica? -In Mesoamerica, goats, sheep, and pigs were domesticated: while in Mesopotamia, only dogs were domesticated. -Maize was the staple grain in Mesopotamia, while the primary grain in Mesoamerica was wheat. -Food production occurred as a gradual process in Mesoamerica but was revolutionary in Mesopotamia. -Food production emerged in Mesoamerica thousands of years prior to Mesopotamia. -Large domesticated animals played an important role in Mesopotamia, but were absent from Mesoamerica.

Large domesticated animals played an important role in Mesopotamia, but were absent from Mesoamerica.

According to the video clip about the evolution of early state societies, where did the first city-states appear about 5,000 years ago? -Russia -South Africa -China -Mesopotamia -Egypt

Mesopotamia

Why do most domesticated grains (such as wheat and barley) have a tougher axis and more brittle husk than wild grains? -None of these answers are correct -They get better nutrients through being domesticated. -The first domesticated grains were from the alluvial plains, where caprine influences strengthened the axis and husk. -The practices of harvesting and processing grain gradually selected for these features. -Grains with a weak axis and husk could not survive in the wild.

The practices of harvesting and processing grain gradually selected for these features.

NEOLITHIC refers to the first cultural period in a given region in which the first signs of domestication are present. True False

True

TEOTIHUACAN was the capital of the first state to develop in the Valley of Mexico (100 - 700 C.E.). True False

True

The practice of using cattle for their milk and blood rather than killing them for their meat (except on ceremonial occasions) is called the AFRICAN CATTLE COMPLEX. True False

True

The video clip about the evolution of early state societies suggests that the Nile River is important to understanding the growth of the state of Egypt because it was: -a means of communication and linking separate areas -the source of a mineral that encouraged fertility -the main food source through fishing -a special river exclusively for travel -the basis of the power of the pharaohs

a means of communication and linking separate areas

Food production includes both agriculture and: -electricity -animal husbandry -increased hunting of wild animals -planting seeds -use of fire

animal husbandry

With glacial retreat, foragers pursued a more generalized economy, focusing less on large animals. This was the beginning of what Kent Flannery (1969) has called the -vertical economy tradition. -Upper Palaeolithic. -Jomon Revolution. -broad-spectrum revolution. -Neolithic revolution.

broad-spectrum revolution.

As suggested in the video clip about the evolution of early state societies, the appearance of city-states coincided with the development of agriculture and what other technological innovation? -invention of the wheel -intentional burials -large scale irrigation systems -invention of cooking -electricity

large scale irrigation systems

The video clip about the evolution of food production suggests that one of the largest lifestyle changes for many nomadic populations as a result of the domestication of plants and animals was that of: -natural selection -evolutionism -hunting and gathering -fishing -sedentism

sedentism

What was the vital step for the development of metallurgy and the wider and rapid distribution of metals evident after 5,000 BP? -investing more labour into mining. -smelting -finding richer veins of copper. -copper hammering -heating copper at low temperatures.

smelting

The video clip about the evolution of food production points out that one of the negative effects of stockpiling food was the development of: -food borne diseases -increased insect populations -mobile bands -social classes and inequality -writing

social classes and inequality

The Mesolithic refers to -Scandinavian shell mounds - the garbage dumps of prehistoric oyster collectors. -the last major glaciations that covered most of Europe with ice. -the technique of cutting and smoking meats to preserve them through the long winters. -the period between 15,000 BP in the Middle East and 12,000 BP in Europe, during which foragers focused on hunting a limited range of big game. -stone-tool making emphasizing microliths within broad-spectrum economies.

stone-tool making emphasizing microliths within broad-spectrum economies.

According to the video clip about the evolution of early state societies, Egyptian pharaohs claimed to be the direct descendants of: -the Sun-God Ra -Cleopatra -Jesus Christ -Moses -The dinosaurs

the Sun-God Ra

The video clip about the evolution of food production, settlements near fields and domesticated animals led to increases in population density and thus: -massive food shortages -decreased life expectancies -lower childbirth rates -none of these answers are correct -the first cities and states

the first cities and states

Why were Natufians able to live in year-round villages prior to the emergence of domestication? -Because their diet became hyper-specialized to the locally grown foods. -Because they reduced the population size of their villages. -Because they traded with nearby populations that did develop domestication. -Because they had a low-calorie diet relative to the average caloric intake of foragers. -Because they could exploit their rich local environment with broad-spectrum foraging.

Because they could exploit their rich local environment with broad-spectrum foraging.

In terms of comparing the sizes of the two states mentioned in the video clip about the evolution of early state societies, -They were the same state in different time periods -Mesopotamia was larger than Egypt -They were exactly the same size -Egypt was larger than Mesopotamia -They were both itt-bitty and of no consequence

Egypt was larger than Mesopotamia

A VERTICAL ECONOMY is a system that exploits environmental zones that contrast with one another in altitude, rainfall, overall climate, and vegetation. True False

True

An EGALITARIAN SOCIETY lacks status distinctions except those based on age, gender, and individual qualities, talents, and achievements. True False

True

First settled by Natufian foragers in what is now Israel, JERICO is considered the earliest known town. True False

True

In contrast to the sequence of events in Mesopotamia, food production led to the early village farming community (around 3500 BP) in MESOAMERICA. True False

True

Chiefdoms -always led to the formation of states. -require elaborate hydraulic systems if they are to grow into states. -are the most common social arrangement of human populations. -were precursors to states, with privileged and effective leaders - chiefs - but lacking the sharp class divisions that characterized states. -are never sedentary.

were precursors to states, with privileged and effective leaders - chiefs - but lacking the sharp class divisions that characterized states.