Anthropology Exam 2

Marriage patterns around the world are changing rapidly, with a strong increase in the belief that companionate marriage is the ideal to be achieved. Along with this change, divorce rates are on the rise worldwide. Identify some of the reasons anthropologists have cited for the growing divorce rates.

1. shifting expectations about gender roles 2. expanding opportunities for women

Following the partition of India in 1946-1947, over 100,000 women were abducted and raped during a time of widespread violence. When they were finally returned to their families of origin, the state and local people had different reactions. Identify whether the following actions were those of the women's origin families or those of the state.

1. sought to push the women away to restore honor 2. did not recognize the legitimacy of children fathered by abductors

Anthropologists have found that the incest taboo is a cultural universal, though the relations classified as incest vary across cultures. The origins of the incest taboo remain unclear, but anthropologists have offered numerous theories. Identify the theories that attempt to explain the origin of the incest taboo.

1. to protect the family unit from jealousy and sexual competition 2. to prevent inbreeding and genetically abnormal offspring 3. to re-create our evolutionary instinctive horror for sex with immediate family

Identify the significance of the work of the grassroots women's organization CO-MADRES in El Salvador.

CO-MADRES used ideas about femininity in a unique way to achieve justice and equality.

Identify the American Anthropological Association's stance on same-sex marriage and families of same-sex partners

same-sex marroages and children of these partnerships should be allowed

Identify the significance of the "fairy tale of the egg and the sperm," and "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" narratives in U.S. contemporary culture.

They are modern-day cultural myths that reinforce gender ideologies

men called cochon

seen as passive and receptive

cochon

feminie nicaraguan men who have same sex relations

'yan daudu

feminine men in Nigeria

Identify the characteristics of "mati work" in Suriname.

1. "Mati work" does not prevent women from having children and relationships with men. 2. "Mati work" refers to the spiritual, sexual, and emotional relationships some women in Suriname have with each other.

Historically, race relations in the United States have been primarily centered on white and black relations. Place the major events in this narrative in order from the first to the most recent account

1. "Whiteness" is defined in a public document. 2. The Emancipation Proclamation declares slavery illegal. 3. The Ku Klux Klan is founded. 4. The Supreme Court overturns the legal prohibition of interracial marriage.

Identify the ways in which globalization has generally affected kinship relations.

1. Globalization creates negative stress on kinship relations. 2. Kinship relations are shifting due to globalization.

Heterosexuality is the dominant cultural norm in contemporary U.S. culture. Identify the true statements about heterosexuality in the United States.

1. Heterosexuality is a fairly recent invention. 2. Heterosexuality was originally considered a perversion of the natural order.

Anthropologist Janet Carsten studied the island of Langkawi in Malaysia in the 1990s. Identify what she observed about Langkawi kinship practices.

1. Langkawi kinship relations do not require connection of biology or marriage. 2. Langkawi kinship is acquired through co-residence and co-feeding.

Drawing on Benedict Anderson's theory, anthropologist Janet Carsten describes how nationalism draws heavily on ideas of kinship and family to create a sense of connection within the nation. Identify the ways in which kinship and nationalism are similar.

1. Members may see themselves as sharing common ancestry and biological connection. 2. Belonging often derives from birth and biology. 3. Marriage is one key pathway to membership.

Identify what anthropologist Matthew Gutmann learned about machismo among the working-class Mexican men of a small community in Mexico City.

1. Mexican men negotiate their roles with women. 2. Mexican men do not fit common understandings of machismo that have spread around the world.

Anthropologist Deena Davis researched kinship relations in battered women's shelters. Identify the reasons why these women created fictive kinship networks.

1. Their previous families had disintegrated. 2. They faced structural violence.

Descent groups are kinship groups in which primary relationships are traced through blood relatives. Identify the factors that may cause descent groups to shift and change.

1. colonialism 2. migration 3. politics

Cross-cultural ethnographic research reveals diverse strategies for constructing kinship ties that do not require biological connection or marriage. Match the kinship networks with the fieldwork locale where anthropologists studied them.

1. england - kinship network that uses the term "cousin" to describe a blend of kinship and friendshi 2. langkawi- kinship network that creates closer ties of kinship through sharing meals and living in the same house 3. chicago- kinship network that fights chronic poverty by providing a network of mutual support

Ethnicity is a social construct that is created by social groups and that must be defined and redefined as time passes and social contexts change. Identify the works that have challenged American origin myths.

Challenged American Origin Myths 1. Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (1969) 2. A People's History of the United States (2005)

While the United States and Brazil are the largest multiracial countries in the Western Hemisphere, race has been treated differently in each country. Identify whether the following statements apply to Brazil or the United States.

Describes Race Relations in the United States 1. has applied the rule of hypo-descent 2. has barred interracial marriage Describes Race Relations in Brazil 1. race intersects closely with class and racial categories can be shifted 2. uses hundreds of categories and terms for various races

The term ethnicity is often confused with other concepts about race and identity. Identify the correct definition of ethnicity.

Ethnicity is a sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are believed to be distinct from those outside the group.

The term sexuality is complicated and often misunderstood. Identify the key perspectives from which sexuality is defined.

Helps Define Sexuality 1. the cultural arena within which people negotiate the meaning and value of sexual desires and behaviors 2. the complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure

Who does sociologist Pei-chia Lan call "global Cinderellas" and why?

Immigrant domestic workers because they dream of escaping poverty but are oppressed in others homes

Identify the theory explaining the incest taboo advocated by anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski and psychologist Sigmund Freud.

Incest taboos protect the family from sexual competitiveness and jealousy

Identify how the expansion of Taiwan's economy has affected Taiwanese as well as Indonesian and Filipino women.

Indonesian and Flipino women 1. becoming primary breadwinners 2. unable to fulfill traditional roles as mothers and wives Taiwanese women 1. movement into male workforce

In the Dominican Republic, the government as well as many Dominicans enforce and express anti-Haitian and anti-black sentiments. However, there are certain groups that identify more closely with black Haitians. Identify this group of Dominicans and a way in which they do so.

Lower-class Domincans, by playing bachata music

Anthropologist JB Kwon studies racial dynamics and race relations and attended recent demonstrations in Ferguson, Missouri, to better understand the dynamics at work. Identify the main forces that Kwon suggests led to the events in Ferguson, Missouri.

Main Force Behind Events in Ferguson, Missouri 1. segregation 2. institutional racism Not a Main Force Behind Events in Ferguson, Missouri. 1. individual racism 2. nativism

A person's genetic makeup cannot be determined simply by phenotype (physical traits). Identify the reasons why racial stereotypes like "White Men Can't Jump" or "Asians Are Better at Math" do not have any biological basis

Reason Why Racial Stereotypes Have No Biological Basis 1. Genes that influence physical traits are not linked to any other genes. 2. Genes that influence traits like intelligence and artistic abilities do not respond quickly to environmental pressures Not a Reason Why Racial Stereotypes Have No Biological Basis. 1. Genes that influence physical traits change at a much slower rate than genes that influence other traits. 2. Genes that influence both physical and other traits are directly correlated.

Anthropologist Carol Stack studied an impoverished urban African American community called the Flats in a town outside Chicago in the early 1970s. Identify the main creative and complex survival strategy that Stack identified in her ethnography.

Residents of the Flats used their extended kinship networks to survive structural poverty

Tokyo

Sexual desire is channeled into workplace success.

A racial ideology is a set of ideas about race that justify and normalize discriminatory actions. Identify the situations shaped by racial ideologies.

Shaped by Racial Ideologies 1. White colonists' beliefs that slavery was natural 2. European settlers' beliefs that they had the right to "civilize" the American West Not Shaped by Racial Ideologies 1. police officers' beliefs that they could cut off poor whites' livelihood in Florida 2. upper-class Dominicans' beliefs that they are black

Mignon Moore's Invisible Families study describes the lives of gay black women in the United States, including how their lives have changed over time. Identify the primary reason why gay black women did not usually marry and have families together before the 1980s.

They did not want to challenge community expectations about respectability

Malaysia was one of the first export-processing zones in Southeast Asia. Many multinational corporations employ hundreds of thousands of Malaysian workers for cheap labor, many of which are young migrant workers known as Minah Karan. Why are these women stigmatized?

They mix with men and people from other classes.

What is an ethno-park an example of?

an ethno-enterprise

What does anthropologist Barbara Ehrenreich suggest is the primary resource extracted from the world's poorest nations today?

love

Reproductive technologies allow culture to shape biology. These technologies are not new, but they are rapidly expanding. Identify the following technologies as either having existed for a long time in various forms and in various cultures, or as new technologies that have emerged over the last thirty years.

new technologies that have emerged over the last thirty years 1. DNA testing for paternity 2. testing for the sex of unborn children technologies that have existed in various forms and in various cultures for many years 1. contraceptives 2. c sections 3. abortion

masu harka

nigerian men who have same sex relations

Israel takes a strong stance on family planning for its citizens. Identify the reproductive technologies that the Israeli government supports and subsidizes.

supported 1. surrogacy 2. artifical insemination 3. invitro

French social scientist Michel Foucault coined the term biopower when referring to actions surrounding intersex individuals. Identify the meaning of this term.

the power of the state to regulate the body.

gender stereotypes

widely held beliefs about characteristics deemed appropriate for males and females

both cochon and machista

would be considered gay in U.S. culture

What was the controversy surrounding South African runner Caster Semenya after winning the gold at the world track and field championship at age eighteen?

She was subjected to gender testing after her rivals claimed she was a man

Suriname

Women may engage in flexible "mati work" with other women.

gender ideology

a set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification

This cartoon, published in 1902 in the magazine Judge, shows anti-immigration sentiment in the United States at the time. Identify the concepts exhibited in the cartoon.

Concept Exhibited in the Cartoon 1. nativism 2. racism Not a Concept Exhibited in the Cartoon 1. colonialism 2. miscegenation

Machista

dominant nicaraguan men who have same-sex relations

Contemporary gender ideologies are firmly rooted in the natural differences between men and women and gender roles from early human history

False

While the media often portrays conflict in Iraq as the result of ancient ethnic tensions, Iraq has a complex history and has been greatly affected by the influence and occupation of other nations. Place the events in Iraq's history in the correct place on the timeline.

1. 1920- British monarchial goverment established 2. 1932- independence granted 3. U.S. military occupation 4. ISIL occupations of key cities and territories.

The "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" story influences contemporary U.S. gender ideologies. Identify which of the following statements are components of the story.

1. A more sedentary lifestyle, cooperativeness, and nurturance are natural expectations of female humans. 2. 3.

In her ethnography, Transnational Adoption: A Cultural Economy of Race, Gender, and Kinship (2006), Sara Dorow traces the journey of Chinese children adopted by U.S. parents. Identify the situations experienced by these transnational families, as noted by Dorow.

1. Adopted children are marked as nonbiological kin. 2. Adoptive parents and their children engage with Chinese culture

In 1994 in Rwanda, Hutu extremists committed ethnic genocide when they systematically killed hundreds of thousands of Tutsi, as well as Hutu moderates. Place the events leading up to the 1994 Rwandan genocide in chronological order.

1. Belgian colonists placed Tutsi in elite positions of power. 2. Hutu rebelled against Tutsi power and gained control of the country. 3. A civil war erupted between the Hutu and the Tutsi/ 4. The Rwandan president, a Hutu, was killed. 5. Hutu extremists undertook an extensive campaign of genocide against Tutsi.

Gender performance refers to the way gender identity is expressed through action. Identify the following statements about gender performance as true or false.

1. Both men and women may display stereotypically masculine and feminine characteristics. 2. Anthropologists are increasingly focused on gender as an identity that is expressed through action.

Traditional practices have influenced many independence movements, such as in Zimbabwe. Spirit mediums, traditionally chiefs who received their authority from spirits of dead chiefs and kings known as Mhondoro, played a crucial role in the Zimbabwe liberation movement. Place the events that took place before and during the Zimbabwe liberation movement in order from the first event to the most recent.

1. British colonial government started appointing local chiefs. 2. struggle for independence from the British began 3. spirit mediums legitimized guerrilla warriors fight 4. liberation and establishment of Zimbabwe

Identify the following situations as examples of either gender stratification, gender stereotypes, or gender ideologies.

1. Gender stratification - Hirjas in India face unequal access to housing, education, and healthcare. 2. Gender stereotype - Men in Mexico are uninvolved and uninterested in domestic life. 3. Gender Ideology - The tale of man the hunter woman the gatherer is used in U.S. culture to explain differences in gender roles.

Stores in the United States are filled with gendered products, such as the pink and green razors shown in the image. Identify the effects of these gendered products.

1. Gendered products suggest that men and women are biologically and fundamentally different. 2. Gendered products make gender inequality seem rational and reasonable. 3. Gendered products reinforce stereotyoes about men and women.

Race relations play out differently depending on a variety of historical, cultural, and social factors. Match each racial situation to the country to which it pertains.

1. Haiti, Dominican Republic: This country has many racial categories with two main nationalities, one of which experiences the majority of discriminatory practices. 2. Brazil, South America: This country has many nuanced racial categories and has been referred to as a "racial democracy." 3. Malaysia: This country has three main racial categories that were first imposed by British Colonists.

Hijras are transgender individuals and followers of the Hindu Mother Goddess Bahuchara Mata, who is often depicted as transgender. Identify the experiences of hijras in Southeast Asia.

1. Hijras are revered as powerful religious figures. 2. Hijras face discrimination in access to housing, health care, and education.

Scholars in various disciplines study and explain human sexuality in different ways. Identify the statements that would be more likely to be made by an evolutionary psychologist than by an anthropologist.

1. Human sexuality is embedded into genes. 2. Human sexuality is heavily influenced by biological drives.

Sociologist Chrys Ingraham states that weddings are key cultural institutions through which people learn what it means to be heterosexual. Identify how the U.S. wedding industry and culture reinforces heterosexuality as the cultural norm.

1. Movies and TV portray a wedding as a key life moment. 2. Girls and boys learn gendered wedding and pre-wedding behaviors. 3. The institution of marriage historically made a woman the property of her husband.

The following terms are often confused, despite having different political meanings. Match each term to its definition.

1. Nation - a term once used to describe a group of people who shared a place of origin 2. nation-state - a political entity with enforced borders where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people. 3. state- an autonomous regional structure of political economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defined its territory

Identify possible reasons why it is difficult for people in the United States to acknowledge the continuing existence of racism.

1. People believe that mainstream U.S. society is a meritocracy. 2. Color blindness is seen as a solution to racism in the United States.

Alfred Kinsey, Shere Hite, and William Masters and Virginia Johnson were trailblazers in the field of sexology. Identify the statements that represent findings from the field of sexology.

1. Sexuality sometimes changes over the course of a lifetime, sometimes spanning both homosexual and heterosexual activities and interests. 2. Human sexuality does not fit into simplistic categories.

Identify whether the statements about the roles of the egg and sperm during fertilization are stereotypical descriptions or actual scientific findings.

1. Sperm and the egg work together toward successful fertilization 2. Sperm have weak tails and only move their heads to avoid getting stuck on unwanted surfaces.

When anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard studied the Nuer of South Sudan in the 1930s, he expected to find a strict patrilineal descent system. Instead, he found that they placed just as much significance on kinship relations through marriage as kinship relations through descent. Forty years later, anthropologist Kathleen Gough revisited the study and suggested possible explanations for why the Nuer had departed from their normal patrilineal kinship model. Identify what was happening in the 1930s that likely influenced Nuer kinship in this way.

1. The Nuer were fighting among themselves. 2. The Nuer were resisting colonial occupation. 3. The Nuer were conquering a neighboring group.

Place the events that led to the development and evolution of the CO-MADRES organization and movement in El Salvador in order from the first event to the most recent.

1. The Salvadoran civil war began, and a campaign of violence and torture against any dissidents was launched. 2. Grassroots organization CO-MADRES formed to demand information about victims. 3. CO-MADRES members protested and worked to bring to light the atrocities committed. 4. CO-MADRES evolved to demand violence, and inclusion of women in government.

The U.S. Census has been taken every ten years since 1790. Tracing the evolution of racial categories on the U.S. Census helps to understand changing views on racial identity in the United States. Place the census descriptions in order from first to most recent.

1. The U.S. Census contained three racial categories, and people could not choose their race. 2. The U.S. Census contained five racial categories, including Chinese and Indian 3. The U.S. Census contained eight racial categories, including Hindu, a religion. 4. The U.S. Census contained fourteen racial categories, including Hispanic.

In the London suburb of Southall, young people of different ethnic backgrounds form communities where they call each other "cousin." Identify the reasons why forming "cousin" relationships work in this community.

1. The term cousin is similar in many of the languages and cultures of the community. 2. Cousins blur the line between kinship and friendship.

China is the number-one "sending" country for children adopted by U.S. parents, with 2,040 children sent to the United States in 2014. Identify the reasons why this is the case.

1. There is a cultural preference for male children in China 2. The Chinese government did not allow families to have more than one child until recently.

Anthropologist Deena Davis researched kinship relations in battered women's shelters. Identify the reasons why these women created fictive kinship networks

1. They faced structural violence. 2. Their previous families had disintegrated.

In the 1970s, massacres of Hutu in Burundi led to the group's flight to nearby Tanzania. Anthropologist Liisa Malkki described the Hutu experience in Tanzania in her ethnography Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania (1995). Identify the ways in which Hutu refugees in Tanzania reinforced their ethnic identity.

1. They told mythico-histories 2. They acquired official recognition as refugees

Sex work is legal in one-third of Mexican states. Identify the characteristics that anthropologist Patty Kelly observed about the lives of sex workers at the Zona Galactica brothel.

1. They were able to set their own hours and prices. 2. They were more open about sexuality than middle-class women. 3. They were stigmatized by others.

Domestic violence refers to physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner. Identify the true statements about domestic violence in the United States.

1. Women of all backgrounds are at risk of domestic violence 2. one-third of women will be abused by a partner in her lifetime.

Identify whether or not these findings were made by Carla Freeman in her study of women working in the informatics industry of Barbados.

1. Women's status as wives and mothers allows them to access company-provided transportation and flexible work hours. 2. Women work in comfortable, air-conditioned modern offices.

Identify which of the following practices anthropologist Ida Susser advocates for engaged anthropologists.

1. document problems and then put them into the larger framework. 2. participate in the lives of citizens you are studying.

Enculturation is a profound influence on humans, shaping even parts of life that seem to be natural or innate. Identify the aspects of culture that have significant influence on the construction of sexual desires and behaviors.

1. education 2. media 3. government

Men called machista

1. enhance their masculinity through same-gender sexual activity 2. seen as active and dominant

In September 2015, the United Nations established various goals toward sustainable development including Goal 5: Achieve Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls. Identify objectives included within this goal.

1. ensure equal opportunities for women to rise to leadership positions 2. ensure the elimination of gender-based violence 3. ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health care

The study of sexuality within anthropology has fluctuated throughout the twentieth century. Place the following statements in chronological order.

1. ethnographers began to notice and record the vast scope of human sexuality 2. athropologists prioritized topics such as kinship, family, and marriage over sexuality 3. anthropological research focused on sexuality, paralleling trends in the US women's movemennt

Identify the ways that the Belgian colonial government justified and enforced their preferential treatment of Tutsi over Hutu in Rwanda.

1. eugenics studies 2. appointments to colonial government 3. national identity cards

Current ideals about types of family in Western culture became entrenched after World War II and the rise of an industrialized society. Match each term to the correct definition.

1. family orienation - family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills 2. family procreation - family group created when one reproduces and within which one rears children 3. both- family group consiting of mother,father, and children

Historically, biological science has tended to create distinct mental maps of reality for male and female anatomy. Human males and females are said to demonstrate sexual dimorphism, which refers to phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. Identify whether the following characteristics generally apply to men or women.

1. live longer 2. longer physical endurance

Identify countries in which the nuclear family is the most important aspect of kinship relations.

1. london 2. chicago

Elite Japanese corporations often organize evenings at hostess clubs for their employees where female hostesses serve drinks, and flirt with and entertain these professionals. Anthropologist Anne Allison analyzed the cultural meaning of these practices. Identify the social practices that occur within Japanese hostess clubs.

1. male bonding 2. expression of male dominance

Most nation-states are recent constructions, rather than societies with deep, unified histories. For example, before the 1800s the area now known as France was comprised of many different groups that spoke different languages and followed different religions. Today, we see France as a unified nation-state. Identify the programs that led to a French nation.

1. national education system 2. extensive transportation network 3. lingua franca

Views about sexuality in the United States have changed greatly over time. Place the dominant cultural views about sexuality in order from the earliest perspective to the most recent.

1. sex is for procreation only 2. sex is for pleasure in addition to procreation 3. heterosexual sex is the cultural norm

Ethnicity can be mobilized by groups and individuals for economic, political, and other gains. Identity entrepreneurs and ethno-corporations both use ethnicity in such a way. Identify whether the following statements describe identity entrepreneurs or ethno-corporations.

1. use war, propaganda, and state power 2. political, religious and military leaders

Identify the significance of the work of the grassroots women's organization CO-MADRES in El Salvador.

CO-MADRES used ideas about femininity in a unique way to achieve justice and equality

Identify the significance of the work of the grassroots women's organization CO-MADRES in El Salvador

CO-MADRES used ideas about femininity in a unique way to achieve justice and equality.

Like citizens of other nation-states, U.S. citizens construct ethnic identities rooted in nationalism. Identify whether or not these were recent debates regarding American identity.

Debate About American Identity 1. the false assertion that former President Barack Obama is not a U.S. citizen 2. the encouragement of anti-Muslim sentiment in U.S. voters by some political identity entrepreneurs 3. the push from some politicians to change the Fourteenth Amendment granting all people born in the United States citizenship Not a Debate About American Identity. 1. the overturning of the law allowing U.S. citizens to have dual citizenship with another country

Although the Dominican Republic and Haiti are two halves of the same island in the Caribbean, conceptions of race have historically been very different in each country, beginning with the landing of Christopher Columbus in 1492. These conceptions of race have influenced economic and other life opportunities that are available to individuals depending on which side of the island they were born. Identify whether the following statements apply to the Dominican Republic or Haiti.

Describes the Dominican Republic 1. The majority of this country's population identify as Hispanic and speak Spanish 2. This country participates actively in global economic trade, exporting various goods and increasing tourism revenues. Describes Haiti 1. People emigrate from this country to the other side of the island where they work in low-wage jobs and endure racial discrimination. 2. The majority of this country's population identify as African and speak Creole.

Identify which ideas are more strongly associated with evolutionary psychology, and which are more strongly associated with cultural constructionism.

EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 1. Genetic drives work instinctively to ensure the reproduction of the species. 2. Feelings of love are built into our biological system to support reproduction.

The international gay rights movement works to understand local expressions of human sexuality to improve civil rights for all.

FALSE

Race is a biological concept rooted in genetic differences between people.

FAlSE

Intersectionality studies the intersection of various factors that shape an individual's access to opportunities as well as societal patterns of stratification. Identify the major factors that are part of intersectionality.

Factor Considered in Intersectionality Studies 1. gender 2. race 3. class

Immigrants interact with the cultures of their new countries in various ways. Identify the following examples from the United States as either multiculturalism or assimilation.

Multiculturalism 1. Indian Americans march in the India Day parade each year. 2. Children of immigrants are bilingual in the language of their parents as well as English. Assimilation 1. Children of immigrants do not speak their parents' languages and instead only speak English. 2. Immigrants forgo traditional religious practices in favor of adopting Christianity.

Multiculturalism is flourishing in?

New York, New York.

White privilege refers to the benefits and opportunities that whites enjoy based solely on their skin color and perceived race. What does anthropologist Jane Gibson's study of low-income whites in Florida suggest about white privilege?

Not all whites experience equal amounts of white privilege.

Nicaragua

Only men who receive (rather than give) sex from other men are given pejorative labels.

Anthropologist Tone Bringa's fieldwork portrayed Bosnian Muslims and Catholic Croats living together peaceably in a Bosnian village. How did she explain the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims that occurred just a few years later?

Outside political forces manipulated ethnic identities

When they first immigrated to the United States in the nineteenth century, Irish, Italian, and eastern European immigrants were seen as inferior and not "white". Today, these European groups are seen as white. Identify the possible ways that some people could move into a "higher" racial category.

Possible Way to Move to a Higher Racial Category. 1. moving upward in social class 2. marrying someone of a "higher" race Not a possible Way to Move to a Higher Racial Category. 1. marrying someone of the same race 2. changing legal definitions of race

The "ethnocartography of human sexuality" maps the human spectrum of sexuality. Identify the premises upon which this field of study is built.

Premise of Ethnocartography of Human Sexuality 1. awareness of the broad panorama of human life 2. a deeper analysis of one's own culture

In her book From the Ganges to the Hudson (1995), anthropologist Johanna Lessinger explores the process by which a new Indian American ethnic identity is created when Indian immigrants arrive in New York. Identify whether or not these purposes for the India Day Parade strengthen Indian American's ethnic infrastructure.

Purpose of India Day Parade 1. shows the political establishment that Indian Americans are organized 2. helps stake a claim of Indian American ethnic identity in New York

Identify whether or not these reasons are why it is impossible to distinguish clear genetic boundaries between one human population and another.

REASON 1. Humans are 99.9 percent genetically the same. 2. Human variation changes gradually in a geographic continuum. 3. Humans have been exchanging genetic material for 200,00 years. NOT A REASON 1. Human genes are incredibly diverse, varying from person to person.

Racialization is the process of categorizing and attributing supposedly racial qualities to people based on perceived characteristics. Identify the examples of racialization.

Racialization 1. the creation of the category "Middle Eastern" as a race in the United States 2. European immigrants in the United States calling the Chinese immigrants "Yellow Peril" Not Raciallization 1. The use of microaggressions against minorities 2. the court dismissal of a Chinese man as a reliable eyewitness due to his race

Anthropologists often use the term racism's in plural. What does this term refer to?

The variety of ways race has been constructed among people of different places.

The first example of the term white can be traced to a public document written in Virginia in 1691. Identify the major ways in which white privilege was subsequently invented and reinforced in Virginia in the 1700s.

Way White Privilege Was Invented 1. Whites were given more legal privileges. 2. Whites were counted as whole people in censuses. Not a Way White Privilege Was Invented. 1. Whites were given financial assistance from the government. 2. Whites usually earned more money than blacks.

The Kashmir Valley, located along the disputed border between Pakistan and India, is the most densely militarized zone in the world. The local Kashmiris regularly resist Indian rule in a variety of ways. Identify the ways in which the local Kashmiris resist Indian rule.

Ways Kashmirs Resist Indian Rule 1. legal appeals to the state 2. artistic expressions 3. demonstrations

gender stratification

an unequal distribution of power and access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender

The Western press plays a very important role in how people perceive global events. What does the media often cite as the reason for ethnic conflicts?

ancient, deep-seated ethnic conflicts

Colonial powers controlled sexual activities in colonized countries through legal action. The Dutch East India Company had strict laws concerning marriage and sexual relations. Identify the individuals that would have been able to receive Dutch legal status in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

children of European men and women born in Dutch colonies