Anthropology Exam 3

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Requiring students to say the "Pledge of Allegiance" in United States classrooms illustrates how civil rituals can

become part of the way a government asserts power over its citizens

In the Santería religion of Cuba, a woman seeking answers through divination would feel assured that the ritual was genuine if

both the setting of the ritual and personal front of the priest were in congruence with her expectations

Western biomedicine tends to conceive of the body as a kind of biological machine. When parts of the machine are damaged, defective, or out of balance, the preferred therapeutic responses are most often

chemical or surgical interventions

Traditional Chinese Medicine understands the body to contain a life force that, when blocked, causes illness. This force is called

chi (qi)

An approach to healing that directs the combined efforts of multiple people toward treating illness is called

communal healing

The means by which a dominant group or perspective orders various beliefs, explanations, values, and worldviews so that they justify the status quo is referred to by the term

cultural hegemony

The values and beliefs of communities, states, and/or societies that make the imagining of a particular type of network possible is referred to in the text as

cultural infrastructure

The fact that patients in China who experience depression complain of different symptoms than patients who experience depression in the United States illustrates that

culture shapes a person's experience of their illness

Many different universities and academic journals use the term public anthropology; however,

different groups use the term in different ways

A woman who wears a dress, makeup, and high heeled shoes to work in North America is

enacting a performance of culture

The comparative study of cultural ideas about wellness, illness, and healing is called

ethnomedicine

When archaeologists explored the collapse of the Maya city of Copan from an environmental perspective, they found

evidence that deforestation coupled with an expanding population led to the city's decline

The field of study that investigates the ways that natural processes have shaped the development of life on Earth, producing measurable changes in populations over time is called

evolutionary biology

Increasingly, Charles Davenport began to focus on low intelligence, something termed __________, as the source of societies' problems.

feeblemindedness

In a well-known study on the effects of intercessory prayer, the patients who knew they were receiving prayers for their recovery

had more complications and health problems in the month following surgery

Gerald Murray's Haitian reforestation project succeeded because

his project gave Haitian farmers had control of when to sell their fast growing trees as a cash crop for charcoal, lumber, and firewood

Doing digital ethnography with online communities in which participants are protected by anonymity raises the question of

how to balance the participants' need for anonymity while doing research with integrity

In her ethnography of Egyptian television soap operas, Dramas of Nationhood, Lila Abu-Lughod sought to understand

how watching these programs contributed to a shared sense of Egyptian cultural identity

When researching the American lawn, Julie Sharp found that the strongest indicator of whether a household's lawn was intensively managed with toxic chemicals was

how well the household members knew the names of their neighbors

The rapid changes in human lifestyles from small foraging groups to crowded, technologically-advanced societies shows that

human lifestyles are biocultural, or products of interactions between biology and culture

An approach to healing that seeks to treat medical ailments by achieving a balance between the forces or elements of the body is called

humoral healing

One of the unintended health consequences of the rise of antibiotic use in low-income (developing) nations is that

impoverished children, whose lives are saved by antibiotics in infancy, succumb later in childhood to malnutrition, dehydration, or other ailments

The Kayapó project illustrates how

indigenous groups shape the environments in which they live

The breach phase of a social drama occurs when

individual(s) break a norm or rule that is important to the social group

Anorexia is referred to as a culture-bound syndrome because

it is an illness recognized only within a specific culture (or in areas that have been influenced by that culture)

Applied anthropology has its roots in

late 19th century British and American colonialism

How many people live in urban spaces today?

more than 50%

The approach in which disease is thought to be the result of natural forces such as cold, heat, wind, dampness, and above all, by an upset in the balance of the basic body elements is a

naturalistic ethno-etiology

The "walking" theory is supported by the Rapa Nui word __________, which translates as "walking with no legs".

neke-neke

The method that puts cameras into the hands of local participants so they can make their own representations of their lives is called

photovoice

A response to treatment that occurs because the person receiving the treatment believes it will work, not because the treatment itself is effective, is referred to as a

placebo effect

Archaeologists believe the inhabitants of Rapa Nui used __________ to help the island's poor soil retain moisture and nutrients.

rock mulching

Although practicing anthropologist Cathy Baldwin prefers working with people who are interested in practical implementation of projects, she admits that one drawback of working outside of academia is that

she can get lonely in organizations where she is the only one with her particular skillset

Eugenics recommended __________ as a means of preventing "defectives" from reproducing.

sterilization

Women who consumed the prohibited products were believed to

suffer from illnesses, such as swelling and itching, or even to cause the death of one of their in-laws

Roy Rappaport's research among the Tsembaga of Highland New Guinea focused on the relationship between the numbers of pigs in a village and the timing of pig-slaughter rituals in order to show

that slaughtering the pigs was a way to keep the available resources in equilibrium

The approach that considers health to be the absence of disease or dysfunction, and that disease can be identified as one of the following: a pathogen, malfunction of the body's processes, or a physiological disorder is

the biomedical approach

Nader argues that anthropologists should work to unveil the contemporary scene of modern wars for the public's understanding because

the consequences of failing to do so are great in terms of mass killings and destruction

The turning point in the human fight against bacterial infections was

the discovery and distribution of Penicillin in the early 20th century

Marvin Harris argues that Hindu religious taboos against eating beef developed due to

the economic and ecological importance of cows to subsistence in India

Dimitra Doukas' book, Worked Over: The Corporate Sabotage of an American Community (2003) documents dramatic changes in New York mill towns that resulted from

the move from regional to global ("hit-and-run") capitalism

Aihwa Ong's ethnography, The Buddha is Hiding - Refugees, Citizenship, The New America (2003), sought to understand not only the experiences of Cambodian Americans, but also

the types of controls operating across American institutions seeking to mold a certain type of U.S. citizen

Research suggests that when a person unknowingly receives a placebo drug,

their body often responds physiologically in the same way it would if the drug were real

The ideal of the ecologically noble savage puts the success of Indigenous conservation projects in jeopardy because

there is a potential for backlash by the Western media if Indigenous communities lose their symbolic purity

It probably took a team of 12 people a year to carve an average statue using an ancient tool called a __________.

toki

Zeinabu Davis' videowork with Yoruba trance rituals showed how

watching the videos increased the ache (or power of realization), thereby acting to bring the Yoruba community closer together

Sustainable development can be defined as

ways that environmental resources can be preserved while utilizing those resources for industry

Early ethnographer E.E. Evans-Pritchard describes the one main explanation that the Azande of north-central Africa give for any misfortune. This explanation is

witchcraft

How many people in the world today do not have access to adequate nutrition, the most basic element of good health?

1 in 8 people

During the __________ presidential election democrat Samuel Tilden, the winner of the popular vote, lost the election to republican Rutherford B. Hayes by one Electoral College vote.

1876

Between 1849 and 1852, more than __________ Chinese immigrants had joined the California Gold Rush.

20,000

A satellite survey of the island indicates a network of roads that generally slope __________ degrees downhill.

By the time forced sterilization practices ended in the 1970's, more than __________ Americans had undergone the procedure, most unknowingly or against their will.

60,000

Lancet, a leading medical journal, published data that estimated _________ percent of research investment is lost to waste and inefficiency.

85%

The anti-immigration Emergency Quota Act of 1921 became law in 1924 and reduced immigration to the United States by __________%.

In Brazil, women who "swallow frogs" (engolir sapos) too often may develop "nerves (nervos)." When women express these symptoms to a health care provider, what are they experiencing physically and emotionally?

A constant suppression of emotional pain, which leads to headaches, trembling, dizziness, fatigue, and other symptoms

How do anthropologists understand the difference between cultural performance and performing culture?

A cultural performance is a bounded performance (such as a concert or ritual), while performing culture refers to ways our everyday practices can be studied as performances

Famed inventor __________ was a member of Charles Davenport's prestigious Board of Scientific Directors.

Alexander Graham Bell

What argument does the chapter make about using the ethics of "do no harm" as a guiding principle while practicing anthropology?

All of the answer choices are correct

What was the result of anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes' exposé on organ trafficking?

Although she had identified the major figure in organ smuggling, her contributions were largely ignored

__________, the immigration center for the west coast in San Francisco, enforced Chinese exclusion by segregating detainees, subjecting detainees to grueling interrogations, and detaining applicants for weeks or years.

Angel Island

How does the chapter suggest that anthropologists get recognized more often for their work to help the common good?

Anthropologists need to demonstrate the good they do on an ongoing basis

Which of the following best describes the idea of "gender performativity?"

As people do things in patterned ways over time that are understood to signify "male" or "female," a larger social construct of gender is created

Chapter author, Christian Palmer, became an environmentally-focused anthropologist with a holistic perspective after receiving a

BA in ethnobotany and MA in environmental science

What are the four distinct phases of a social drama, and in what order do they occur?

Breach, crisis, redress, and reintegration or schism

Archaeologists Terry Hunt and __________ built a replica of an Easter Island statue to test the "walking" theory.

Carl Lipo

In 1902 Charles Davenport opened a research institute for the study of eugenics with funding from the __________.

Carnegie Institution

Borofsky argues that undergraduates enjoy Chagnon's book on the Yanomami for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT

Chagnon describes the Yanomami in a respectful way

President __________ signed the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Chester A. Arthur

Why do academic committees tend to count the numbers of citations of a junior faculty member's work in articles written by other anthropologists?

Clear metrics exist to evaluate a faculty member's level of professional work based on citations

__________ is the belief that the population needs to work together to improve society.

Collectivism

__________ founded the anti-Chinese Workingmen's Party in San Francisco.

Denis Kearney

When an ill person describes the origin of their suffering as coming from a fright or shock, they are using which type of ethno-etiology?

Emotionalistic

Charles Davenport opened the __________ in 1910.

Eugenics Record Office

In the strategy titled "Accountability," what suggestion does Borofsky make for how to judge faculty members' accomplishments?

Focus on the social significance of the problem being addressed and how their work has helped others

__________ coined the term eugenics for his theory of improving natural selection through human intervention.

Francis Galton

What is the distinction between "front spaces" and "back spaces" in terms of social impressions?

Front spaces are designed to control others' impressions, while back spaces are private zones where social actors can do away with pretense

Cochrane's anthropological training led him to ask community members why they were engaging in food taboo practices. How does he understand this experience within a larger context of international development organizations?

His experience is not uncommon, because talking to community members is not one of the objectives of development projects

The concept that emphasizes the ways in which human social and cultural practices are influenced by basic subsistence needs is referred to as

Materialism

Why did anthropology become less publicly engaged starting in the 1960s?

More and more anthropologists became associated with universities

Which areas of culture should be off limits to anthropological study and critique?

None, all aspects of life are appropriate to study

The 1875 __________ all but banned the immigration of Chinese women into the United States by requiring that Chinese women endure a horrific interrogation to prove they were not prostitutes, which few were willing to face.

Page Act

The 1915 (full name) __________ included the eugenics promoting Race Betterment Exhibit.

Panama-Pacific International Exposition

In 1986 Czech engineer __________ tried walking an Easter Island statue in an upright position, but found this caused friction damage.

Pavel Pavel

When an injured person blames their accident on a curse directed at them, they are using which type of ethno-etiology?

Personalistic

What major contributor(s) to human disease became problematic once agricultural communities became densely populated?

Problems disposing of waste and difficulty accessing clean water

The interface between anthropology as an academic discipline and the broader public that supports and, ideally, finds value in it, is an area of work that Borofsky has titled

Public Anthropology

__________ are characterized by sharp, angled eye slots, a low center of gravity, and a D-shaped base.

Road Moai

Archaeologist __________, who was born and raised on Rapa Nui and served as governor for six years, has long championed the statue "walking" theory.

Sergio Rapu Haoa

__________ performers believe in the role they are playing, while __________ performers have lost their belief in the role and may only be acting out of self-interest.

Sincere; cynical

Why does the chapter argue that the same type of information about the activities of the NSA was received so differently from Edward Snowden and journalists Priest and Arkin?

Snowden's disclosures violated national and international security laws and Priest/Arkin's reporting did not

What theory would be best applied to the study of how social media posts affect our sense of self?

Social comparison theory

How was Hortense Powdermaker's anthropological study, Hollywood: The Dream Factory (1950), received by other social scientists?

The book was widely dismissed and the subject deemed unworthy of study by anthropologists

Why does Borofsky suspect the terms Engaged anthropology, Practicing anthropology, or Activist anthropology have not replaced Public Anthropology in the discipline?

The other terms are not as institutionalized or embedded in the discipline

How did the international organization aim to address women's nutritional deficiencies that it thought were the result of food taboos in the region?

The project would improve access to those products (specifically eggs, chicken, and milk) and provide training on the nutritional value of these products

An approach to performance, promoted by Augusto Boal, designed to engage an audience in such as way that they would be transformed and moved to transform the oppressive conditions of their societies is called

Theatre of the Oppressed

Why do non-anthropologists tend to write the bestselling anthropologically oriented books?

They are masters at showing how their topics fit into broader concerns that interest a range of readers

What does Borofsky mean when he argues that anthropologists should be writing narratives with impact?

They should be writing in a less academic, and more popular, style to reach broader audiences

What was the international development organization's overall goal for their engagement in the region?

To address gender equality and practices that negatively impact women

What did Lavenda discover was the main objective in small town beauty pageants?

To crown a local girl who best represents the community and their values

From an anthropological perspective, what does it mean when someone uses the term to "throw like a girl?"

To throw in a way that evokes gender stereotypes based on patterned cultural conceptions of behavior

Gangs and gang violence, drug and sex trafficking, urban industrial expansion, and stress caused by debt and inequalities are all topics that are studied under the subfield of

Urban Anthropology

According to historian Kevin Starr the famous civil-rights case __________ in 1886 was the first to establish that the 14th Amendment provision for equal protection applies to all persons, aliens and immigrants as well as citizens.

Yick Wo v. Hopkins

A tall and muscular male security guard working at a concert, who maintains a scowl and patrols the perimeter in an alert fashion, is an example of

a personal front that matches public expectations

Although the communities in the project area were primarily concerned about the lack of clean drinking water and healthcare options, the staff and donors located furthest from the project area were most interested in funding projects focused on

"exotic" practices such as food taboos, exchange marriages, and female genital mutilation

The Western idealized notion that indigenous people are simple and ecologically-minded stewards of their natural environment is the idea of the

"noble savage"

On December 17th, 1943 the Chinese Exclusion Laws were officially repealed with the passage of the __________.

Magnuson Act

How does Akbar Ahmed's (2013) book reflect a paradigm shift in the anthropology of the twenty-first century?

It uses a contemporary analysis of states and empires, as well as the tribes

In 1852, __________ was elected governor of California by running on an anti-Chinese platform.

John Bigler

Pollen evidence shows that 25 various species of trees and shrubs once grew on Easter Island, and reveals a dramatic change as the island was deforested, something pollen expert __________ attributes to human activity.

John Flenley

Which anthropologist first used the term cultural ecology to describe how cultures use and understand their environments?

Julian Steward

According to historian __________, the Chinese Exclusion was the first really, comprehensively restrictive immigration law in the history of the United States.

Mae Ngai

Borofsky uses Mary Douglas' quote about all social structures being "armed with articulate, conscious powers to protect the system; the inarticulate, unstructured areas...provoke others to demand that ambiguity be reduced" in order to refer to the powers operating to protect

academic anthropology departments

The California Series in Public Anthropology is a series of books edited by the chapter author that

addresses public problems in public ways through new framings of social issues

Bruno Latour made the argument that the discipline of anthropology is uniquely qualified to provide insight into key components of current environmental crises by