Anthropology

Which of the following do Americans commonly inherit patrilineally?

(surenames) last names

All humans were foragers until approximately

10,000 years ago

Agricultural societies are typically egalitarian

False

The caste system of India is an extreme example of exogamy.

False

The early anthropologist who wrote the book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies and was the first to distinguish between biological sex and gender roles was

Margaret Mead

"Mother Nature" and "natural resources are a good example of

Metaphors of human-nature interaction

A part-time religious specialist is called a

Shaman

Which of the following is an example of American totemism?

Sports team mascots

In generalized reciprocity

The individuals participating in this type of exchange give something to someone else but expect nothing in immediate return

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypotheses argue?

The language people speak influence the way they think

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blinding of two parent languages is called

a creole

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

proof of their primitive nature

Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races

scientist

A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when

there are many changes in society

What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?

*All of the above -Terms for biological species -details about court cases -Life histories -opinions on upcoming elections

The ghost dance among the Sioux in the 1890's was

*All of the above -a new religious movement responding to white encroachment on their lands -drawing on a mix of older and new religious concepts -an attempt to recover self respect

Ethnocentrism

*All of the above -presents a major problem for anthropologists -means you think your culture is superior to others -is common feature of culture

The difference between a survey and a structured interview is

*All of the above -survey questions are asked as written; in a structured interview they are not -survey questions are closed-ended; Structured interviews are not -the goal of using survey questions is typically to produce quantitative data, while for structured interviews it is to produce qualitative data

Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of ceroles, pidgins and other hybrid forms of language?

*All of these answers are correct -Colonialism -globalization -commerce

Why do fundamentalists often use the language of "returning" to "traditional values" in their ideologies and rituals?

*All of these answers are correct -because the past is seen as purer and closer to God's original intent than the present. -Because traditional values can be associated with wise elders, prophets, and religious leaders known to be successful. -Because traditions and the past are both symbols of a known and well-understood world, especially in the context of rapidly changing conditions of the present.

Kinship charts are helpful for anthropologists because these charts allow for

*All of these answers are correct -documenting in an image a variety of kinship relationships -seeing trends of births, marriages and divorces -more easily comparing multiple families within a society

Which of the following is a political act?

*All of these are correct -Running for election -protesting against police brutality -gossiping about a neighbor to shame them for not fulfilling their obligations

Magical techniques may involve

*All of these are correct -spells -the manipulation of special objects -incantations

How do religious rituals function politically?

*All of these are correct; -by legitimating community authority -by promoting fear -by resolving disputes

The concept of sex, gender, and sexuality are

*None of these answers are correct: -completely determined by biology -equivalent to one another in meaning -appropriate to use interchangeably

An ethical approach to anthropological research would ephasize

*all of the above -a commitment to doing no harm -the rejection of clandestine research -responsibilities toward the host country and the people you are studying

In which of the following locations would you find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?

*all of the above -a factory -a mental institution -a New York City neighborhood -the Amazon rain forest

Cultural determinism in unproductive for cultural analysis because

*all of the above -it denies the influence of factors like physical environment and biology on humans -it can justify atrocities -it explains all human action as the product of culture alone

The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthopologists because

*all of these answers are correct -They are economically significant in market-based economies -the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies -reciprocity is deeply embedded in social relations

Although most Americans think that kinship is basically about biological relatedness, anthropologist have long recognized that kinship is about relationships that can also be established through which of the following linkages

*all of these answers are correct -by behaving like a relative -by being related to someone who is related to you -by religious rites like christenings that identify a non relative as a relative (such as a godfather or a godmother)

Some of the negative social impacts associated with industrialization include

*all of these answers are correct -pollution -increased infectious diseases -insufficient water

According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which factors?

*all of these answers are correct -the decisions people make -social relationships -culture and morality

The standard variety of a language is typically the language

*all of these answers are correct -Taught in the educational system -that is associated with the upper-class groups of the society -is used as the "normal" way to communicate in the media

The example of the gay caveman

*all of these are correct: -showed an individual with the sex of male and buried as a woman in that society. -was erroneously (falsely) interpreted to be gay despite absolutely no evidence for this individual's sexual orientation. -highlights the problems with conflating (using as the same) the concepts of sex, gender and sexuality.

Transgender individuals in the United States often face increased

*all of these questions are correct: -family and community rejection -social stigmatization -risk of suicide

Horticulture makes intensive use of

*none of these answers are correct -Land -labor -capital

Hawaiians and other polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following EXPECT

*the sun (they do believe the chiefs shadow, things the chief had touched and sites where the rituals were preformed)

Classic ethnographic, like those of Malinowski, tend to focus on

A holistic views of all aspects of a culture

What is polygyny

A situation in which a man has more then one wife at the same time

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

For most of human history, people lived in societies characterized by what kind of sociopolitical organization?

Band

Anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?

Baseball

The sub field of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

Biological anthropolgy

What term refers to a gift made by the husband and his kin to the bride and her kin?

Bridewealth

What kind of magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it?

Contagious magic

This Theoretical school was known to have organized societies along a scale of complexity ranging from savage to civilized:

Cultural Evolution

Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies?

Egalitarianism

Which of the following is a characteristic of most forging societies?

Egalitarianism

A comparative study of many cultures is called

Ethnology

All human nonverbal communication is instinctive and thus not influenced by culture

False

Anthropological fieldwork (ethnographic research) is not impacted by the researcher's theoretical orietation

False

Double descent i a type of bilateral kinship and means that individuals inherit and trace descent equally through both sides of their families

False

Focal vocabularies describe general words and phrases that are NOT specific to any particular group.

False

Formal interviews are better than informal interviews because formal interviews encourage informants to talk about what they find particularly meaningful

False

In matrilineal descent, women hold exclusive authority and power.

False

Nonhuman primate call systems demonstrate linguistic productivity, combining calls to produce new expressions

False

The Culture Evolution paradigm put forth the concept of neoevolution, whereby societies progressed through a series of set stages called bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states

False

The cultural evolution paradigm argued that it was important to look at the diversity (such as gender, race, class) of each society in its own particular context.

False

The practical use of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems in known as engaged anthropology.

False

The term cisgender is used to refer to individuals who have features that cannot be sorted into either male nor female

False

There is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other "racial" traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes

False

Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

Foraging

Which anthropologist is credited with highlighting the importance of Cultural Relativism and Historical Particularism in American Anthropology

Franz Boas

The simultaneous marriage of several brothers to a single wife is called

Fraternal polyandry

What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?

Genealogical amnesia

When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in

Generalized reciprocity

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirely is called

Holistic

The big ideas of sustainability include all of the following EXCEPT

Interventionist philophecy

What is the name of the custom in which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband?

Levirate marriage

A ritual or technique that is believed to produce a supernatural effect (accomplish a specific aim) is called

Magic

Which of the anthropologists listed below was part of an anthropological paradigm that focused on the relationship between individual development of personalities and the cultural context and enculturation of identity formation (in other words, this individual studied the interplay of personality and culture)?

Margaret Mead

What is the family formed by a married couple and their children called?

Nuclear family

What is the name of the postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple is expected to live in the husband's community?

Patrilocality

For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?

Persuasion

The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent re division of those goods among members of a society is called

Redistrabution

Transhumance is

The type of pastoral economy in which only part of the group moves seasonally with the animals.

Nomadism is

The type of pastoral economy in which the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year

Standered language ideology is

The variety or dialect of a language that is considered proper or correct and affords its speakers greater overt prestige

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by most present-day foragers?

They are often impacted by government decisions

The concept that cultures need to be described in as much detail as possible so that readers can create their own interpretations of events in known as:

Thick description

A gender binary perspective is based on the idea that there are only two genders (Man/Woman) and that these are typically based on biological sex (male/female).

True

An environmental determinist perspective views all human adaptation and innovation as being created from the need to respond to environmental conditions.

True

An example of how the dominant messages about a gender binary system are created includes the division of public bathrooms/restrooms as "men's room" and "women's room"

True

British imperialism was in part justified by "the white ma's burden," which refers to the view the indigenous individuals in the empire were incapable of governing themselves

True

Chiefdom societies can range from very simple, egalitarian chiefdoms (such as the distributed power seen in Nanumean society) to very complex, hierarchical chiefdoms (such as the power of ancient Hawaiian chiefs)

True

Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.

True

In a materialist perspective of society the economic base (how you feed yourself) is seen to strongly influence (or in some cases determine) how cultures organize their groups socially and politically and their ideological views.

True

In general, individuals with the same kinship terms of reference (such as "mother" "uncle" "cousin") are often seen as having equal responsibilities and obligations to an individual.

True

In tribal societies, the village head leads by example and through persuasion; he lacks the ability to force people to do things.

True

One of the main reasons we see different skin colors in the human populations is that different skin colors can be either harmful or helpful in certain locations, particularly based on humans locations near to or from the equator (sunlight variations)

True

Polygynous marriages can serve important economic and political functions; for instance, a man having numerous wives can have more children and therefor a wider economic base

True

Race can become biology, by shaping people's biological outcomes due to disparities in access to certain kinds of healthcare and diets, exposure to certain kinds of diseases, and other factors that can make people either sick or healthy

True

Studies reveal that microaggressions can have negative impacts on the mental health of recipient, can create a hostile and invalidating campus climate, can create physical health problems, and can perpetuate harmful stereotypes

True

The Hawaiian kinship system emphasizes generalization differences between family members and the lack of separation between extended and nuclear families

True

The economic system of reciprocity shows not only economic exchanges but also highlights the importance of social relationships

True

The process of colonization shaped many of the political borders around the world (e.g. boundaries of countries) and in some cases these divisions did not take into account the existing cultural or linguistic groups of these areas. This process resulted in the political division of some previously united groups and the combining of some previously separate groups into new countries

True

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

a goal of synthesizing the entire e=context of human experience

Kinship is best described as:

a network of relatives within which the individual possesses certain rights and obligations

A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to

allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview

A paradigm that emphasizes humans that are made up of our complex biological, cultural and psychological processes is

biocultural

Which technology led to what is referred to as the "sexual revolution" in the 1960's

birth control pills

Microaggressions are

brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral indignities

Animal call systems

can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli

What term refers to a unilineal descent group whose members claim, but cannot demonstrate, common descent from a shared ancestor, such a wolf or bear?

clan

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation

When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is

exogamous

Anthropologists do not consider unstructured, casual conversations data

false

Big men can transfer their power and status through inheritance when they die

false

From an emic perspective, a hijra is considered a cross-dressing male

false

Redistribution is an economic exchange system based on equitable exchange between individuals closely related to each other

false

Which method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cancer in a given population?

genealogical method

agricultural intensification is not associated with

greater ecological diversity

One of the significant contributions of Margaret Mead was

her research documenting that variation in ideas about men and women cross-culturally

Individuals who diverge from the male-female biologically and exhibit sexual organs and functions that can neither be classified as male or female, are called

intersexed

Redistribution

is a type of exchange system that includes examples such as taxes or the national blood bank

One problem with a post- racial view of United States society

is that if there is not a critically examination of race in society (if we try to be colorblind in our society) then racism will continue unchallenged

The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to

language death

When there are a variety of single word forms to express the same or a very similar concept (such as multiple words to describe different types of seats), that concept has been

lexicalized

Which method is important for understanding past social institutions and how they change?

life histories

One example of why individuals with lighter skin color are typically found further from the equator is

light skin allows for better production of vitamin D

The human diet is

omnivorous

What relationship between nature and human does Western thought emphasize?

oppositional

_______ refers to the structure of speech sounds

phonology

When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing

polyandry

The style of ethnography in which the anthropologists puts his or her personal feelings and reactions to the field situation into the text is called a reflective ethnography. In this type of ethnographic work the feelings, background, and experiences of the ethnographer is referred to as their

positionality

The bubbling over of immense emotion during religious celebrations is known as

religious effervescence

What is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of person's transition from one social state to another?

rite of passage

In some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as

speaking in tongues

Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?

the idea that maize has a sole

In balanced reciprocity

the individuals participating in the type of exchange give something to known relatives or kin members and expect something equivalent in return relatively soon thereafter.

In negative reciprocity

the individuals participating in this type of exchange usually do not know each other and attempt to get the best deal possible from the exchange.

Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying a symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as

the interpretive approach

Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?

the mother

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

the people or species they study

Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except

the sun

In some societies witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control

true

Most social scientist would argue that individuals in the United States with white skin color might experience racial prejudice but will not experience racism, since white people have greater access to resources and position of power in the major institutions of the united states

true

Race is a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences

true

There is a higher rate of suicide and attempted suicide among LGBTQ youth in the United States as compared with their cisgender and heterosexual peers

true

Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals in the United States typically face a higher degree of suicide, poverty, homelessness, and family rejection based on gender than their cisgendered peers

true

Women who practice polyandry tend to marry

two or more brothers

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

When descent is based on single line it is referred to as

unilineal descent

The comparative method

uses data from many different societies