anthropology final

What shared derived traits distinguish catarrhines from other primates?

2 premolars, tube, raised nose downward-facing nostrils.

What are the traits that distinguish platyrrhines from catarrhines?

3 premolars, ring, prehensile tail, flat nose, arboreal

sublingua

A muscular secondary tongue found below the primary tongue in Tarsiers and Strepsirrhines

vomeronasal organ

A patch of sensory cells within the main nasal chamber that detects heavy moisture-borne odor particles

The Fayum

A region of ancient Egypt known for its fertility and abundance of plant and animal life. Lorisade fossil remains found here

What are the first true primates that appear in the fossil record? When do they appear? How are they related to modern primates?

Adapids, and Omonoyids. Eocene- (56-34.6 mil years ago). They have grasping hands and feet, with digits tipped by nails instead of claws. Adapids relates to modern lemurs and lorises while Omonoyids are closely relates to tarsiers.

What are Plesiadapiforms? when did they exist? What is their relevance to primate origins?

An extinct order of Mammals, Either closely related to primates or the precursor to them. 65-55 million years ago, went extinct before the Eocene. They are either the precursor or very closely related to primates

What are features generally shared by the haplorhines?

At least Partial postorbital closure present. Dry nose. di/trichromatic. 1 pair of mammary glands, lack of vomeronasal organ, lack of tapetum lucidem (tissue in the back of the eye that reflects light), postorbital plate, lack of claws

To what family do spider monkeys belong? How have they converged behaviorally on apes, and how is this reflected in their skeletons?

Atelidae. Spider monkeys are suspensory in a way that is similar to apes (large bodied)Convergence in their thorax shape/rib cage... they look more ape like than monkey like

post orbital bar

Bony arched structure that connects the frontal bone of the skull to the zygomatic arch. Runs around the eye socket

To what family do marmosets and tamarins belong? What anatomical adaptations and aspects of social behavior make these monkeys unique?

Cebidae. Secondarily derived claws and body size

To what family do capuchins belong? What behaviors are these monkeys known for? What enables them to conduct these activities?

Cebidae. They use tools and they have strange traditions like poking each other in the eye, sniffing each other's hands, sucking on each others tails, fingers, and ears, and they bite off a tuft of hair from each others face and pass it around with their mouths. They engage in urine washing, which is peeing on their own hands and rubbing it on their feet

To what family do owl monkeys belong? What is unique about owl monkeys?

Cebidae. They're nocturnal

What family represents Old World monkeys? What shared derived traits distinguish this family from other primates?

Cercopithecidae. Miocene origins, share traits with Apes, relative to other primates. Traits like Ischial callosities, and b molars

To which Old World monkey group does the mandrill belong? What is a distinguishing feature of the mandrill when compared to other primates (and mammals)? What type of selection has shaped this feature (be as specific as possible)?

Cercopithecine. Mandrills have big colorful butt's. Sexual selection

To which Old World monkey group does the macaque belong? What is extraordinary about macaques in regard to their geographic distribution?

Cercopithecine. They are in India and Asia but also somewhat in Africa

What are the two major groups of living Old World monkey? What distinguishes them from one another?

Cercopithecines (cheek pouch) and colobines (leaf-eating); cerco have low-cusped molars, cheek pouches, and similar arm and leg length. Colobines have high cusped molars complex stomach what distinguished them are Y5 or bilophodant molars (old world)

To which Old World monkey group does the gelada baboon belong? Where are modern gelada baboons found? What is unique about their diet? Their communication? What type of social system do they display?

Cercopithicine. found in Ethiopian highlands. They are graminivorous (eat grass) and grazers. Their communication is near humans in terms of its complexity. Females bond much closer, males travel in packs

To what family do dwarf lemurs belong? What is a distinguishing feature of dwarf lemurs compared to all living primates?

Cheirogaleidae and Can appreciate its body weight by 40% in case of the winter season hibernate 3-7 months

To what family do mouse lemurs belong? What is a distinguishing feature of mouse lemurs compared to all living primates?

Cheirogaleidae and they are the smallest primates

Compare and contrast chimpanzee and bonobo societies. How are they different? What might this tell us about human nature and evolution?

Chimps are way more violent than bonobos (female is dispersed and male chimps are related); bonobos are a peaceful society similar to humans. Bonobos and humans are the only species that use sex for anything other than reproduction; bonobos use it to resolve tension. Females are dominant and more female relationships in a bonobo community. This tells us that we are more similar to bonobos in our characteristics, but it offers insights as to whether we are a more peaceful or violent species. chimps use tools and bonobos have no evidence of tool use in the wild

To which Old World monkey group do the colobus monkeys belong? Where are colobus monkeys found? Given the lack of fossils for the living colobus monkeys, how do we know when they diverged back in time? What evolutionary force helps us determine this, and how?

Colobus. native to Africa. molecular clock!!! look at the rate mutations occurred and predict how long ago those mutations happened and when dna strands diverged

To what family do aye-ayes belong? What is their foraging behavior similar to, and what distinguishing features do they have related to foraging?

Daubentoniidae and They are nocturnal and have a long finger to dig into trees

What is the threat status of orangutans? What is the primary threat they face in the wild? What is unusual about their interbirth interval?

Deforestation and hunting. they have an interbirth interval of 9 years which has led them to be critically endangered. the main threat they face is habitat loss.

Adult social interactions within gorilla societies occur primarily among what individuals?

Females don't interact much except the adult female and the silverback male

What are two alternative mating strategies for adult male orangutans?

Flagged(call and wait) and Unflagged(roam and force copulation)

To what family do galagos belong? Where are galagos found?

Galagonidae and they are found in Africa

What is the largest primate to have ever lived?

Gigantopithecus

To what family do howler monkeys belong? What is unique about these monkeys compared to other primates? What is unique about their diet for new world monkeys?

Have super loud calls, loudest of any land mammals. Diet is exclusively folivorous and have a huge gut. The family is Atelidae.

To what family do chimpanzees and bonobos belong? What are the genus and species names for these primates? Where are they found? What is their social structure and mating system? What is their diet? Locomotion?

Hominidae. Chimps: pan troglodytes Bonobo: pan paniscus. Chimps: Africa Bonobos: Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Social structure: multi-male, multi-female; fission-fusion Diet: frugivorous, can supplement with meat Activity: diurnal Locomotion: suspensory, knuckle-walking

To what family do gorillas belong? What is the genus name for these primates? Where are they found? How many species are there? What is their social structure and mating system? What is their diet? Locomotion?

Hominidae. Gorillas. Africa. 2. One-Male Multi-Female, Polygynous. Folivorous. knuckle-walking, suspensory.

To what family do gibbons and siamangs belong? Where are they found? What is their social structure? Mating system? Diet?

Hylobatidae. Southeast Asia. Pair bonded. monogamous. Frugivorous

What special adaptions do lorises have for their locomotion?

Increased blood flow to limbs and grasping hands for their climbing (hallux- big toe)

To what family do sifakas belong? What type of locomotion do all members of this family exhibit?

Indriidae and Moves in a series of Bipedal hops using its arms for balance

To what family do ring-tailed lemurs belong? What is unusual about their locomotion compared to other lemurs?

Lemuridae and they use their tail for balance

What do we know (or not know) about lemur evolutionary history based on their fossil record?

Lemurs occurred in isolation for roughly 40 mil years, but have many similarities to modern primates such as humans

To what family do lorises and pottos belong? Where are lorises and pottos found?

Loridae and Lorises are found in SE Asia while Pottos found in Africa

When did lorises diverge from galagos? How do we know? From where is the evidence found?

Lorises diverged from galagos in the Eocene about 40 million years ago. We know because of the primate fossil remains found at the Fayum in Africa (some recently found). Evidence from the molecular clock (use dna to infer an estimate time of divergence)

Why is the Miocene known as the "Age of Apes?" What is different about ape and monkey diversity in the Miocene compared to today?

More apes present today than monkeys which were more prevalent before

To which Old World monkey group does the proboscis monkey belong? What distinguishing feature does the proboscis monkey have? What type of selection has shaped this feature (be as specific as possible)?

Nasalis, and they have large noses. sexual selection has shaped this feature. Very large nose is an intersexually selected trait that helps them radiate sound

When do platyrrhines first appear in the fossil record? From where do they likely originate? How did they most likely get to the New World?

Originate from Africa. Most likely used rafts to get to new world and islands. First, appear in mid to late Miocene.

plesiadapiforms

Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates, originating from an adaptive radiation of mammals.

To what family does the white-faced saki belong? What type of diet does it have, and what adaptation does it have for this food resource?

Pithicadae. Granivorous, frugivorous diet.

arboreal hypothesis

Primate traits evolved as a result of arboreal living

Adapids and Omomyids

Primates of the early Eocene belong to two groups.

What is an example of a Miocene ape from Africa? Europe? Asia? What is unusual about the locomotion of some of these extinct apes compared to modern apes?

Proconsul (Africa)Dryopithecus (Europe)Sivapithecus (Asia)From their heads they looked much like modern apes, but their bodies resembled monkeys and moved more like an arboreal quadruped and not suspensory.

When do Old World monkeys first appear in the fossil record, and what is an example of an early family/member of this group?

Roughly 50 million years ago, Victoriapithecus.

what behaviors do nearly all lemurs have in common?

Seasonal breeders, many species have female dominance, and lack of sexual dimorphism

How do lorises and galagos differ in locomotion?

Slow climber vs galagos vertical clinging and leaping (much faster)

grooming claw

Specialized claw or nail on the foot that is used for personal grooming. Strepsirrhines have this

turbinates

Structures on the side wall of the inside of the nose. Help warm and moisturize air as it flows through the nose

What is unique about gibbon locomotion and how are they adapted to this mode of travel? How do they compare to other primates in regard to quickness and agility in the trees?

Suspensory movement means arm lengths are longer than legs. Really long fingers that allow for grasping and good wrists

To what family do tarsiers belong? Where are tarsiers found?

Tarsiidae and they are found in southeast asia

What is unusual about the leaf eating monkey infant/neonatal coat pattern?

The leaf eating monkey infants are always colored differently than older monkeys and then they develop the adult coloration once they are a certain age. multi-chambered stomach, sharply cusped molars, enlarged salivary glands. stomach helps them digest leaves

rhinarium

The naked surface around the nostrils, typically wet in mammals.

Where are Old World monkeys found, and what is outstanding about their distribution compared to other living non-human primates?

They are found in africa, and are the most successful non-human primate in terms of geographic and ecological range

Why has it been it problematic to place tarsiers in the primate phylogenetic tree? What is unusual about the tarsier diet?

They only eat insects and small lizards (exclusively faunivorous) and they have partial closure and is has some shared traits in between hap and strep.

What shared derived features unite the living apes?

Y5, suspensory adaptations, no tail

tapetum lucidem

a reflective layer in eyes that makes them shine in the dark

tooth comb

found on strepsirrhines. pointy thing on bottom dental formula

To what family do orangutans belong? What is the genus name for these primates? Where are they found? How many species are there? What is their social structure and mating system? What is their diet? Locomotion?

hominidae. Pongo. Indonesia and Malaysia. 2 (borneo and sumatra). Noyau. Frugivorous. Suspensory, quadrumanous climbing.

K-Pg boundary

is a geological signature, usually a thin band of rock. K, the first letter of the German word Kreide (chalk), is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous Period and Pg is the abbreviation for the Paleogene Period.

where are lemurs found? why does this place have such high levels of biodiversity?

madasgcar & they have so many ecological niches that have developed leading to more biodiversity

Saharagalago

name of the fossil found in The Fayum

What is the tarsier activity pattern? What adaptations does it show for this, and why is it unusual?

nocturnal & Extremely large eyes to see in the dark

What is highly unusual about the orangutan social structure? Why do they display this type of structure? Under what condition does their social structure change?

noyau when this goes against the social brain hypothesis. they display this behavior because food is scarce and leads to a lot of competition. this may change if they are in captivity or if there is a mass fruiting event

visual predation hypothesis

primate traits evolved due to predation by primates on small prey

Angiosperm Co-evolutionary Theory

primate traits evolved in conjunction with the rise of angiosperms (flowering plants)

What traits do strepsirhines share? Which of these are shared derived traits as opposed to primitive mammalian retentions?

primitive- taken from ancestors derived- specialization based on habitat and environment. derived- tooth comb and well developed sublingua primitive- Retention of 2+ mammary glands, Prominent vibrissae, Vomeronasal organ, Dichromatic vision, Grooming claw,

what are the hypotheses that explain primates' origins and primate homologous features?

there are 3. they include: arboreal hypothesis, visual predation hypothesis, and angiosperm co-evolutionary theory

vibrissae

whiskers, used as organs of touch