Anthropology Final Exam

When companies move their production facilities around the world to take advantage of cheaper labor and lower taxes, what is this called by anthropologists?

Flexible accumulation

People are biological creatures as well as social beings. In order to gain a complete understanding of any aspect of human behavior, the field of anthropology adopts what strategy?

Four-Field Approach

Why is Karl Marx considered an important theorist in the study of class?

He focused on capitalism as it pertained to workers and inequality.

Heterosexuality is the dominant cultural norm in contemporary US culture. Which of the following is true about heterosexuality in the United States?

Heterosexuality was originally considered a perversion of the natural order.

___ society is based on the sharing of resources to ensure group success and has relatively low hierarchy and violence.

Egalitarian

Ken Guest studies a community in New York's Chinatown and another in Fuzhou, China, that are linked by migration. What term best describes his research?

Multi-sited ethnography

Anthropologists view poverty as a result of:

a structural economic problem

A primary difference between the early census process and the census of 2010 was the:

ability to self-select racial category

Global forces are expanding rapidly and transforming local communities everywhere. According to the author, people in local communities respond to these global forces by:

actively working to reshape encounters with global forces.

In South Africa, the Bafokeng were able to eventually get much of their land back from the white settlers who had taken it through formation of the Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc. This effort has subsequently flourished. This is a good example of:

an ethno-corporation

You are conducting research among a group of migrant farmworkers in souther Florida and you realize that some of them are undocumented. You know that you are able to protect their identities, even if you publish your findings widely, because of your commitment to what ethical principle?

anonymity

Archaeology, the study of cultures in the human past, focuses on what?

any human material remains

How many languages are currently spoken in the world?

around 7,000

a(n) __ status is assigned, usually at birth; but a(n) __ status is a structure acquired during one's lifetime.

ascribed; achieved

What is the primary difference between assimilation and multiculturalism?

assimilation implies a loss of ethnic identity

What type of anthropologist studies people from a perspective that considers how humans have adapted to their environments over time?

biological anthropologist

Most descent groups in the United States are based on consanguinity. What is the basis of this relationship?

blood

Your new smartphone was manufactured in Shenzhen, China, where there are laxer environmental and labor laws than in the United States, and its software was outsourced to telecommuters in Hyderabad, India, where wages for programmers are lower. These strategies, which use transportation and communications technologies to maximize profits, are known as:

flexible accumulation

Which of these provides archaeological evidence for the origins of human language?

fossilized brain casts of Neandertals that show the anatomical features for speech

The growing issues around women serving in leadership and combat roles in the US military serve to highlight the deep tensions between:

gender and power

The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami studied the Rwandan conflict. What characterized both cases?

genocide

What does the presence of the McDo rice burger on the McDonald's menu in the Philippines suggest?

global encounters can be modified to reflect local culture

Which of the following is true of the relationship between globalization and the field of anthropology?

globalization led to the development of the field of anthropology

Hayk purchases the most expensive tier membership to the Museum of Modern Art. He developed an appreciation for art when his parents took him to museums as a child. During the special members' viewings, he moves with ease, confidence, and a sense of entitlement through the collections with other well-heeled art enthusiasts. How would Pierre Bourdieu describe these young men's attitudes and behaviors with respect to art?

habitus

Even anthropologists who focus on biological explanations of human sexuality recognize that sexual attraction and desire:

have both biological and cultural compents

Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, advocating for which of the following approaches instead?

historical particularism

Which concept refers to anthropology's commitment to looking at the full scope of human diversity and experience, including cultural, biological, historical, and linguistic aspects?

holism

What might an anthropologist who is interested in kinesics study?

how body language varies across cultures

President Barack Obama's mother was a white woman from Kansas and his father was a black man from Kenya. What deeply embedded concept of racial division is revealed by the way people regard his race and even debate his birthplace?

hypodescent

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. This allows us to observe that most nations today are:

imagined communities

Which of the following consists of wages earned from work, plus dividends and interest on investments along with rents and royalties?

income

Identify the best definition of racism:

institutional patterns and policies as well as individuals thoughts and actions that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on race

Despite the initial racist attitudes directed toward Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants, these groups eventually "became white" through:

intermarriage and upward mobility.

Sometimes words cannot convey everything. What is it called when we resort to a system of body movements and a collection of noises and tones of voice in order to convey additional information?

kinesics and paralanguage

The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities is:

kinship

What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?

language

What are the two types of descent groups distinguished by anthropologists?

lineages and clans

Horace Minor wrote "Body Ritual among the Nacirema" (1956) in order to

make the familiar strange.

It is often said that the native Aztecs mistook the Spanish conquistadors for gods. The Nahuatl word that they used, teotl, does mean "god," but it also means "demon" and "god impersonator" (someone intended for sacrifice). This illustrates how language is organized into categories that

may not make sense to members of other groups with different cultural realities

What do anthropologists call common, everyday slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone's race, gender, sexual orientation, or religion?

microaggression

Globalization places stress on many different aspects of our lives, including kinship systems. What result of globalization often affects kinship?

migration

The "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" story and the fairy tale of the egg and the sperm suggest that:

modern myths about gender naturalize contemporary inequalities and differences

What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary with enforced borders whose population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny?

nation-state

A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called a(N)

origin myth

Cultural anthropologists often spend a great deal of time in the communities in which they conduct research, asking questions as people work, celebrate, dance, or play game. What is the term used for this process?

participant observation

What term do anthropologists use to refer to small units of sounds that can make a critical difference in meaning within a language, but do not have any meaning on their own?

phonemes

Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of one man to two or more women?

polygyny

In the United States, interracial marriage is no longer illegal; however, data on marriage patterns suggests that Americans continue to practice:

racial endogamy

The theory of time-space compression suggests that the way we think about time and space has been transformed. What do anthropologists think might be the underlying reason for this?

rapid innovation of communication and transportation

The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status is called

reciprocity

Karen Ho suggests that a "new cultural codes for doing business" on Wall Street is characterized by a(n)

relentless search for profit

Culture and economics are closely linked to each other. What did Max Weber say about the connection (or lack thereof) between Protestantism and capitalism?

Protestant Values lead to a rise of Capitalism in the West

In Karen Brodkin's study of the racial categorization of Jewish Americans in the twentieth century, she argues that while Jews started the century as nonwhite, they ended the century as white within American society. This demonstrates what idea anthropologists have about race?

Race is culturally constructed

The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes is:

gender

Anthropologist Leith Mullings has examined the corrections between class, race, and gender, implementing what type of analytical framework?

intersectionality

What is true about the incest taboo forbidding sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents?

it is universal across all cultures in the world

In 2008, a little more than 60 percent of live births in the United States were male and the rest were designated as female. Recent medical studies suggest that of all live births, many individuals do not fit into either biological category. What is the current estimate of the percentage of such births?

Almost 2 percent

___ is a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources.

Class

What do decision about who does household chores, works outside the home, and raises children indicate about the gender roles of working-class men in Mexico?

Conceptions of machismo and masculinity in Mexico are not rigid

Emma Sulkowicz's story of being sexually assaulted on her college campus raises awareness about the growing debate on how what is defined on college campuses?

Consent

Which of the following statements about the mati of Suriname is correct?

Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity

What concept, inspired by the work of Charles Darwin, proposes that the diversity of human cultures represent different stages of development from simple to complex?

Unilineal cultural evolution

Identify the correct statement about language in the United States.

-Four hundred languages are spoken in the United States. -Thirty-one states have English-only laws.

All human beings of every race share ___ percent of their DNA

99%

If you started at the equator and walked northward, you would notice a general trend of skin color getting lighter. This is an example of what concept?

cline

Hegemony is one of two aspects of power described by Italian political philosopher Antonio Gramsci. Which of the following situations is an example of hegemony?

-the lower numbers of interracial marriages in the U.S, despite legal charges permitting it -the influence of schools on student's views of what is normal, natural, and possible

Clifford Geertz (1926-2006) argued that every cultural action is more than the action itself. It also has a deeper meaning, subject to interpretation. What key idea in anthropology did this important theoretical idea help promote?

Cultures arise from different causes, not uniform processes

The text describes the way in which immigrants from India have established their own cultural norms within New York City. The Indian community has chosen to celebrate its ethnicity by holding a large India Day festival is an example of what aspect of ethnicity?

Ethnicity is constantly evolving

When the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest perform a potlatch, there may be times when the excess of gifts is actually destroyed rather than given away. Why is this done?

It can reinforce the prestige of the chief by demonstrating his capacity.

How did Margaret Mead's work contribute to a greater understanding of human sexuality?

It challenged the assumption that US attitudes toward sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature.

Franz Boas is credited with developing the concept of cultural relativism. What made cultural relativism radical at that time?

It seeks to understand each culture on its own unique merits.

Identify the components of the US cultural narrative that affects how many Americans view class and inequality?

The United States is a meritocracy, meaning that life circumstances can be improved through hard work.

How does the problem of organ trafficking from the poor in Brazil, as documented in Scheper-Hughes's work, mirror the plight of poor people in different countries where she has not worked?

The poor are a vulnerable population and are often exploited

Which statement describes sexuality?

The range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure as well as cultural ideas and debates about these desires, beliefs, and behaviors

According to some studies, what occurs if fathers are actively involved with their children?

Their bodies respond in ways that help them be good fathers.

How does Mignon Moore's work describe the experience of being a middle-class black lesbian?

Their unique status reflects the intersectionality of race, class, gender, and sexuality

What have geneticists found regarding the genetic code and human sexual orientation?

There is no gene or cluster of genes that determines sexual orientation.

What is true about systems of class and inequality?

They create an unequal distribution of a society's resources.

Why are cross-cultural studies important for our understanding of sex and gender?

They demonstrate that biology alone cannot predict the roles men and women play in a given culture.

Among Malay villagers on the island of Langkawi, kinship is not only given at birth, but also acquire through:

co-residence and co-feeding

Contemporary worldwide racism, and the notion of race itself, are historically rooted in which practice?

colonialism

Participant observation as a research strategy is an essential part of which subfield of anthropology?

cultural anthropology

Carmen's parents enroll her in Advanced Placement (AP) Honors French, where the content of the class is more academically demanding than the general French class. They also spend their summer vacation in France and hire a tutor to help Carmen study for the AP Honors French test. Carmen receives high marks and praise from her teachers. What aspect of Pierre Bourdieu's work is exemplified here?

cultural capital

What do anthropologists call a nonstandard variation of a language?

dialect

Early anthropologists believed that collecting cross-cultural information about kinship would enbale them to

discern patterns of social structure that could be used to categorize and compare societies

Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?

enculturation

A group of people who share a sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n):

ethnic group

In late-nineteenth-century debates on immigration in the United States, many scholars and government officials privileged northern European immigrants over southern Europeans, such as Italians and Greeks, whom they saw as a separate and inferior biological race with primitive ways. This is an example of:

ethnocentrism

The observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction systems are called:

sex

According to Hector Carillo, "sexual migrants"

share many goals with heterosexual migrant but also want to live a fully LGBTQ+ life, which they could not have at home

The use of the gender-neutral third-person pronoun "they," instead of "he" or "she," in specific social contexts would be most likely studied by a(n):

sociolinguist

What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, which is often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?

stratification

Gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basic resources such as food, shelter, and health care that differentially affect women, in particular, are learned

structural gender violence

Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems are referred to as

structural racism

Programs like Human Terrain Systems Program and the Minerva Initiative offer funding to anthropologists whose work can benefit defense planning. Many anthropologists see this as a problem for the discipline. What do they find problematic?

the "weaponizing of anthropology"

The idea that different languages shape different ways of thinking and acting is called:

the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

The gendered behaviors encouraged in sports, such as rewarding boys for competitiveness and encouraging girls to play "nicely," reflect what aspect of a larger cultural framework?

the construction and maintenance of gender roles in a society

What is a primary component of the so-called "fag discourse" in CJ Pascoe's study of a North-Central California high school?

the enforcement of masculinity

Global poverty has risen dramatically over the past twenty years, and anthropologists generally consider it a sign of:

uneven development

What kind of descent do both matrilineal and patrilineal descent groups reflect:

unilineal

For the seventy years leading up to 1860, the US Census counted enslaved peoples as three-fifths of a person. This was done to:

uphold the idea of white supremacy