Anthropology: Final

Social Suffering

"Pain and suffering caused by social forces: Global and local economics, politics, social institutions, social relationships, culture"

Collective Violence

"Violent conflicts between nations and groups, state and group terrorism, rape as a weapon of war, the movement of large numbers of people displaced from their homes, and gang warfare." 1) "Human beings have an innate instinct toward aggression and...the roots of war and collective violence lie somewhere in the biological mechanisms that animals and humans have in common." 2) "[C]ollective violence is above all a cultural construction whose roots lie in the human mind." 2) BY MAKING IT NECESSARY AS A WAY OF PROTECTING VALUABLE RESOURCES 3) BY MAKING IT PART OF A CODE OF HONOR 4) BY FRAMING IT AS A COSMIC STRUGGLE BETWEEN GOOD AND EVIL

Social Identities

"When we interact with another person, the interaction must be based on some idea of who the other is...At the same, time, the other person must have some idea of who we are - a conception of the relationship that exists between us" (Robbins 2013:218). egocentric- me as the Ego location=home Style/interest/preference/hobbies physique believes/religion/ethnicity profession relationships/ family of orientation/kinship class Age Work ethic

Direct Political Violence

"targeted physical violence and terror administered by official authorities and those opposing them" (p. 89)

Symbolic Violence

"the internalization and legitimation of hierarchy, exercised through cognition and misrecognition, knowledge and sentiment, with the unwitting consent of the dominated" (p. 89) EXAMPLE 1: Not recognizing differences among groups of people EXAMPLE 2: The case of "WAM" in a Skagit Valley Public High School EXAMPLE 3: Using "Mexican" as a kind of racial EXAMPLE 4: Segregation on the farm EXAMPLE 5: Farmworkers internalizing difference suggesting their bodies can withstand pesticides. Seth Holmes argument These acts of symbolic and everyday violence reproduce symbolic dichotomies and social inequalities and normalize social suffering Invisible violence comparing two groups depending on their backgrounds. Some people are suffering more than others, there's structural violence. How do you get people to live out this inequalities? Soft power is symbolic violence, persuasion. Imposing on others a set of believes that disadvantage them, they begin to internalize this believes. Person being manipulated stats to believe what told to them about themselves. Disadvantaging one group, control group dominates the lower group. Ex: Men decides to implant the hair follicles from head to face for facial hair because being too young is not great. Want to conform into image of being a man, not having a baby face to be seeing as young.

Everyday Violence

"the normalized micro-interactional expressions of violence on domestic, delinquent, and institutional levels that produce a common sense of violence and humiliation" (p.90) EXAMPLE 1: Not recognizing differences among groups of people EXAMPLE 2: The case of "WAM" in a Skagit Valley Public High School EXAMPLE 3: Using "Mexican" as a kind of racial EXAMPLE 4: Segregation on the farm EXAMPLE 5: Farmworkers internalizing difference suggesting their bodies can withstand pesticides. Seth Holmes argument These acts of symbolic and everyday violence reproduce symbolic dichotomies and social inequalities and normalize social suffering

Structural Violence

"violence manifested as social inequalities and hierarchies, often along social categories of class, race, gender, and sexuality" (p. 89)

Racism

A set of beliefs, behaviors, and symbolic representations that turn perceived or constructed differences among people thought to be indelible into inequality

Privilege

A special favor, right, or advantage given to a person or group.

Biopower

A way to control the population, you control over an individual bodies. Ex: Reproduction of women in China, aren't allowed to have more than one child, especially not accepting of female babies. The male babies inherit money and that is why they want males. Michelle foco french philosopher.

Health Inequality

An observable, often measurable difference in health status between individuals, groups or populations, whatever the cause.

Habitus

Associated with Pierre Bourdieu, a creeted disposition, reservoir of bodily build, socially constructed behaviors (examples waking up in the morning and doing the same routine).

Misrecognition

Being looked upon by the majority of society because of your group status. You are conforming to a stereotype about your group and living for it. Stereotypes make a person live up to it and not change it for the better. Ex: Migrant workers seem like animals but they work to pay for children's clothes, ect.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. The belief that one's group is of central importance, tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards.

Identity Toolbox

Characteristics of a person

Sociocentric View of Self

Depends on context. Each person exists as an entity only within the concrete situation or role occupied by the person. There is no intrinsic self that can possess such enduring qualities as generosity, integrity, or beauty. Such qualities can only apply to concrete social situations. Example 1: "He gives money to his friends." Example 2: "She does not give away secrets."

Egocentric View of Self

Each person is defined as a replica of all humanity - the locus of motivations and drives and capable of acting independently of others. The individual is the center of awareness. Social relations are regarded as contracts between autonomous free-acting beings. Individuals are free to negotiate their place in society, and the dominant idea is that everyone is responsible for what and whom he or she is, Individuals possess intrinsic qualities as generosity, integrity, or beauty. High value is placed on individualism and self-reliance.

Compare the sociocentric view with the egocentric view

Egocentric Self - each person is seen to be a separate entity with inherent characteristics - which are seen to originate and reside within an individual - to act differently depending on who you are with is seen as dishonest - as suggested in the expression, "be true to yourself" Sociocentric Self - personal identity not autonomous but relative/conditional - depends on social context, who one is with (or referring to) - personal qualities not embedded in the person but embodied (manifested) in concrete social settings - assumes/realises people are not autonomous and self-contained packages of traits but part of a social matrix These are two sides of identity found in any person in any culture - the two models don't necessarily describe two different forms of people - rather they are ways of treating people, values attached to expressions of personhood (who you are in a social setting) - where people are raised to value the sociocentric aspects of selfhood, self-centered and egotistic behaviour is devalued - but they would still recognize that such behaviour exists because of the existence of the egocentric self - so it's not that people in such societies (like the Bemba) are not individuals - but rather the pursuit of individualism at the expense of concern for others is considered inappropriate This is an important distinction in anthropology and is found in any culture - every society works with both egocentric and sociocentric aspects of selfhood - identity is always in part unique and internal to an individual - but always within a larger cultural context of complex interpersonal relations

Gender

GENDER is a cultural creation Different standards apply to being male and being female

How does the world of sports reinforce gender roles

Gender Roles are a part of symbolic dichotomies

Class

Group of similar orders

Race

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.

Individualistic Conception of Self

Individualism encompasses a value system, a theory of human nature, and a belief in certain political, economic, social, and religious arrangements. According to the individualist, all values are human-centred, the individual is of supreme importance, and all individuals are morally equal.

The Idealized American Self

Individualistic and Self-Realiant John Wayne takes most of the clip We think of the west through one individual Japanese McDonald's Commercial vs. American Carl's Jr. Commercial Different from American Commercials Japanese children playing together and the women was by herself in the American one Individualistic is bad in Japan, but not in America

Stigma

Mark of disgrace, a figurative stain or mark on someone's reputation

Embodied Suffering

Mental or physical hardship that you can see (physical and mental suffering). People are have evidence of suffering, not only caused by objects but people. A dominated group manifest physical and bodily harm to those of lower status ( the process of how it happens, some people suffer in specific ways that they are being exploited/dominated). Ex: Migrant food workers have back and joint pain not just because of picking fruit but because they aren't allowed to take breaks ( no bathroom or food) or carry a stool to pick fruit for 14 hours a day. They have to kneel and bend down to pick up the fruits.

Cultural Capital

Non financial assets that allow you to be upwardly mobile (example is education because it makes you move up in society, clothing people judge one another on the clothing and greek life because it's good for resumes, language).

Forced Migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors. Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Social Inequality

Social inequalities shape the biology of racialized groups, and embodied inequalities perpetuate a racialized view of human biology

Social Capital

Social networks that allow us to be mobilized(have more access to opportunities) or the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.

Economic Inequality

THE US ECONOMY IS ONE OF THE MOST UNEQUAL IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD IN THE US, ONE IN THREE KIDS LIVE IN POVERTY WITH 32.2% OF CHILDREN LIVING BELOW THE POVERTY LINE, THE U.S. RANKS 36th OUT OF THE 41 WEALTHY COUNTRIES INCLUDED IN A RECENT UNICEF REPORT.

Holistic Conception of Self

The concept of self-presence relies on a holistic definition of the self. This definition, drawn from Antonio Damasio's neuroscientific work, delineates three interrelated levels of self. These levels provide the foundation for the three levels of self-presence.

Cultural Relativism

The practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards. The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect

Embodiment

a tangible or visible form of an idea, quality, or feeling

Solidarity

a unity that is constituted through shared or common values and believes, and potentially experiences.

Positive Identity

desirable characteristics

Governmentality

exercise of control or power by government over its people.

Gift Exchange

families/kin groups rights to good or service exchange of not necessary goods or services; usually done by elites to reinforce social hierarchies; example is Glaukos and Diomedes armor exchange

Xenophobic Nationalism

intense pride and superiority of one's own country to the point that they feel fearful of other cultures. Discourse that shape the way we talk about immigrants in this country. Ex: Some people are afraid that immigrants are coming to steal their jobs (particular idea about the way we think of immigrants in this country).

Symbolic Dichotomies"

it is not based on anything biological, white and mexican is exclusive.

Conjugated Oppression

oppression based on multiple criteria. Ex: 2 tribes that worked on banana plantations. Each ethnically inferior than the people who run the company ( Americans). The 2 groups fight against each other because they want to be superior from one another, but one group decides they are more powerful.

Collective Bad Faith

refusing to see a problem that exists or lying to yourself of the existence of a social problem in order to remove any sense of responsibility.

Personhood

the quality or condition of being an individual person. egocentric vs. sociocentric view self

Negative Identity

undesirable characteristics