Anthropology final study guide

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All of the following are reasons that modern arranged marriage practices work to make successful matches in India , EXCEPT that...

boys and girls will readily submit to their parents' wishes even if they do not get along with their potential match

anthropophagy

cannibalism, literally "people eating"

You live in a hunting and gathering band. Your group size should not exceed the number that can be supported by the land during the most difficult time of the year, the time of scarcity during the dry season. The land has a certain ______, or ability to support a certain number of people given their type of technology.

carrying capacity

fetish

charm; object of devotion thought to have magical powers

social mobility is allowed in ______ societies, but not in _____ societies.

class; caste

typology

classification scheme; categorization of types

multipurpose money

commodities that can be used for other practical purposes besides simply as money; also called commodity money

What seems to be the healthiest human diet?

cooked and raw whole foods from the local area that are not processed

Anthropologists seek to understand both the cultural insiders' view of their world, as well as an outside observer's view. These are called the __________ and _________ perspectives.

emic; etic

New research shows that children or grandchildren of trauma survivors show permanent effects of that trauma in their gene expression. this scientific field of study is called ________.

epigenetics

A culture's concepts, beliefs, and practices regarding health and healing is referred to as...

ethnomedicine

The Inuit of Arctic Canada traditionally used song duels to solve problems in the community. Others determined right and wrong, making these duels...

externalized controls

Lifeways refer to the quality of life that people have in a traditional society.

false

Anthropologists believe that the incest taboo is found universally for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that...

family members feel less safe in society if they marry within their own family

kinship

family relations; involves a complex set of expectations and responsibilities

culture core

features of culture that are similar in societies practicing the same food-getting strategies; an aspect of the cultural ecology model

sectarian violence

fighting between groups divided by religion or ethnicity

identity politics

focusing on one's identity and validating one's sense of belonging to a particular group with a particular history

subsistence

food procurement; basic food needs for survival

whole foods

foods that are not processed by chemical or other means; foods in their natural state, either grown or raised

which of the following best represents the relationship between gender identify, sex, and sexual orientation?

gender identity and sexual orientation are independent of one another

Why include sustainability in a textbook about anthropology?

Anthropologists have a long-term understanding of how people survive in their environments and can contribute to solutions

Why do anthropologists look at early burial evidence for the origins of religious belief?

Burials suggest that humans were readying the spirit for a trip to an afterlife

Who is considered the father of American anthropology?

Franz Boaz

Once seen as a "melting pot" of assimilation, the United States is now better understood as a "tossed salad," referring to the mixture of citizens of diverse ancestry. This is an example of what kind of society?

Heterogeneous

How are many Indigenous languages of North America being revitalized today?

Indigenous languages are being used online for communication and searching the Internet

Inuit

Indigenous peoples of the Canadian Arctic, northern Alaska, and Greenland

Through her work in Papua New Guinea, Margaret Mead found that being "masculine" and "feminine"...

Is a cultural artifact; that is, gender roles are different in societies around the world

Why does it make sense for nuclear families in industrial societies to want to live in a neolocal household?

Nuclear families require some independence in order to be able to move to where the jobs are

tribute

a type of recurring payment, usually of goods, that acknowledges submission and ensures protection

others

a view of a person or category of people as different from, and therefore less than, one's self; also used as a verb, "to Other a group of people"

pastoralism

a way of life that revolves around animal domestication and herding animals to pasture

explanatory model

a way of understanding the world; a description of how something functions

bicultural

able to easily operate within the beliefs and practices of two cultures

discrimination

actions taken as a result of prejudice; negative treatment of someone based on a social classification such as race or religion, not based on the individual

Which of the following is NOT a mode of exchange?

advertising

a group of young Maasai men who are all circumcised during the same ceremonial event are all members of a/an...

age set

How do anthropologists understand the concept of race?

Race is a term that anthropologists do not use because it does not describe any real biological differences among people of our species

redistribution

an economic system in which goods and money will flow into a central source, such as a governmental authority or religious institution

prestige economy

an economic system in which people seek power and status rather than monetary gain

market economy

an economic system in which prices for goods and services are set by supply and demand

capitalist system

an economic system in which the means of production are owned by private companies and corporations that seek to gain the most profit

index sign (Pl, indices)

an emotional expression that carries meaning directly related to the response

A cultural anthropologists returns from a three-year stay in India, where she studied arranged marriage. In what form will she publish her findings?

an ethnography

barter

an exchange of foods without the use of money

warfare

an extended violent conflict in which one side attempts to kill as many people or destroy as much property as possible until the other side surrenders

placebo

an inactive medical treatment that may help a patient through psychological, not physiological, effects

Big Man

an informal leader who possesses authority based on prestige and persuasive power, found in Melanesian societies

Which of the following is NOT an accurate definition of ethnicity?

an inherited unit of genetics

emic

an insider's view; the perspective of the subject

commodity money

an item that has intrinsic value, such as gold, salt or cigarettes; also called multipurpose money

talisman

an object thought to bring protection or luck to the owner, especially to ward off illness or evil

Which of the following is an example of a biological adaptation?

Shivering (automatically opening and closing blood cells) in order to keep the human body warm

universal (linear) evolution

an outdated idea that all cultural groups progress through the same stages of modernization, from simple to complex

etic

an outsider's view; an objective explanation

utterance

an uninterrupted sequence of spoken or written language

The Mexican holiday Dias de los Muertos (Days of the Dead) creates conditions for the souls of one's dearly departed to return home temporarily. this is an example of belief in...

ancestral spirits

The textbook argues that anthropologists are in a good place to help influence the dialogue about sustainability today due to all of the following factors EXCEPT ...

anthropologists often are educated in places where climate change occurs, as in low-income nations

In the "Ethnography?" comic by Rubins/Shah (see your textbook) what is the part of the ethnographer's work among the mermaids that best shows praxis?

The ethnographer shares her research, challenging standard viewpoints and potentially engaging others

In particular, anthropology should play an important role in the discussion of how to create sustainable societies in the modern era of climate change and environmental challenges because...

anthropology provides both a close-up view of detailed local knowledge and also an objective global perspective

In the short from the module (20 min.) TED Lecture, "Connected, But Alone"Links to an external site., Turkle describes her perspectives and research findings regarding what she sees as the shortcomings of the reliance of electronic companionship. After watching her lecture, summarize her primary arguments. What does this say about contemporary culture in the United States, and what does it bode for the future?

Turkle's main arguments in her lecture are that we are letting technology take us down a wrong path and they can change who we are, our relationship with electronics is no longer healthy. For example she describes scenarios of people texting/emailing in the presence of others and not giving anyone full attention. She claims that people want to be with each other but also "elsewhere." Turkle expresses that people are only using selective hearing when with others using their devices as a way to control contact with others and how they represent themselves. Turkle's lecture on our concerning electronic companionship demonstrates that our contemporary culture in the US has changed and we no longer rely on physical conversation to communicate. This could mean that media will not only be a staple in younger generations but a necessity to communicate. I think the increase in electronic companionship could mean that in the future everything will be done almost through electronics including politics which has slightly occurred in todays society. For example for the last presidential election I learned everything through my phone and media, not once did I have a physical conversation with people on politics instead I just read online tweets, posts, or articles.

What fraction of the population in the US likely engages in non-Western ethnomedical practices (such as yoga, chiropractic, or probiotics ) in addition to biomedical ones?

Two-thirds of the population

money

anything that is used to measure and pay for the value of goods and services

transgender

a descriptive term for people who internally experience and/or express their gender identity as different from their assigned sex at birth

veganism

a diet composed of plant-based foods that restricts the consumption (and sometimes the use of) products made from animals or produced by animals (such as milk or eggs)

vegetarianism

a diet that emphasizes plant-based foods while restricting the consumption of meat and fish

locavore diet

a diet that emphasizes the consumption of foods grown in one's own community or region

community-supported agriculture (CSA)

a direct-marketing program in which consumers pay up front for boxes of fresh produce that are delivered on a regular basis from the farms where the produce is grown

swidden farming/shifting cultivation

a farming technique in which plant material is burned and crops are planted in the ashes

intensive agriculture

a farming technique that can support a large population using advanced tools and irrigation, and requiring more preparation and maintenance of the soil

terraced

a farming technique utilizing graduated steps on hilly terrain

Applied anthropology

a field of anthropology in which the researcher uses knowledge of anthropologist methods, theory, and perspectives to solve human problems

priest (priestess)

a fill-time religious practitioner

balanced reciprocity

a form of exchange in which the value of goods is specified as well as the time frame of repayment

imitative magic

a form of magic in which a practitioner creates something to represent real life, then manipulates it in a way that imitates the desired effect; the magical idea that like produces like

class

a form of social stratification based on differences in wealth and status

generalized reciprocity

a form of specialized sharing in which the value of a gift is not specified at the time of exchange, nor is the time of repayment

naturopathy

a form of treatment for illness that relies on non-pharmaceutical and non-surgical methods such as nutrition, herbal medicine, body work, and self-care

cultural ecology

a framework of understanding culture by examining the limitations of the environment and food-getting practices

political ecology

a framework of understanding culture that focuses on the complex relationships between the environment, economics, and politics

ecological anthropology

a framework of understanding culture that uses systems theory to understand a population as a closed-loop system

ally

a friend; someone who acts on your behalf

third gender

a gender role accepted in some societies as combining elements of male and female genders

subculture

a group of people within a culture who are connected by similar identity markers; this may include ethnic heritage or interests

speech community

a group that shares language patterns

hijab

a hair and neck covering that is worn by some Muslim women

moxibustion

a healing practice used in Traditional Chinese Medicine in which a burning stick of herbs is placed near acupuncture points on the body

caste

a hierarchical system based on birth; most commonly associated with Hindu India

Fst or fixation index

a measure of population difference in which 0 shows interbreeding and 1.0 shows none

genetic distance

a measure of the mutations between two populations; the less breeding among populations, the greater the genetic distance between them

glycemic index (GI)

a measurement of how different foods affect a person's blood sugar level. Foods that have high numbers on the index (56-100) are those that release glucose rapidly into the bloodstream, resulting in a sharper rise in blood sugar. a diet high in high-GI foods may lead to obesity, diabetes, and other diseases

hominin

a member of the biological family that includes humans, early humans, our upright walking ancestors, chimpanzees, and bonobos

judgment sample

a method of choosing informants based on their knowledge or skills

random sample

a method of choosing informants randomly

snowball sample

a method of finding informants through association with previous informants

horticulture

a method of producing food in which people cultivate the land in small-scale farms or gardens

three pillars of sustainability

a model of sustainable development with three components: sustainability of the environment, society, and the economy

systems theory

a model of understanding an ecosystem that assumes the ecosystem is a closed-loop system with finite resources

two-spirit

a native American or First nations person who indentifies with a third gender, or sometimes a gay native man or woman

shaman

a part-time religious practitioner

transhumance

a pattern of seasonal migration in which pastoralists move back and forth over long distances to productive pastures

cooperative society

a pattern of social life in which resources are shared among the group

linguist

a person who studies language

ethnoecologist

a person who studies the interactions a group of people has with their natural environment, focusing especially on the use of flora and fauna

key informant

a person with whom the ethnographer spends a great amount of time because of the person's knowledge, skills, or insight

sexuality

a person's attraction, whether romantic or physical, to another person

gender identity

a person's internal experience of their identity as male, female, both, or neither

gender

a person's internal experience of their identity as male, female, both, or neither, as well as the expression of that identity in social behavior

biological adaptation

a physical adaptation that allows an organism to survive better in its environment

Franz Boas

a pioneering American anthropologist, called the "father of American anthropology"; a proponent of cultural relativism and doing fieldwork

euphemisms

a polite or socially acceptable word or phrase that is used in place of one that is unpleasant or offensive

cargo system

a political and religious system among the Maya in which members must serve the community in a volunteer position for at least one year; a leveling mechanism

centralized system

a political system with a centralized governing body that has the power and authority to govern

uncentralized system

a political system with no centralized governing body and in which decisions are made by the community; also called a decentralized system

prejudice

a preformed opinion not based on fact, an unfavorable bias toward something or someone

religious revitalization movement

a process by which an oppressed group seeks supernatural aid through the creation of new ritual behaviors

conventional

a process of growing food in industrial societies that uses pesticides and other chemicals

organic

a process of growing food that prohibits the use of chemical pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers, irradiation, and genetic modification

organic

a process of growing food that prohibits the use of chemical pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers, irradiation, or genetic modification

communication

a process of transmitting a message from a sender to a receiver

eugenics

a pseudo-science of "race improvement"

monotheism

a religious belief system worshipping a single god or goddess

polytheistic

a religious belief system worshipping multiple gods and goddesses

cargo cult

a religious revitalization movement in Melanesia that uses ritual to seek help and material wealth

ghost dance

a religious revitalization movement started among the Northern Paiute that used a five-day circle dance to seek help from the supernatural realm

participant observation

a research method used in anthropology in which an ethnographer lives with a group of people and observes their regular activities

atoll

a ring-shaped reef, island, or series of small islands made of coral

In Carole Counihan's (1999) and Elisa Sobo's (1997) studies on body image, they found that...

a rounded and well-red body was desirable for women, as it represents that the women has strong family and social networks

myth

a sacred story that explains the origins of the world or people in it

religion

a set of beliefs and behaviors that pertain to supernatural forces or beings, which transcend the observable world

pantheon

a set of gods and goddesses in a religious belief system

reciprocity

a set of social rules that govern the specialized sharing of food and other items

city

a settlement supporting a dense population with a centralized government, specialization, and socio-economic hierarchy

logogram

a sign that represents a word or phrase

Fair Trade

a social and economic model aimed at supporting food and craft producers in developing countries by promoting equity and fair pricing

leveling mechanism

a social and economic obligation to distribute wealth so no one member of a group accumulates more than anyone else

Red Power Movement

a social movement in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States in which Indigenous youth organized for political action

achieved status

a social role a person achieves due to work and opportunity

stratified society

a social system in which one's position in the social hierarchy equals their status; results in an unequal distribution of power and resources

ranked system

a social system in which status is based on one's genealogical closeness to the chief; also called ranked society

medical anthropology

a subfield of cultural anthropology that examines ideas about health, illness, and healing

critical medical anthropology

a subfield of medical anthropology that examines health and its relation to power

ritual

a symbolic practice that is ordered and regularly repeated

language

a symbolic system expressing meaning through sounds or gestures

syncretism/syncretic

a synthesis of two or more religious belief systems

kula ring

a system of balanced reciprocity in which gifts circulate among trading partners in the Trobriand Islands

ideology

a system of beliefs that guides and justifies the actions of an individual or group

traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

a system of healing used in China that focuses on strengthening the body's systems and improving the flow of qi

ayurveda

a system of healing used in India that focuses on the restoration of balance to the body's systems

caste system

a system of social stratification in India in which a person is born into a hereditary group traditionally linked to certain occupations

monoculture

a technique used in industrial farming in which a single crop is planted on a large number of acres

kathoey

a term used in Thailand to refer to transgender women

ethnicity

a term used to describe the heritage, geographic origin, language, and other features of a person

race

a term used to describe varieties or subspecies of a species; inaccurately used to refer to human differences in a biological sense

hijra

a third-gender role found in India and Pakistan in which people assigned male sex at birth or intersex individuals adopt feminine gender expression

honorific

a title or grammatical form (a form of a word or words) used to indicate respect or superior status of the person addressed over the speaker

muxe

a transgender woman from Juchitán, Mexico, with a recognized social identity

state

a type of political organization in a highly populated, industrial society with a strong, centralized government

tribe

a type of political organization that has decentralized power, often seen among horticulturalists or pastoralists

chiefdom

a type of political organization with centralized power, complex social structure, and large population; often seen among intensive agriculturalists

reserves

areas of land under tribal jurisdiction (Canada); in the United States, known as reservations

haggling

arguing over or bargaining for the terms of a purchase or agreement

Studying the relationship between art and powers tells us that

art can challenge and also reinforce dominant stereotypes.

racialization

assigning racial identities based on biology to an ethnic or cultural group whose members do not do so

polysexual

attracted to people of several sexual or gender variants

The idea of yin and yang in Traditional Chinese Medicine refers to...

body organs and healing remedies that are opposite each other in qualities, but that must be balanced to create a functioning healthy body

indentured

bound under contract to work for another person

symbol

something that stands for something else with little or no natural relationship to its referent; a type of sign

lingo

special vocabulary shared by a group of people

diasporic

spread to different parts of the world, especially used reference to ethnic or cultural groups

homeostasis

stability or equilibrium, especially among bodily processes

cairn

stack or pile of stones placed as a monument

deities

gods and goddesses

age set

group that brings people together via rites of passage through the stage of life they are in; social group of the same age with common concerns and interests

intersex

having a combination of physiological or morphological elements of both sexes

authority

having legitimate power

aromantic

having little or no romantic feelings toward others

cognitive

having to do with thought or perception

binary

having two parts; in gender studies, it refers to a two-gender system of masculine males and feminine females

medicalization

he process by which a normal human condition comes to be seen as a medical condition needing treatment

human ecology

he study of the complex relationships between humans and their environments

magic

he use of powers to contact and control supernatural forces or beings

nobles

high-status members of a society with rank often inherited

economics

how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed in a society

real behavior

how people actually behave as observed by an ethnographer in the field

ideal behavior

how people believe they behave or would like to behave; the norms of a society

structural violence

how the social, economic, and political structures of society oppress and harm certain members, especially the poor

The idea of "the social lives of things" refers to...

how the value of a commodity changes based on how much a person desires it

melanocytes

human skin cells that produce pigment

internalized control

impulses that guide a person toward right behavior based on a moral system

When was the first use of the term "white" recorded in US history?

in 1691, when the Virginia colony legally prohibited marriage between english settlers and Africans

Métis

in Canada, people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry

sign

in communication, something that stands for something else

The example of the history of Makah whaling in your textbook shows that...

individual users of a natural resource may voluntarily cooperate to limit or to conserve that resource, even though it provides no immediate benefit to them individually

Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs)

industrial farming enterprises in which large numbers of animals are prepared for human consumption; the basis of conventional meat production

scarification

inscribing scars on the body as a marker of identity

vocalizations

intentional sounds humans make to express themselves, but not actually words

special purpose money

items used only to measure the value of things and lacking a practical purpose

A symbolic system of communication expressing meaning through voice, gestures, and writing is the definition of...

language

maladaptive

leading to harm or death; not productive for a culture's survival in the long run

pulses

legume seeds that are harvested when dry, includes most beans, chickpeas, and lentils

what are the four academic fields of anthropology?

linguistics, cultural, biological, archaeology

peasants

low-status members of a society who farm for a living

In pastoralist societies, the typical sexual division of labor is that...

men herd their animals on horseback, while women remain at the family tent in order to prepare food and take care of domestic tasks

industrialism

methods of producing food and goods using highly mechanized machinery and digital information

hotspot

region in which there is a high concentration of native plant and animal species and a high rate of biodiversity loss

social capital

resources that have value within a particular social group in which exchanges are bound by reciprocity and trust

rites of passage

rituals marking life's important transitions from one social or biological role to another

bisexual

romantic or sexual attraction to both males and females

gynophilia

romantic or sexual attraction to females

androphilia

romantic or sexual attraction to males

externalized control

rules that regulate behavior by encouraging conformity to social norms; may be negative (punishments) or positive (rewards)

privatization

selling ownership of public resources to private companies

dependence training

set of child-rearing practices that supports compliance to the family unit over individual needs

paradigm

set of concepts; a model

domestication

shaping the evolution of a species for human use

heterogeneous

sharing few identity markers

homogeneous

sharing similar identity markers

band

small egalitarian society of food foragers who live and travel together

the three pillars of sustainability are...

social, environmental, and economic

All of the following are theories of supernatural causation of illness, EXCEPT...

stress/emotional causes

informants

study subjects of an anthropologist; also referred to variously as collaborators, field subjects, or associates

female genital mutilation (FGM)

surgical removal and/or sewing together of female genitalia performed for sociocultural, not medical, reasons

chemical inputs

synthetic additives, such as pesticides and fertilizers, that raise the yield of crops in industrial agriculture

An object designed to protect the bearer from harm is called a...

tailsman

social mobility

the ability of members of society to rise in social class

social sustainability

the ability of social systems (such as a family, community, region, or nation) to provide for the needs of their people so that they can attain a stable and healthy standard of living

economic sustainability

the ability of the economy to support indefinite growth while ensuring a minimum quality of life for all members of society

environmental sustainability

the ability of the environment to renew resources and accommodate waste at the same rate at which resources are used and waste is generated

power

the ability to compel another person to do something that he or she would not do otherwise

sustainability

the ability to keep something in existence, to support a practice indefinitely

production

the act of making something from raw materials

humoral theory

the ancient Greek idea that health was achieved by a balance of elements within the body

gender discrimination

the apparent or real dominance of men and subordinate status of women in society

divination

the art of reading the future

class consciousness

the awareness of one's social rank within a system

voice qualities

the background characteristics of a person's voice, including pitch, rhythm, and articulation

animism

the belief that spiritual beings inhabit natural objects

animatism

the belief that spiritual forces inhabit natural objects

sex

the biological and physiological differences of human beings based on sex chromosomes, hormones, reproductive structures, and external genitalia

qi

the body's life force in Traditional Chinese Medicine; pronounced "chee"

agency

the capacity of people to think for themselves and control their life choices

In the graphic panel by sally campbell Galman, she expresses all of the following about her research with young trans kids, EXCEPT...

the clear and systematic way that ethnographers are taught to deal with their own pain during the ethnographic process

traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)

the collective and cumulative knowledge that a group of people has gained over many generations living in their particular ecosystem

pragmatics

the context within which language occurs

kinesics

the cultural use of body movements, including gestures

proxemics

the cultural use of space, including how close people stand to one another

gender roles

the culturally appropriate or expected roles of individuals in society based on sex

Anthropocene

the current geologic era, in which it is widely recognized that human activities have made lasting impacts on our planet

genocide

the death of an entire ethnic group

Which of the following is NOT an example of an internalized social control?

the death sentence

social distance

the degree of separation or exclusion between members of different social groups

ancestral spirits

the essence of one's family ancestors who have remained in contact with the mortal world

illness narrative

the explanation of how a person understands and experiences an illness

gender expression

the expression of one's gender identity in dress, mannerisms, and social behavior

biomedicine

the field of medical care in which the scientific principles of biology, biochemistry, and physiology are applied to patient diagnosis and treatment

blood quantum

the fraction of "Indian Blood" a person has, measured by tribal documents demonstrating the membership of relatives

social density

the frequency and intensity of interactions group members in a society

First Nations

the groups of Indigenous peoples who live south of the Arctic Circle in Canada

gender stratification

the hierarchical division of males and females in society

cultural relativism

the idea that all cultures are equally valid, and that every culture can only be understood in its own context

tragedy of the commons

the idea that individual actors sharing a natural resource will inevitably act in their own best interest, eventually depleting the resource

ethnocentrism

the idea that our own customs are normal while others' customs are strange, wrong, or disgusting

linguistic determinism

the idea that the language one speaks locks a person into seeing the world a certain way

multilinear cultural evolution

the idea that the social structure of a group is directly tied to the demands of its environment

linguistic relativity principle

the idea, studied by Benjamin Whorf, that the language one speaks shapes the way one sees the world

globalization

the integration of economic, social, political, and geographic boundaries in complex chains of interconnected systems and processes

Nahuatl

the language of the Aztecs

the film Arrival uses the idea of linguistic determinism to move the plot forward when...

the linguist suddenly sees the world as the aliens do, once she has learned their language

locus

the location or site of something

foodways

the methods, knowledge, and practices regarding food in a particular society

Marvin Harris (1985) argues that cows are sacred in Hindu society because...

the need for cows to provide dairy nutrition and farm labor created a taboo against killing them for beef.

carrying capacity

the number of people that can be sustained with the existing resources of a given area

phenotype

the outward expression of a person's genes, often their physical features

sexual orientation

the pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to another person

tā moko

the permanent marking (tattooing) of the skin as practiced by the maori people. Tā moko is traditionally created using specially designed chisels, not needles

embodiment

the physical representation of an idea, principle, or process

prestige

the positive reputation or high regard of a person or other entity merited by actions, wealth, authority, or status

Native appropriation

the practice in which members of a powerful group use designs, artifacts, behaviors, or ideas taken directly from a self-identified Indigenous group that has been historically oppressed

entomophagy

the practice of eating insects for food

monocropping

the practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same plot of land

cultural appropriation

the practice when members of a powerful group use designs, artifacts, behaviors, or ideas taken directly from a group that has been historically oppressed

ascribed status

the social role of a person that is fixed at birth

phonemics

the study of how sounds convey meaning

syntax

the study of how units of speech are put together to create sentences

semantics

the study of how words and phrases are put together in meaningful ways

epigenetics

the study of inherited changes in gene expressions without changes to the DNA itself

ethnolinguistics

the study of the relationship between language and culture; a subset of linguistic anthropology

phonetics

the study of the sounds in human speech

haptics

the study of touch

technology

the tools, skills, and knowledge used by people to survive

personality

the unique way an individual thinks, feels, and acts

animal husbandry

the use and breeding of animals for purposes that benefit humans

praxis

the use of a learned skill or application of an idea

consumption

the use of a resource

gender spectrum

the varieties of gender identity that exist on a continuum

biodiversity

the variety of life on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms; the diversity of living organisms in a given ecosystem, area, or the world

worldview

the way a group understands and interprets the world; includes all aspects of culture

political organization

the way a society maintains order internally and manages affairs externally

paralanguage

the ways we express meaning through sounds beyond words alone; a subset of semantics

ethnography

the written or visual product of ethnographic (field) research

Agriculturalists have poorer nutrition than foragers because...

their vitamin and mineral intakes are reduced due to a lack of diversity in foods

In a food foraging society, such as the ju/'hoansi, how do people ensure the future?

they enter into cooperative relationships with other families with whom they share food

About 1 in every 2,000 people born is intersex, meaning...

they will develop an androgynous gender

ethnomedicine

traditional, non-Western medicine

A political system that relies on social and kinship rights and responsibilities to maintain order, and punishes people using gossip, curses, or social ostracism, is known as a/an...

uncentralized political system

spirits of nature

unobservable beings and forces that inhabit the natural world

Evidence of artistic expression among humans goes back

up to 100,000 years ago.

speech

verbal communication using sounds

raid

violence in which members of one group aim to steal or recover items, animals, or people from another group in the same society

ethnic cleansing

violent and aggressive intergroup conflicts in which one group attempts to commit genocide of the other

lifeways

ways of living; customs and practices

decisions people make that are outside the capitalist model may value all of the following EXCEPT....

wealth

In her research among Fair Trade chocolate farmers in Ghana, Amanda Berlan (2008) discovered that the cacao farmers...

were active participants in making decisions and controlling their own labor

cultural model

widely shared understandings about the world that help us organize our experience in it; determines the metaphors used in communication

An infant born to an Italian mother and Polish father in Ghana

will acquire her culture based on experience; ethnicity and culture do not live in DNA

asexual

without or limited sexual desire

All of the following are reasons that societies are supported by polygynous marriage, EXCEPT that...

women are often treated more fairly in a polygynous marriage than in a monogamous one

ancestor veneration

worship of one's ancestors

discourse

written or spoken communication on a topic, especially one extending over a period of time

which of the following is NOT an example of code switching?

"Let's go get some sushi tonight"

Anthropologists recognize marriage across cultures with the following characteristic (s):

All of the above ( legitimacy of children in society, a division of labor by sex or gender, sexual access between marriage partners)

Which of the following would an anthropologist consider "art"?

All of the above (song, food, clothing)

Why can't most human features be used to mark "racial" groups?

Most human features change gradually in any population; there are no sets of genetic markers unique to a "racial" group

Off the coast of Papua New Guinea, ethnographer Bronislaw Malinowski described a system of balanced reciprocity involving the circulation of gifts among trading partners. What is this system called?

The Kula Ring

cultural adaptation

a belief or behavior that allows an organism with culture (especially humans) to better thrive in their environment

potlatch

a ceremonial gathering in which Northwest Coast peoples mark important events and share food and other valued items

ethnographer

a cultural anthropologist who studies a group of people in a field setting

negative reciprocity

a deceptive practice in which the exchange is unequal; an exchange in which the seller asks more than the value of the item

labret

a decorative ornament inserted into a perforation of the lower lip

The origins of language may include...

all of the above (the need to communicate while making or using tools, sounds used to convey meaning even if the speaker and listener were not in visual contact, the development of verbal language during periods of communal work)

genetically modified (GM)

altered at the level of the gene; refers particularly to food crops that have been modified by introducing genes from another organism to enhance or create desired traits in the species

body modification

altering the body for reasons of identity, attractiveness, or social status

commodity

am item that is consumed by someone who is not its producer

trance

an altered state of consciousness in which a person lacks conscious control of their speech or actions

cultural materialism

an anthropological theory guided by the idea that the external pressures of the environment dictate cultural practices

environmental anthropologist

an anthropologist interested in the relationships between people and the environment

metaphor

an application of a word or phrase to something to which it is not generally applicable; a comparison to things without using the words "like" or "as"

participatory action research (PAR)

an applied anthropological method of field research and implementation of solutions; relies on close collaboration with the target community

identity markers

cultural characteristics of a person, such as ethnicity, socioeconomic class, religious beliefs, age, gender, and interests

white privilege

denotes the unearned power that society and its institutions bestow upon people with fair skin over those with darker skin (also referred to in the text as simply "ethnic privilege")

egalitarian

describes a society in which every member has the same access to resources and status; non-hierarchical

fallow

describes land that has been cultivated and left unseeded for a season

neurodiverse

describes people with neurological differences that arguably do not need to be pathologized, such as Asperger's, autism, ADHD, Tourette's, and dyslexia

cisgender

describing the experience of one's gender as matching their assigned sex at birth

gendered speech

different speech patterns based on the cultural expectations of each sex

language registers

different styles of speaking within a single language

systemic racism

discrimination that exists throughout society and influences people's decisions, expectations, opportunities, and limitations

Medical anthropologists distinguish between _____, or a diagnosis of a clinically identifiable entity, and ______, the set of social and cultural understandings that people have about a set of symptoms.

disease; illness

supernatural forces

disembodied powers that exist beyond the observable world, such as luck

supernaturalism

disembodied powers that exist beyond the observable world, such as luck

gods and goddesses

distant and powerful supernatural beings

Islamophobia

ear of and prejudice toward people perceived to be of the Islamic faith (Muslims)

exo-cannibalism

eating the flesh of people outside of one's society

endo-cannibalism

eating the flesh of people within one's society, especially within one's family

code switching

moving easily between speech styles or languages in a conversation or single utterance

nomadic

moving within a large area frequently in order to access food resources

conflict minerals

natural resources mined in an area where there is conflict (such as civil war) and used to fuel or fund the conflict, commit crimes, or perpetrate human rights abuses

pansexual

not limited in romantic or sexual attraction by sex or gender

feud

ongoing violent relations between two groups in the same society

climate refugees

people who have been forced to leave their country of residence due to the impacts of climate, especially climate change

community

people who live, work, and play together; or people who share cultural values and norms but may not share a physical location

society

people who share a large number of social or cultural connections; in the animal world, a group of animals born with instincts that cause them to occupy a particular place in the group hierarchy

food producers

people who transform the environment with the goal of food production using farming and/or animal husbandry

hunter-gatherer

people who utilize the food resources available in the environment; roughly synonymous with food foragers

food foragers

people who utilize the food resources available in the environment; roughly synonymous with hunter-gatherers

supernatural beings

personified or embodied beings that exist beyond the observable world, such as deities or spirits

Why does Marvin Harris (1985) argue that the Jewish and Muslim religions have a taboo against eating pork?

pigs were too costly for humans to raise in the desert

Margaret Mead

pioneering figure in early cultural anthropology; one of the first female anthropologists to undertake long-term fieldwork

specialization

possessing certain skills that others in the group do not share; characteristic of complex societies

A Melanesian cargo cult has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT that...

practitioners believe they will leave their islands in order to live in luxury in the country of their colonizers

passing

pretending to be a member of another ethnicity, "race," or gender

taboo

prohibition of a practice; forbidding one to engage in that practice

sanction

punishment that results from breaking rules

enculturation

the process by which culture is passed from generation to generation

distribution

the process by which items move into the hands of someone other than the producer; sharing out

ethnographic research

the process of studying culture, undertaken in a field setting

commodification

the process of turning something into an object of exchange to be bought and sold

Social Strarification

the ranking of members of society into a hierarchy

diplomacy

the relations and negotiations between nations

personification

the representation of an inanimate thing as having human qualities

food sovereignty

the right of peoples to define and manage their own healthy and culturally relevant food systems

homosexuality

the romantic or sexual attraction or sexual behavior between partners of the same sex

culture scale

the scope or reach of culture; implied is the idea that smaller-scale societies are more sustainable than larger-scale societies

independence training

the set of child-rearing practices that foster a child's self-reliance

sexual division of labor

the sex-based division of tasks in a community

heterosexuality

the sexual or romantic attraction or behavior between partners of the opposite sex, such as between (cisgender) men and women

nutrition transition

the shift in diet and energy expenditure that results from people managing their own agriculture to relying on processed convenience foods

morpheme

the smallest part of a word that conveys meaning

phoneme

the smallest unit of sound in communication that conveys meaning


Ensembles d'études connexes

BIO-201L Topic 5 Terms List- Muscles

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