Anthropology Final

a theoretical approach to understanding culture known as ____ recognizes that individuals within a society or culture have diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power and influence a. cultural relativism b. hegemony c. applied ethics d. practice theory e. human rights

a

a universal is a learned behavior or idea that exists in every culture and thus can NOT be a cultural trait. a. true b. false

a

an American anthropologist doing fieldwork abroad discovers that the indigenous group she does research with has a cultural practice that she finds unethical. keeping in mind cultural relativism and ethics, the well-trained anthropologist would likely: a. attempt to balance local understanding of the practice with ethical responsibility and a consideration of cultural and human rights b. immediately condemn the practice and report it to the nearest law enforcement agency c. attempt to understand the local context and meaning of the practice for that specific group d. force herself to participate in the cultural practice for the sake of good science even though it violates her individual ethics e. observe and record the offering cultural practice as well as include written description of observations in the final research report

a

anthropologists study human biological variation by observing gradual shifts in gene frequencies between neighboring populations. these shifts are called: a. clines b. haplogroups c. melanin d. phenotypes e. rickets

a

dogs are first domesticated by sedentary agriculturists a. true b. false

a

fully human behavior based on symbolic thought and cultural creativity is known as a. behavioral modernity b. the Clovis tradition c. denisovan era d. globalization e. the upper Paleolithic

a

general anthropology refers to a. anthropology as a whole or the four fields b. anthropology as a whole or the three fields c. anthropology as a whole or the two fields d. the study of everyday life in natural settings e. the study of primate =s

a

identifying with a group with culturally distinct customs, norms, and habits is: a. ethnicity b. hypodescent c. phenotype d. race e. status

a

shared traits because of a common ancestor are called a. homologies b. analogies c. arboreal d. terrestrial e. bipedal

a

the primary anthropological position on sex-gender roles and biology is that a. the basis of gender is biology b. the biological nature of men and women should be seen not as a narrow enclosure but rather as a broad base upon which a variety of structures can be built c. gender roles are consistent across cultures d. there is universal agreement about the ways in which gender is constructed in a culture e. cultures are not sites in which gender plays a prominent role

a

what does the Sapir-whorf hypothesis suggest? a. different languages can influence and produce different patterns of thought b. an infant's ability to learn language depends, at least in part, on proper nutrition c. while only humans can produce spoken language, some non-human species exhibit an understanding of some spoken words d. different thoughts can influence and produce different language patterns e. syntax is the basis for distinguishing language from all other types of communication

a

what is a common fate for a species living in an environment that suddenly rapidly shifts? a. extinction b. microevolution c. neoevolutionism d. macroevolution e. formation of a new niche

a

what is the name for a world in which nations are economically and politically interdependent? a. modern world system b. capital c. corporate culture d. capitalist world economy e. world-system theory

a

what is the name for digging through layers of a site? a. excavation b. ecofactual observation c. artifact analysis d. site surveying e. primatology

a

what is the name for the process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so in greater numbers than others in the population? a. natural selection b. mutation c. genetic drift d. gene flow e. intelligent design

a

what is true of ardipithecus? a. it was chimp sized creature that climbed easily in its woodland environment and walked some on two legs when on the ground b. it was heralded on the front page of the New York times and was dubbed "long arm man" c. it was discovered by Maeve Leakey d. it was about one foot shorter than Lucy e. it was non-transitional in terms of the pelvis and locomotion

a

which ape is omnivorous and eats fruits, small mammals, birds, eggs, and insects? a. chimpanzee b. gorilla c. bonobo d. gibbon e. orangutan

a

which of the following concepts refers to what motivates people with scarce resources when they make economic decisions in non industrial societies? a. alternative ends b. economizing c. extreme couponing d. balanced reciprocity e. maximizing

a

which of the following traits was NOT selected for in primate evolution? a. smell b. sight c. grasping d. higher brain to body ratio e. sociability

a

which of the following was NOT one of the ten key attributes of cities and states? a. egalitarianism or social equality b. regional territory c. record keeping system d. tribute and taxes e. building program

a

who you are habitually physically and emotionally attracted to, based on their sex/ gender in relation to your own is called: a. sexual orientation b. gender expression c. gender identity d. biological sex e. happy time

a

what adaptive strategy resulted from climate change 15000 years ago? a. the neolithic shift b. broad spectrum foraging c. big game hunting d. animal domestication e. extra terrestrial technological assistance

b

what is the main method of fieldwork used by cultural anthropologists? a. applied anthropology b. ethnography c. systematic survey d. informed consent e. excavation

b

what is the name for the view that cultural diversity is valuable and worth maintaining? a. assimialtion b. multiculturalism c. plural society d. colonialism e. nationalities

b

what type of music do all cultures have/is a cultural universal? a. lullabies b. folk songs c. drum rhythms d. public singing e. shamanic chants

b

which of the following cultural attributes refer to the ability of culture to help or hinder the capacity for humans to meet challenges and solve problems? a. integrated b. adaptive and maladaptive c. all-encompasssing d. shared e. individually practiced

b

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Neolithic shift? a. settlement at permanent locations b. increased reliance on big game hunting c. interferring in plant and animal reproduction d. use of broad spectrum foraging e. higher rates of disease among agricultural populations

b

which of the following is true of the australopithecines? a. their known distribution includes northern africa and southern europe b. they were fully bipedal c. their cranial capacity resembles that of anatomically modern humans d. they are known to have used rudimentary wooden tools e. they are thought to be the creators of the earliest known cave art

b

which two groups of people have biologically adapted to post weaning milk digestion with continued lactose tolerance. a. asian and Australian aborigine b. East African and european c. European and native american d. American and Brazilian e. san and saami

b

an example of achieved status is: a. 18 years old b. daughter c. college student d. white e. female

c

non western and non industrial cultures tend to conceptualize art as a. non economic entity b. product of children and the elderly c. something that is created by all members of the culture d. something that is deeply connected to everyday life and ordinary culture e. something apart from everyday life and ordinary culture

c

people avoid incest by following the rues of exogamy, which is adaptively advantageous because in most cultures a. it guarantees wealth b. it creates tensions within the primary family c. it is biologically sound d. it promotes forms of incest e. it creates new social ties and alliances

c

select the statement that does not provide an example of globalization. a. a mcdonalds billboard advertisement is seen in a train station in Tokyo, Japan b. in the arctic, indigenous Sami reindeer herders have difficulty accessing previously used grazing areas due to the construction of a pipeline being built by a multinational company c. in the middl east, social media explodes during the arab spring 2011 as a form of political organizing and resistance d. in the amazon of South America, a 4% increase in deforestation results in a 50% increase in malaria e. all of these are example of globalization processes

c

the position in the world system intermediate between core and periphery is called the a. periphery b. core c. semiperiphery d. industrial revolution e. cash circle

c

what subfield of anthropology might involve talking with local musicians, making recordings in the field and learn about the place of musical instruments and performances in a given society? a. sociolinguistics b. primatology c. ethnomusicology d. urban anthropology e. ethnoecology

c

when a women has more than more husband at the same time, this is referred to as a. polygamy b. polygyny c. polyandry d. biandry e. multiandry

c

which of the following is NOT an example of natural selection affecting human biological variation: a. allens rule b. berganns rule c. human use and development of fire in cold areas d. increased melanin in areas of greater UV radiation e. thomsons rule

c

which of the following is an example of the use of focal language? a. your friend form Southern California says, "the weather's been too hot and dry and we're ready for some rain to cool everything down." your photographer friend returns from a trip and says, "my photo essay explores the narrative of street life in Mumbai as compared to Delhi." c. your sales clerk at shoe world tells you, "these shoes have great torsional stability with motion control to support your ankles while running." d. your mom calls you to say, "I made your favorite meatloaf. come over for dinner." e. the attendant at the animal shelter says, "little Charlie would make a great family dog. he's great with kids and loves to play."

c

which of the following is not a commonly practiced form of anthropological field work? a. interviewing informants b. participant observation c. English as a second language training d. surveying e. genealogical analyze

c

"key consultants" are used in cultural anthropological fieldwork, they can be defined as... a. procedures to understand kinship, descent, and marriage b. personal observations over a long period of time c. personal cultural portraits of existence or change in a culture d. experts on a particular aspect of life e. conversations that maintain rapport and provide knowledge

d

anthropological understandings of race demonstrate that a. race does not exist in contemporary societies b. race is associated with differences in DNA c. race can explain human physical variation d. race is not a biological categorical system, but retains cultural importance e. race is made up concept and thus has no impact on human interactions

d

gender can best be described as a. a persons biological sex b. persons natural ability to do either domestic or public oriented tasks c. rigid, static category that does not change d. culturally ingrained ideas about what roles are socially appropriate for each sex e. whatever your emotional state is at moment in time

d

graciles and robusts probably descended from a. Ardipithecus b. homo habilis c. Australopithecus africanus d. Australopithecus afarensis e. Australopithecus boisei

d

identify the statement below that inaccurately describes the rise of civilization. a. there was a shift from egalitarian farming villages to ranked agricultural communities b. complex societies had multiple and different reasons for emerging c. early states collapsed due to warfare, environmental change, and other factors d. the earliest development of states occurred in sub-saharan Africa in what is now south sudan e. the harappan civilization in the Indus Valley is an example of a complex society

d

in the chart, which type of descent is the ( ) picture showing? a. unilateral b. patrilineal c. matrilineal d. ambilineal e. bilateral

d

looking at the chart, for ego, who follows a matrilineal descent system, what is 27's relationship to ego? a. FBS b. FZD c. MZD d. first cousin e. not related

d

political systems are associated with adaptive strategies. which of the following adaptive strategies is associated with the band? a. pastoralism b. horticulture c. industrialism d. foraging e. agrictulure

d

the anthropological association code of ethics requires that researchers: a. withhold key findings from the community to eliminate unnecessary drama b. share informants contact information with other informants so they can discuss the interviews c. publish incriminating information if it helps researchers make key points about the community d. obtain informed consent before conducting an interview with community members e. call out people researchers feel are doing wrong within the community

d

the hominids making oldowan tools and eating meat with an increased cranial capacity compared to earlier species are: a. Paranthropus robustus b. Australopithecus africanus c. homo habilis d. homo erectus e. none of the above

d

what is the name for a society major productive resources, such as land, labor, technology, and capital? a. economy b. mode of production c. economizing d. means of production e. transhumance

d

what is the term for the process where gene frequencies, usually in small populations, change indiscriminately due to change? a. random genetic drift b. gene flow c. evolution d. punctuated equilibrium e. speciation

d

what statement most fully describes the field of anthropology? a. anthropology is the study of cultures of living humans b. anthropology is divided into two sub-fields c. anthropology is the study of the culture and biology of past societies d. anthropology is a holistic and comparative discipline that studies humans, past and present

d

biological and cultural changes enabled homo Erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy of a. gathering and hunting b. language use c. symbolic behavior d. spear throwing e. compels social organization

e

choose the best description of current day human political systems. a. humans currently organize politically only at the level of state systems b. political systems evolve progressively along a single common trajectory: band, tribe, chiefdom, state c. all forms of political systems have permanent legal codes and taxation d. political systems are no longer associated with adaptive strategies e. all human political systems now exist within nation states and are subjected to state control

e

select the statement that most appropriately describes cultural relativism. cultural relativism: a. is a technique that allows anthropologists to rank cultures in a hierarchy from primitive to more civilized b. means cultural groups can do whatever they want if it forms a core component of their culture c. encourages enthocentlrism by reaffirming advances have been made by some segments of the human population d,. teaches us that atrocities committed by cultural groups cannot be judges because all cultures are relative e. it is a method to understand other cultures

e

what initiated primate evolution? a. it occurred consistently and gradually since the beginning of time- boo major events or changes contributed b. primates did not evolve, but rather degenerated from a previous state into their current state c. mass extinction caused by an ice age, followed by a growth of temperate savannas and speciation d. the separation of continents resulted in isolation and speciation e. mass extinction caused by a meteorite, followed by a growth of tropical climates and speciation

e

what is systematic survey in archaeological fieldwork? a. asking permission from landowners to dig on their property b. creating a grid to remove soil in layers c. interviewing artifacts to find out what they were used for d. passing soil through screens to uncover small artifacts e. studying settlement patterns over a large area

e

which of the following are types of rituals? a. rites of demonstration, rites of passage, and worship b. liturgical orders, rites of demonstration, and rites of passage c. worship, liturgical orders, transfiguration d. rites of demonstration, rites of passage, and rites of intensification e. rites of passage, rites of intensification, and liturgical orders

e

which of the following is NOT a reason why states collapse? a. environmental degradation b. drought c. disease d. politcal cleavage e. apathy

e

which of the following is an example of generalized reciprocity? a. paying 8 for a hot dog at a NFL game b. haggling over the price of a new car at a dealership c. selling a 24 pack of water for 30 following a hurricane d. paying 3 for a pack of 8 hot dogs at the grocery store e. giving your child a car once they have a drivers license

e

which of the following is the primary emergent trend of the earliest hominid evolution? a. increased sociability b. increasingly pointed premolar c. increased jaw size d. increased femur girth e. increased bipedalism

e

which of the following may have been a reason why human societies decided to settle in one location and practice agriculture? a. people would have to work a lot less b. the climate was becoming increasingly cold, making hunting and gathering more difficult c. disease and viruses would decrease in frequency d. nutrition would improve due to agriculture e. agriculture provides far more food per unit of land than hunting and gathering does

e

which of these would be an example of acceleration? a. simultaneous development of agriculture in multiple, distant regions of the world b. expansion of Kentuckys fried chicken to most countries in the world c. capacity for two people in separate countries to communicate instantaneously via video chat d. when a person watches a youtube video to learn a new, popular dance e. replacement of traditional, wood canoes with motorized boats by indigenous, small- scale fishermen

e

Hannah studies lactase persistence in populations in Africa. what type of anthropologist is she? a. archeological anthropologist b. biological/ physical anthropologist c. cultural anthropologist d. linguistic anthropologist

b

_____ is the use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems. a. cultural anthropology b. applied anthropology c. medical anthropology d. anthropology and education e. overinnovation

b

a system for imagining and understanding the universe, the natural, and the supernatural is also known as: a. a fable b. religion c. culture d. a cult e. cosmology

b

according to studies of gender speech contrasts, there are few differences in the phonology, grammar, and vocabulary of men and women. a. true b. false

b

according to your textbook, one of the three concerns with the idea of secular ritual was that a. secular rituals seem more serious than religious rituals b. secular rituals seem less serious than religious rituals c. religious rituals are too commonly the focus of anthropological study d. the behavior considered appropriate for religious occasions varies tremendously from culture to culture e. there is common agreement about what is a religious ritual and what is a secular ritual

b

anthropologists who argue that race is a biological category a. follow the boasian understanding of race b. have used race to justify slavery, segregation, apartheid and war c. have a sophisticated understanding of clinal variation d. have been informed by the AAA race project e. are not being ethnocentric and are free from their own cultural constructions

b

cultural relativism is "the tendency to view on'e own culture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judging outsiders." a. true b. false

b

holism refers to traditions and customs transmitted through learning a. true b. false

b

read the statements below on state formation and choose the one that is false. a. a state is a polity that has a formal, central government and social stratification b. the first states formed in Mesopotamia by 5500ya c. many states returned to chiefdoms due to climatic events in the late holocene d. the first mesoamerican state, the Zapotec state, arose in the valley of Oaxaca in what is now mexico e. early states developed some form of record-keeping system, commonly a written script

b

select the best answer based on lecture and readings. globalization a. is a hegemonic and negative force that only results in social and environmental destruction b. is the systemic economic, social, and cultural interaction and sharing between cultures worldwide c. is an overwhelmingly beneficial force that contributes to the modernization and improvement of society at the global level d. is a sensationalist concept invented by a small political group in the 1950s to undermine US sovereignty and standing in the world e. Is not well studied within the social sciences

b

speciation refers to long periods of stability, with occasional evolutionary leaps. a. true b. false

b

the discovery of ____ suggested a downsized version of homo Erectus. a. neandertals b. homo floresiensis c. contemporary homo sapiens d. homo antecessor e. homo heidelbergensis

b