Anthropology Study Guide
The religious concept that some or all non-human entities (plants, animals, natural objects orphenomena) have a spirit or soul is called ________________
Animism
The religious specialist who is usually a part-time healer with personal power to communicatewith and influence spirits is a(n) ________________.
Animism
_______________ is the practice of measuring human bodily features to describe, organize, and compare individual and group physical characteristics.
Anthropometry
The official policy of race separation in South Africa prior to 1990 was known as_______________.
Apartheid
The ardent critic of the race concept in anthropology and author of Man's Most DangerousMyth: The Fallacy of Race was _________________
Ashley Monatague
_________________ refers to the loss of distinct traits as a group or "kind" of people adopt the characteristics of another, usually dominant, group.
Assimilation/Acculturation
Societies with little or no wealth/power/status difference between individuals, genders, and"classes" (as in typical foraging societies) are called ______________ societies.
Egalitarian
The rule or preference that you should marry someone who shares the same social characteristicsas yourself—who belongs to the same "group" or "category" as you do—is called____________
Endogamy
According to George DeVos, the definition of ______________ is the "subjective symbolic oremblematic use of any aspect of culture [by members of a group], in order to differentiate themselves from other groups."
Ethnicity
The production system in which domesticated plants are grown without the use of irrigation, theplow, or permanent fields, resulting in relatively low-yield farming, is called _______________
Horticulture
High-input, high-yield farming employing such technologies as the plow, irrigation, fertilizer, and draft animals is known as _________________________
Intensive Agriculture
The form of social control in which an individual conforms "voluntarily" to social expectations(basically through enculturation) is ______________________
Internalized
The power of ___________________ is the ability to convince or sway others, typically exercised through manipulation of rewards or expert use of language (making an argument, giving a speech).
Persuasion
The Mexican concept for the creation of a single race--a "cosmic" race--out of the mixture of allcurrent races is _________________.
La Rosa
The descent rule in which children belong to their mother's descent group but not their father's iscalled ___________________
Matrilineal
Carl Marx analysis of economics says that the ______________________ includes the__________________ and the ____________________
Mode of production, means of production, and relations of productions
The _____________ is the highest level of political integration achieved so far. It is often calleda "country" or "nation" and has bounded territory, and a central government with the power tomake and enforce laws, to manage the economy and print currency and collect taxes, andmaintain an army and fight wars and sign treaties. States are usually associated with intensiveagriculture
State
The production system in which food and wealth derives primarily from domesticated animals,usually controlled by men, is called _________________.
Pastoralism
______________ descent involves kinship links between related males: children belong to their father's group, and only males perpetuate the group.
Patrilineal
The production system which uses techniques like irrigation and the plow to produce massivefood surpluses on permanent fields is ________________
Agriculture
One of the three key principles of the kinship system of any society is __________.
Residence/ Marriage/ Or Descent
A _________________________ is a ritual that is performed to change the status of a person, for example from child to adult or from single to married.
Rite of Passage
The rewards and punishments that all societies use to encourage people to behave according to norms and expectations are called _______________.
Sanctions
The ability to move or change one's position in a system of social inequality is called__________________________.
Social Mobility
The division of society into different and unequal groups is called ____________________.
Social Stratification
Whether socio-economic status in a society is determined primarily by ____________ or_______________ qualities will determine the amount of __________________ in that society
ascribed, achieved, social mobility
The religious concept that a supernatural energy or Force pervades nature and affects the courseof human events is called ________________.
Animism
The form or source of power that derives from age, skill, knowledge, office, etc. and is thus felt to be "legitimate" is called _________________.
Authority
The earliest form of political integration (i.e. the oldest political system) is the __________.
Band
Most commonly-used typology of political systems proposed by Elman Service in Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective (1962) are_________________________________________________________________.
Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, and State
The practice in which a man is expected to offer goods or money to a woman's family inexchange for the right to marry her is called _____________.
Bride Wealth/ Bride Service
A social group that acts, at least in some regards, like a single "body"—with shared interests,identity, and activity—is referred to as a __________________
Corporate Group
____________________ have 5000 - 20,000 people, a Hereditary chief, some craft specialists,fortified centers & ritual centers, large-scale monuments, and show accumulation & redistribution of goods
Chiefdom
Power based on the threat or use of force is called _______________.
Coercion
A corporate group based on shared kinship links to a common ancestor is called a _______________________.
Descent Group
Kinship is commonly used to build a residential group or _______________.
Descent Group
The practice in which a woman's family is expected to offer goods or money to a man's family in exchange for the right to marry him is called _________________.
Dowry
All of the work, tools, knowledge, and skill that a society uses to transform the environment and to "earn a living" are technically referred to as its _____________________.
Economic Systems
There are 3 Sources of Power in Society:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Economic, Ideological, and Military
The rule or preference that you should marry someone who does not belong to the same "group"or "category" as you do—is called ______________.
Exogamy
The production system in which humans produce food by hunting non-domesticated animals andgathering non-domesticated plants is known in anthropology as _______________.
Foraging
_______________ is the attempt to destroy much or all of another group or "kind" of people.
Genocide
The great naturalist ________________ was perhaps the first scholar (in the 1740s) to proposethe familiar four-race system of white/European, black/African, red/Native American, andyellow/Asian.
Linneas
Three key principles of the kinship system of any society are -------------, -----------------, and________.
Marriage, Residence, and Descent
Like gender, ___________ uses physical differences to establish "types" and to assign people to these types and then to assign qualities, tasks, and value to these people
Race
The distribution system in which an individual, group, or institution collects wealth and then makes decisions about who will receive it is called ______________________
Redistribution
The system in India that assigns individuals to different categories based on their spiritual purityis called ________.
The Caste System
______________________ is the religious concept that one or more gods exist in the universe.
Theism
The "big man" role is associated with the political system called the _____________.
Tribe
_____________________________ include up to a 1000 people, are Farmers or pastoralists and have Religious elders and Permanent Villages
Tribe
Not all of the principles of non-kin-based corporateness divide people into ____________ groups
Unequal