Anthropology Test 2: Chapter 4-6
Some of the evidence for very early hominin-like ancestors dates at least how many million years ago?
(22 to 5.3 MYA)
Anthropoid:
A Primate superfamily that includes monkeys, apes, and humans.
Matrifocal unit:
A cluster of individuals generally made up of related females.
Canine/premolar-3 shearing complex:
A condition in which the lower first premolar tooth is somewhat sharpened or flattened from rubbing against the upper canine as the mouth closes.
Sexual dimorphism:
A difference between the sexes of a species in body size or shape.
Mousterian industry:
A disk-core technique of stone tool making that allowed the tool makers to produce many good flakes with little effort and then turn those flakes into a wide variety of fine tools. Associated with the Neanderthals.
Acheulian tools:
A more complex and diverse stone-tool kit than earlier Olduwan tools. The main characteristic was bifacial flaking, a process that produced strong, sharp edges.
Dispersal:
A pattern of one sex leaving the group they were born into about the time of reproductive maturity.
An association with a group or organization
A relationship between individuals who are frequently in close association based on tolerance, even friendliness.
Strategy:
A set of behaviors that has become prominent in a population as a result of natural selection.
Australopithecines:
A word that refers to the genus Australopithecus.
Nocturnal:
Active during the nighttime.
Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?
All of the above
The major component of being human-bipedalism can, from an anatomical perspective be either___ ?
Allowing or enforcing
Costs and Benefits:
An analytical approach that considers the caloric cost of obtaining food and the calories obtained.
Social behavior patterns observed in one species that look like behavior patterns in another, but which do not arise from a shared ancestry, are known as ____.
Analogous
Current research suggests that modern humans emerged from the genus ___.
Australopithecines
There is reasonable certainty that the lineage from which modern humans emerged appeared ________ mya.
Australopithecus.
Our understanding of the Ebola virus may be improved by research on human-ape interactions, such as that done by _____.
Biological anthropologists
The concept of costs and benefits is useful to understand ____.
Caloric cost of obtaining food and the calories obtained.
A key feature of financial globalization is _____?
Capital assets
Among chimpanzees and bonobo populations, tool use is more prolific among _____.
Chimpanzees
A primary characteristic that allows paleontologists to place a particular finding into the genus Homo is ____.
Cranial capacity
Cultural ______ occurs when the influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.
Cultural Convergence Theories
The act of primates leaving their group when they enter reproductive maturity is known as ___?
Dispersal
Diffusionists:
Early twentieth-century Boasian anthropologists who held that cultural characteristics result from either internal historical dynamism or a spread (diffusion) of cultural attributes from other societies.
Many arguments over global integration are about _____, but anthropologists are just interested in cultural nuances such as inequality, confrontation, domination, and resistance.
Economic growth
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that ____?
Equate material goods with cultural and personal identity.
Has the taxonomic ordering of Homo erectus been completely resolved through careful fossil analysis?
False
All of the characteristics listed below are common behavior patterns found in all primates except?
Father-son bond
Anthropologists often study primates to broaden understanding of ____.
General intelligence, locomotive flexibility and longer gestation times.
Which of the following is not one of the key benefits of full-time bipedalism?
Gives humans the choice to walk or climb
According to anthropologists, _____ is the contemporary widening of the scale of cross-cultural interactions owning to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.
Globalization
The first humans were the group called which emerged some 1.8 mya.
Hominids
Current research suggests that modern humans emerged from the genus .
Homo
The first humans were the group called ____ which emerged some 1.8 MYA.
Homo erectus
Which explanatory model for the spread of Homo out of Africa is best supported by the evidence?
Human dispersal out of Africa
In comparing humans, apes, and monkeys, one significant factor that separates humans from both apes and monkeys is?
Humans living in small groups of related individuals
Multiple dispersals model (MD):
Incorporates complexities in genetic datasets to argue that humans left Africa in multiple waves.
The gradual emergence of human cultural capacity over several million years began to ____?
Influence evolutionary processes among hominins
A key difference between anthropologists of development anthropologists is ____?
It gives more control to outsiders.
The anatomy of Haplorrhines is considerably more varied than that of Strepsirrhines in large part because ______.
Larger bodies, no wet nose, greater diversity in lifeways (varied skeletons).
How are humans similar to and distinct from chimpanzees?
Living in communities, group division, etc.
Arboreal: Living in the trees.
Living in the trees.
Terrestrial:
Living on the ground.
The creation and assertion of highly particular, often placed-based, identities and communities is known as _____?
Localization
Possible Test Question: People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called _____?
Migrants
One of the most powerful tools used to analyze archaic humans had been through he use of ___?
Morphology/ mitochondrial DNA.
Do most primates rely extensively on their sense of smell?
No
If you applied the extended evolutionary synthesis to study the evolution of hominins, you would most be interested in evidence that shows ____.
Non genetically based evolution processes
World culture:
Norms and values that extend across national boundaries.
When behavioral ecologists study socioecological pressures on primates, they are usually interested in ___.
Nutrition, locomotion, predation, and competition.
The rough edge stone chopping tools made by early members of the genus Homo are called _____?
Olduwan Tools
Molecular and morphological knowledge of living humans and apes supports the idea that humans are more closely related to chimpanzees and gorillas than we are to _____.
Orangutans
Exiles:
People who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.
Immigrants:
People who leave their countries with no expectation of ever returning.
Migrants:
People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries.
Refugees:
People who migrate because of political oppression or war, usually with legal permission to stay in a different country.
Hybridization
Persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction or end point.
Orangutans are members of the _____ subfamily.
Ponginae
One important adaptation found in New World monkeys is the presence of _____.
Prehensive tail
A dominance hierarchy exists when members of the same group have ___.
Ranking relative to others that establishes access to resources
The argument that modern H. sapiens appeared as a new species in Africa about 200,000 years ago is called ____.
Recent African Origin
Transnational
Relationships that extend beyond nation-state boundaries without assuming they cover the whole world.
Paleoanthropologists believe that the predominant diet of our earliest omnivorous ancestors consisted mostly of ___?
Roots, nuts, tubers, and fatty fruits.
The presence of a raised area in the middle of the cranium is known as a ____.
Sagittal crest
Altruism:
Seemingly "selfless" acts that have a net loss of energy to the actor but a net gain in energy to the receiver.
Differences in height and strength between the males and females of a species are referred to as __________.
Sexual Dimorphism
Homologous:
Similar due to shared ancestry.
Analogous:
Similar in appearance or function, not the same due to shared ancestry.
An example of how modern humans differ from primates is ___.
Size of human groups, divisions in labor, and agriculture enables growth, and cultural differences as the group increases, no primates mediate relationships and behaviors so thoroughly.
Levallois technique:
Stone tool-making technique that involves complex preparation of the stone and provides a higher quality toolkit than previous types with more uses
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are ____?
Taking part in hybridization
Hominoid:
The Primate superfamily Hominoidea that includes all of the apes and the humans.
Prehensile:
The ability to grasp things, usually referring to hands or tails.
Development anthropology:
The application of anthropological knowledge and research methods to the practical aspects of shaping and implementing development projects.
Kin Selection:
The behavioral favoring of your close genetic relatives.
Genome:
The complete set of an organism's DNA.
Localization:
The creation and assertion of highly particular, often place-based identities and communities.
Culture of migration:
The cultural attitudes, perceptions, and symbolic values that shape decision-making processes around, and experiences of, migration.
Hominine:
The division (called a tribe) in the superfamily Hominoidea that includes humans and our recent ancestors.
Anthropology of development:
The field of study within anthropology concerned with understanding the cultural conditions for proper development or, alternatively, the negative impacts of development projects.
Postcolonialism:
The field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism.
Pan:
The genus of chimpanzees.
Macaca:
The genus of macaque monkeys.
Strepsirrhini:
The infraorder of primates including lemurs, galagos, and lorises.
Haplorrhini:
The infraorder of primates including monkeys, apes, and humans .
Biocultural evolution is the term used to describe how modern humans arrived on the scene and it encompasses _____.
The interaction of biology and culture over time
Biocultural evolution:
The interaction of cultural capacity and biology to meet selective demands.
Ethnoornithology is an emerging field that studies what?
The interface between humans and ape communities.
Foramen magnum:
The opening at the base of the skull (cranium) where the spinal column enters and connects to the brain.
A crucial limitation of cost-benefit analysis in primates is ____.
The oversimplification of population dynamics and complexity
An anthropologist studying localization would be most interested in what topic?
The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.
Cultural imperialism:
The promotion of one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, like the spread of technology and material culture.
Dominance hierarchy:
The ranking of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another.
The reason that DNA sequencing and morphological analysis cannot give us a complete picture of evolution of humans is because ____?
The role of culture was critical
Push-pull factors:
The social, economic, and political factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries.
Behavioral ecology:
The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives.
Ethnoprimatology:
The study of the interface between human and ape communities.
World systems theory:
The theory that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market and a global division of labor, dividing the world between a dominant "core" and a dependent "periphery."
Globalization:
The widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries.
Grooming:
Touching another individual to remove dirt, insects, and debris, usually as a way for individuals to bond.
Often anthropologists use the term "_____" rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.
Transnational
The theory that as a result of global capitailisy expansion, the world is divided between dominant "core" and dependent "periphery" is _____?
World systems theory
Can males and females in a given primate population may be co-dominant?
Yes
Does behavioral ecology use a comparative approach to evaluate differences among primates?
Yes
Is is true that people in the periphery respond passively to capitalist expansion?
Yes
Is it true that authors think that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more?
Yes
Is it true that the processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies?
Yes
One important adaptation found in New World monkeys is the presence of
a prehensile tail (can hold objects
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork
all of the above
People participate in globalization by
all of the above
The major goal of "development" is
all of the above
Socioecological pressures are forces that modify primate behaviors and can include all of the following except
altruism
Social behavior patterns observed in one species that look like behavior patterns in another, but which do not arise from a shared ancestry, are known as
analogous behaviors
Primatologists are unsure if observed patterns of social behavior in humans and chimpanzees are __________ or __________.
analogous or homologous
Monkeys, apes, and humans are all referred to as
anthropoids
When paleoanthropologists uncover ancient hominin fossils, of of the main reasons it is difficult to know they found a new species is _____
because morphological variations are normally found within a single species
The evolution of the tail among New World monkeys reflects an adaptation to their environment and would be of interest to a
behavioral anthropologist
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are
being subjected to alien cultural influences
World systems theory helped anthropologists
better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world
The combination of bipedalism, increased cranial capacity, changed diet and tool use, and expanding social relations all suggest that among the first humans ____?
biology and culture interacted to shape their evolution
The theory that as a result of global capitalist expansion, the world is divided between a dominant "core" and a dependent "periphery" is
clash of civilizations theory
he creation and assertion of highly particular, often place-based, identities and communities is known as __________.
commodity chain
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?
comparative
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
An example of how modern humans differ from primates is
cultural variations in mating patterns
In comparing humans, apes, and monkeys, one significant factor that separates humans from both apes and monkeys is
differences between male and female life patterns
Franz Boas and his students were ____, emphasizing that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another.
diffusionists
Franz Boas and his students were __________, emphasizing that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another.
diffusionists
One striking difference between the social behavior found in common chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, and in bonobo chimpanzees, Pan paniscus, is that of
dominance relationships
A crucial limitation of cost-benefit analysis in primates is
dynamics and complexity
The concept of costs and benefits is useful to understand
energy expenditure in an organism
__________ are people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.
exiles
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
expand state power
Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank.
false
Behavioral ecology uses a comparative approach to evaluate differences among primates.
false
Dominance among primates is an inborn trait.
false
It is easy to identify direct causal links between genes and behavior.
false
Most primates rely extensively on their sense of smell.
false
Old World monkeys are exclusively terrestrial dwellers.
false
People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.
false
The term hominine refers to humans and great apes.
false
When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.
false
All the characteristics listed below are common behavior patterns found in all primates except
father-son bond
Among chimpanzee and bonobo populations, tool use is more prolific among __________.
females
An essential part of bipedalism is the presence of the at the base of the skull.
foramen magnum
What is the strongest evidence that Neanderthals had rich symbolic lives?
functional material goods such as jewelry
According to anthropologists, __________ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.
globalization
Suppose you wanted to study the reasoning behind why men use a particular hair product to attract sexual partners. As a biological anthropologist, you might be very likely to examine this through the lens of
grooming
The word primate comes from the Latin for "of the first rank" and was the word Linnaeus used in his taxonomic system because
he took for granted the idea that humans were closer to divine powers
Tool-making was an important part of early human cultural development. The gradual improvements led eventually to forms of ___?
highly refined blade tools made from the chips of the material used
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
history
Orangutans and humans are not simply anthropoids but also __________..
hominid
If you applied a behavioral ecology perspective to understanding a college student's dietary patterns, you would likely be most interested in
how much physical effort a student puts in to get food and how many calories they actually consume
Ethnoprimatology is an emerging field that studies
human-nonhuman primate interconnections
Cultural __________ occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.
imperialism
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world
The research that anthropologist Richard Rouse has done on the effects of migration on the Mexican village of Aguililla is interesting because
it highlights how people impose local meanings on objects
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
Behavioral ecologists call the favoring of a genetic relative over a more distant relative
kin selection
One of the distinguishing features of the different primate groups is
lack of strong specialization in structure
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Basques in Europe are examples of
localization
In some species of primates, females and their relatives and young are socially organized around
matrifocal unit
Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication
mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world
For much of its early history, physical anthropology was associated with what methodology
measurement and classification of skulls according to racial characteristics
People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called
migrants
Changes in tool making gave humans improved access to .
more nutritional options
Among the primate Pan paniscus (bonobo chimpanzee), dominance interactions resulting in disputes are often resolved through the use of
non-reproductive sexual behaviors
How many human species remain on the planet today?
one
Orangutans are members of the subfamily.
ponginae
A dominance hierarchy exists when members of the same group have
ranking relative to others that establishes access to resources.
Among the Bonobo chimpanzees, social conflict is often resolved through sexual activity. This is a form of
reconciliation
Discovery of an archaic human in the Denisova cave, which consisted of a finger bone and two teeth, has allowed paleoanthropologists to ___?
reconstruct their genome
Chimpanzees can suffer from polio. If you wanted to develop a chimpanzee polio vaccine, you would likely discover that
research and testing on apes is tightly regulated by many governments because of their close similarity to humans
An essential part of bipedalism is the presence of the _____ at the base the skull.
saggital keel
The difference between a fight or flight response in an antelope and that of a primate can be seen in the latter's exposure to
social learning and culture
The term "culture" often implies socially transmitted learning. While such learning has been observed in many different species, including non-primates, a primatologist would likely argue that this learning is different among primates because
social learning in other species is confined to single behaviors
Archaic humans can be distinguished both through morphological differences as well as ____?
specialized tools
Primates rely extensively on all the characteristics listed below except
stereoscopic vision
When considering the question "do apes have culture?" anthropologists typically emphasize that culture is more than the transmission of social behaviors across generations and cannot be understood by
studying behavior alone
A synonym for hybridization is
syncretism, friction, creolization
Anthropologists often study primates to broaden understanding of
the evolution of social behavior in humans
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence development programs from within
Cultural differences are often caused by
the isolation of communities
World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?
the layout of the factory in which they are built.
Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?
the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, they would probably emphasize
the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
A key feature of financial globalization is
the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade
In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on
the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials from different countries
If you wanted to study pair-bonding among bonobos as a window into understanding the evolution of human pair-bonding, you might encounter some difficulty because
the wide range of marriage and kinship patterns among humans undermines any easy comparisons between the species
The anatomy of Haplorrhines is considerably more varied than that of Strepsirrhines in large part because
they are more diverse in their lifeways
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
Often, anthropologists use the term "__________" rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.
transitional
Strepsirrhines are _____ dwelling creatures.
tree (aboral)
Localization is the flip side of globalization.
true
Males and females in a given primate population may be co-dominant.
true
Primates often live in groups in order to avoid predators.
true
Studying both humans and other primates can also include understanding how humans think about other primates.
true
The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.
true
From the anthropological perspective, culture, paired with language, makes our species distinct because
we are able to communicate knowledge that is inaccessible to other organisms and disseminate that knowledge
Is it true that the methods of archaeological excavation can destroy the evidence being recorded?
yes