AP BIO 1 and 3 review.

In the complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration, how many molecules of ATP are produced by substate-level phosphorylation

2

sulfer has an atomic number of 16 and a mass number of 32. how many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of a sulfur atom?

2

the4 complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose in cell respiration produces about how many molecules of ATP.

60-64

how many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polysaccharide that is 10 monomers long

9

Which of the following correctly illustrates a dipeptide and an amino acid in the optimal position to form a tripeptide?

A

which of the following is a monomer used to build a biological polymer

Amino acid

in addision to atp what are the products of glycolysis

CO2 and pyruvate

Which of functional groups are always found in amino acids

Carboxyl and amino groups.

Which of the following components make up eukaryotic Chromatin

DNA and proteins

which of the following molecules contains pollar covalent bonds

H20

Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water

Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

A typical bag of fertilizer contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but trace amounts of magnesium and calcium. Which of the following best matches the fertilizer component with the molecule in which it will be incorporated by organisms in the area?

Nitrogen will be incorporated into nucleic acids.

Used to carry genetic code

Nucleic Acids

which of the following best describes a structural difference between dna and rna

The backbone of DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

Researchers compared similar proteins from related organisms in different habitats. They found that the proteins from organisms living in harsh environments had a greater number of cysteine amino acids than did proteins from organisms not living in harsh environments. The structure of cysteine is shown. Bonds can form between the sulfur atom of different cysteine amino acids (s- bonds)

The change leads to increased protein stability becuase of a n increased number of s-s bonds in the tertiary structure

humans produce sweat as a cooling mechanism to maintain a stable internal temperature. Which of the following best explains how the properties of water contribute to this physiological process?

The high heat of vaporization of water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water from liquid to gas.

Which of the following describes the result of transferring an election from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative atom

The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released.

A chemical binds to a protein composed of a single polypeptide chain and prevents the formation of an alpha helix that is typically formed in the absence of the chemicals which of the following best describes the effect the chemical has on the structure of the protein

The secondary structure held together by hydrogen bonds is affected

Which of the following most likely explains how the amino acid substitution has resulted in decreased catalytic activity by the mutated enzyme

The substitution altered the secondary and tertiary structure of the enzyme so that the mutated enzyme folds into a different shape than the normal enzyme does

The diagram shows how water can adhere to the xylem in the stems of plants, which contributes to water movement in the plant. Which of the following best explains how water is able to move upward from the roots of a plant, through its xylem in the stem, and out to the leaves.

Water and the xylem are both polar. water molecules have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with each other and with the walls of the xylem.

a reduction in the amount of NADP+ available in plant cells in the light will ultimatly result in which of the following effects

a decrease in the rate of linear electron flow

unequal sharing of electrons between atoms will result in which of the following interactions

a polar covalent bond

Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water

a water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond

the cellular process of sythesizing large molecules from smaller ones is defined as

anabolism

a researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbobn dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants

atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds

which of the following molecules are products of the light reactions of photosythesis that are ultilized in the calvin cycle

atp and nadph

a researcher claims that the sythesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate is essential to Cellular function which of the follwoing statments best helps justify the researchers claim

atp hydrolysis is an energy releaseing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an imput of energy

Amylase is an enzyme that converts carbohydrate polymers into monomers. Glycogen synthase is one of the enzymes involved in converting carbohydrate monomers into polymers. Which of the following best explains the reactions of these enzymes?

b Amylase aids in the addition of a water molecule to break covalent bonds whereas glycogen synthase aids in the removal of a water molecule to form covalent bonds.

the active site of an enzyme is the region that

binds substrates for the enzyme

which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true

binds substrates for the enzyme

generation of proton gradients across memberanes occurs during which of the following reaciton

both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

The cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones is defined as

catabolism

which of the following statements about the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular reparation is correct

cell respiration is catabolic and photosysthesis is anabolic

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is further metabolized in the Krebs cycle. A researcher measured the accumulation of acetyl-CoA in a reaction containing pyruvate and pyruvate dehydrogenase under several different conditions pyruvate dhydrogenase deficnecy is a genetic disease most commonly linked to a mutaion in the a-subnet of the mitochondrial enzyme that causes the enzyme to cease functioning. As a result of the mutation, affected individuals build up dangerous amounts of lactic acid. which of the following best expalins the buildup of lactic acid in individuals with the mutation

cells undergo fermentation because pyruvate cannot be metabolized to proceed into the krebs cycle.

a noncompetitive inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzymatic reaction by

changing the shape of the enzyme active site

where does glycolysis occur in animal cells

cytosol

which of the following is the key characterisistic that is ultimatley responsible for the unique chemical properties of each element

each element has a unique number of protons

which of the following statements correctly describes a reaction associated with photosystem 2

electrons released from the P680 chlorophyll are replaced by electrons derived from water.

in chemiosmosis what is the most direct source of enegry that is used to convernt ADP+Pi to ATP?

energy released from movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through atp synthase.

which of the following indicates a primary path byw which electrons travel downhill energetically during aerobic respiration

glucose-> nadh-> electron transport chain-> oxygen

which of the following is the smallest carbohydrate

glycogen

Which of the following is most directly responsible for waters unique properties

it forms hydrogen bonds.

the enzyme peroxidase is found in many organisms. It catalyszes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. The rate of peroxidase activity at diffent PH values was assessed by students in the lab. The students results are shown in graph 1 if the experiment is repeated at ph 11, the observed activity level of the enzyme will most likely be...

lower than the level at ph 9

which of the following is the most comprehensive definition of metabolism in living organizsms

metabolism consists of all the nergy transformation reactions in an organism.

The amino acid is found in a region of a polypeptide that folds away from water. Which part of the amino acid most likely contributes to the hydrophobic behavior of this region of the polypeptide

methel (CH3) group

The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 8 neutrons and 7 protons. which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen

nitrogen atom has a mass number of 15 and an atomic number of 7

when two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form

nonpolar covalent bonds

hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are

nonpolar substances that repel water molecules

A covalent chemical bond is one in which

outer shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to occupy the outer electron shells of both atoms.

carobon dioxide is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cylce

which is the source of the energy used to generate the proton gradient across the ineer mitochondrial membrane

redox reactions in the electron transport chain

which of the following reactions produces oxygen released by photosynthesis

splitting of water molecules

which chemical process generates the ATP produced in gluycolysis

substrate-level phosphorylation

why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water

the majority of their bonds are nonpolar convalent carbon to hydrogen linkage

which of the following statements is true for all exergonic reactions

the reaction proceeds witha net release of free energy

why are the vertebrate sex hormones estrogen and testosterone considered to be lipids

their carbon skeletons are composed of primarlity C-C and C-H bonds.

which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is true

they are generally solid at room temperature

which of the following statements regarding lipids is true

they are insoluble in water

what is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quanitity of energy per photon

they are inversely related

which of the following statments regarding saturated fatty acids is true

they are the principal molecules in lard and butter

which of the following properties is common among elements in the same column of the periodic table

they have the same number of electrons in their valence shell

what is the primary function of the calvin cycle

to produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide

what is the primary role of oxygen in cell respiration

to serve as an acceptor for electrons and protons, forming water

an ionic bond is formed by

transfer of an electron from one atom to another

The synthesis of protein of carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct.

water

which of the following best describes the role of water in photosythesis

water molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain