AP Bio 2
The approximate molarity of the solution in which the mass of the plant pieces would not change is
0.3 M
Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?
10 um
The contents of which dialysis tube are initially isotonic to the distilled water in the beaker?
5
Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes to large molecules?
ATP production will decrease because of an increase in the occurrence of uncontrolled chemical reactions.
An investigator wants to understand whether a newly found membrane protein is involved in membrane transport of a certain particle. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport?
Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement.
What is the most likely identity of protein X ?
An enzyme that participates in the degradation and recycling of cell components
Which of the following best describes the numbered areas?
Areas 1 and 3 are polar, since the membrane molecules are aligned with water molecules.
Evolved from a photoautotrophic prokaryote
B
Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria and chloroplasts that supports the endosymbiotic theory?
Both contain DNA molecules.
Which of the following are characteristic of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, and RNA
The illustration above is a model of a typical beet root cell. Based on the experimental results, which of the following best represents the effect of acetone on the permeability of cellular membranes?
Cell on left has 4 dots in a circle, cell on right has 6 dots outside of rectangle
Which of the following data would support the alternative hypothesis?
Cells with mutated aquaporins exhibit moderate turgor pressure and are hypertonic.
Site of transport of materials into and out of the cell
D
Which of the following describes the most likely location of cholesterol in an animal cell?
Embedded in the plasma membrane
What evolutionary advantage does compartmentalization of core metabolic processes offer eukaryotes?
Evolution of a nucleus in eukaryotes separates the processes of transcription and translation and they can be regulated separately.
Which of the following describes why a glucose transporter is needed to move glucose into the cell?
Glucose is large and polar and cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
The same procedure was repeated with a second protein (protein Y). If the function of Y is protein processing and packaging, the most radioactivity would be found in the
Golgi apparatus
Of the following, which additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution?
Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATP usage reaches a minimum
Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of substances across cell membranes?
Ions are unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the phospholipids are hydrophobic.
Which of the following is true about the structure of the prokaryotic cell represented in the figure?
It has a cell wall exterior to the plasma membrane and contains ribosomes.
Which of the following best explains how the extensive folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane benefits a eukaryotic cell?
It increases the area available for proteins involved in energy transfer.
The active transport pump used to move sodium ions across the membranes of gill cells in a freshwater fish has each of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
It uses osmosis to carry sodium ions into the cells.
Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis?
Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol.
Which of the following modifications to the experimental design would improve the reliability of the results presented in Figure 1 ?
Measuring blood glucose levels in a group of mice that were not given STZ
Which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria-like cells?
Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA.
Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes?
Mitochondria and prokaryotes both are found in a variety of sizes.
The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?
Na+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis.
Which of the following statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport?
Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires energy.
A student placed a semipermeable membrane inside a U-shaped channel with two chambers, as shown. The membrane permits the movement of water but not salt. The student wants to vary the rate of osmosis that occurs across the membrane. Which of the following experimental designs will result in the fastest net rate of water movement into chamber A?
Placing salt water in chamber A and distilled water in chamber B
Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?
Protein
Synthesized at the ribosome
Proteins
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?
Ribosomes
Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot.
Assuming a negligible pressure potential, which of the following best predicts the net movement of the small diffusible solutes and water in the second experiment (Table 2) ?
Small diffusible solutes will diffuse into the grape cells, followed by water.
The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labeled Y?
Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized.
Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes?
The Golgi apparatus
Based on the model, the newly synthesized protein is transported directly from the endoplasmic reticulum to which of the following?
The Golgi complex
Which of the following best describes the condition expected after 24 hours?
The bag will contain more water than it did in the original condition.
Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an experimental investigation, paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?
The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases.
In an experiment, the efficiency of oxygen exchange across the plasma membrane is being assessed in four artificial red blood cells. The table above lists some properties of those artificial cells. Other conditions being equal, which artificial cell is predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the environment by diffusion?
The cuboidal cell
Which of the following, if true about the drug, best supports the alternative hypothesis that the new drug will exhibit simple diffusion across plasma membranes?
The drug is a small nonpolar molecule.
Based on the data in Table 1, which of the following best evaluates the student's hypothesis?
The hypothesis is not supported because the mass of the grape increased in the grape juice.
Muscle cells have high ATP demands. Which of the following is a scientific claim about how the structure of the mitochondria in muscle cells should be different than it is in other cells because of the high energy demands of mitochondria?
The inner membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should have more folds to increase the surface area, allowing more
Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a loss of ion pump function in the cell's lysosomes?
The internal pH of the lysosomes will increase, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food.
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data in the table?
The kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is needed to excrete uric acid.
Which of the following best explains how molecules such as O2 and CO2 can move across the membrane of a cell?
The majority of the cell membrane is nonpolar, which allows small, nonpolar molecules to freely cross.
A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific (innate) immune response. Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?
The one with two dark lysosomes in the middle
The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria?
The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material.
If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?
The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine.
Which of the following best explains how the phospholipid bilayer of a transport vesicle contributes to cellular functions?
The phospholipid bilayer allows the vesicle to fuse with the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane, allowing the exocytosis of proteins.
From the initial conditions and results described, which of the following is a logical conclusion?
The pores of the bag are larger than the glucose molecules but smaller than the starch molecules.
Which of the following best explains the advantage these projections provide the cell?
The projections increase the surface area-to-volume ratio of the cell, which allows for more efficient nutrient exchange with the environment.
Which of the following best explains why larger grapes have a different rate of water absorption per gram of mass than smaller grapes do?
The rate is slower because smaller grapes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio than the larger grapes do.
Which of the following statements best explains the observations represented in Figure 1 ?
There was a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the distilled water.
Which of the following statements is true about the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and the Calvin (light-independent) cycle?
They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix.
A mutation in the upland cotton plant causes the development of chloroplasts with a single outer membrane and no internal membranes. Which of the following would most likely be observed in chloroplasts of cotton plants with this mutation?
They would be unable to generate the ATP and NADPH needed to make sugars, because these processes occur on membranes within the chloroplast.
The figure below illustrates a eukaryotic cell. Which of the following best describes how the three structures indicated by the arrows work together?
To synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell
The student analyzed the data from the investigation and concluded that the estimate of the mean of one treatment group was unreliable. Which of the following identifies the treatment group most likely to have provided an unreliable estimate of the mean, and correctly explains why the estimate appears unreliable?
Treatment group II; it has a lower than expected mean absorbance and the largest standard error of the mean.
Which of the following experimental changes would allow the scientist to observe transport of a solute across the artificial membrane?
Use a small, nonpolar solute instead of a protein
Which of the following best predicts which diagrammed microscope view the laboratory worker would see and best explains why?
View 2 because the rate of water movement into the RBCs equals the rate of water movement out of the cells
Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above?
Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?
Based on the data from the investigation, which of the following is the best scientific question about organisms living in water that is polluted with organic solvents?
Will organisms living in polluted environments exhibit detrimental effects from an increased permeability of their cellular membranes?
Site of glucose synthesis
b. chloroplasts
The last part of the metamorphosis of a tadpole to an adult frog results in the disappearance of the tail. This stage of development most likely occurs by
cells of the tail dying and the nutrients being absorbed and reused by the body
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both
depend on a concentration gradient
All of the following changes would be likely to decrease the rate of transpiration at 8 A.M. EXCEPT
increasing the water potential of the soil
All of the following cell components are found in prokaryotic cells EXCEPT
nuclear envelope
Water enters and leaves the plant cells primarily by
osmosis