Ap bio 8.2

How can changed in every availability affect populations and ecosystems ?

- can result in changes in population size -can result in disruptions to an ecosystem

What are food webs? What do they do?

- consist of many interconnected food chains -the transfer of energy between trophic levels is inefficient. -(typically, around 10% efficient.

How do ectotherms regulate their body temperature?

- ectotherms lack efficient internal mechanisms to regulate and maintain body temperature so they rely on behaviors to regulate temperature - An example of this would be moving out into the sun

What does energy inefficiency do in food webs?

- it limits the length of food chains and the size of populations -typically population size decreases up trophic levels

What can a change in the producer level affect ?

- the number and size of the trophic levels

What is an example of how different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability ?

-Grixxly bears mate between May and JUly -Females delay implantation of their eggs in the uterus until October or November -Successful implantation does not occur when food is limited, and female has not accumulated enough fat reserves before hibernation - Fertilized egg will be reabsorbed and will not develop

Essential Knowledge

-Organisms use energy to maintain organization, grow, and reproduce. -Changes in energy availability can result in changes in population size. -Changes in energy availability can result in disruptions to an ecosystem. -Autotrophs capture energy from physical or chemical sources in the environment. -Heterotrophs capture energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms.

How do the activities of autotrophs and heterotrophs enable the flow of energy within an ecosystem? What is a heterotroph?

-a heterotroph captures energy present in carbon compound forms produces by other organisms - heterotrophs metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and protein as sources of energy by hydrolysis

How do the activities of autotrophs and heterotrophs enable the flow of energy within an ecosystem? What is an autotroph?

-autotrophs are organisms that capture energy from physical or chemical sources in the environment -Photosynthetic organisms capture energy present in sunlight

What are examples of endotherms using metabolism to regulate body temperature?

-changes in heart rate, fat storage, muscular contractions (shivering), sweating

How do chemosynthetic organisms obtain energy? Is this an autotroph or a heterotroph?

-from small inorganic molecules present in their environment with or without oxygen - this is a autotroph

how do different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability ?

-seasonal reproduction in animals and plants occurs at different times of the year -Plants produce pollen at the tomes of year when pollinators will be active. -animals often reproduce in the spring and summer when food is more available to support offspring

What is a food chain? What does it do?

-shows the direction of nutrient and energy transfer from one organism to another -Each organism occupies a different trophic level and reflects how many energy transfers separate it from the producer. EXAMPLE: Primary producer-> primary CONSUMER-> secondary consumer-> tertiary consumer-> quadenternary consumer->decomposer

What is Metabolic rate?

-the amount of energy expended by an animal over a specific amount of time

What can a change in energy resources such as sunlight affect?

-the number and size of the trophic levels

Some species produce few offspring at one time:

-this is more energy efficient - more common in stable ecological environments

How does a net gain in energy or net loss of energy impact an organism?

A net gain in energy results in energy storage or growth for an organism while a net loss of energy results in loss of mass an ultimately the death of an organism

How do autotrophs obtain energy?

Autotrophs obtain energy by making their own food. from physical or chemical

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.

Batesian mimicry

How do changes in energy availability impact populations and ecosystems?

Changes in energy availability can result in change sin population size and disruption to and ecosystem

ecological relationship in which one species receives a benefit but the other species is not affected one way or another

Commensalism

trophic level

Each step in a food chain or food web

How do organisms regulate body temperate and metabolism?

Endotherms and ectotherms use different strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism

How do endotherms regulate body temperature?

Endotherms use thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.

Eutrophication

interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants)

Herbivory

How do heterotrophs capture energy?

Heterotrophs capture energy present in carbon compounds produces by other organisms

What is a photoperiod?

Length of daylight and darkness

ecological relationship between two species in which each species gets a benefit from the interaction

Mutualism

ecological relationship in which one organism benefits by harming another organism

Parasitism

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

Predation

the percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration

Production efficiency

An index of community diversity symbolized by H and represented by the equation H = -(pA ln pA + pB ln pB + pC ln pC + ...), where A, B, C, ... are species, p is the relative abundance of each species, and ln is the natural logarithm.

Shannon Diversity Index

What is the relationship between the metabolic rate and size of an organism?

There is a relationship between the metabolic rate per unit body mass and size multicellular organisms, with generally the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate

Practice unit 8

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The bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators

aposematic coloration

An approach that applies the top-down model of community organization to alter ecosystem characteristics. For example, ecologists can prevent algal blooms and eutrophication by altering the density of higher-level consumers in lakes instead of by using chemical treatments.

biomanipulation

A model of community organization in which mineral nutrients influence community organization by controlling plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control herbivore numbers, which in turn control predator numbers.

bottom-up model

The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species.

character displacement

an interaction between organisms or species in which both the organisms or species are harmed

competition

The concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population.

competitive exclusion

camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background

cryptic coloration

What reproductive strategies do organisms use in response to energy availability?

different organisms use various reproductive strategies un response to energy availability

the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

ecological niche

An organism that influences community structure by causing physical changes in the environment.

ecosystem engineers

A parasite that feeds on the external surface of a host.

ectoparasite

A parasite that lives within a host.

endoparasite

A ecological interaction in which individuals of one species benefit by feeding on individuals of the other species. Exploitative interaction include predation, herbivory and parasitism.

exploitation

The pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level,

food chain

the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem

food web

a species that has a strong role in structuring a community as a result of its large size, high abundance, or pivotal role in community dynamics.Foundation species may provide significant habitat or food for other species

foundation species

The total primary production of an ecosystem.

gross primary production

The larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, often providing a home and food source for the smaller symbiont.

host

what can a net gain in energy result in?

in energy growth and storage

relationships between species in a community

interspecific interactions

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

keystone species

An element that must be added for production to increase in a particular area.

limiting nutrient

what can a net loss in energy result in?

loss of mass and possibly death

The gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by all autotrophs and heterotrophs for respiration.

net ecosystem production

the gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration.

net primary production

an organism that lives in or on another organism; one who lives off another person

parasite

ecological interaction between individuals of two species in which at least one individual benefits and neither is harmed

positive interactions

The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (organic compounds) by autotrophs in an ecosystem during a given time period

primary production

The proportional abundance of different species in a community.

relative abundance

The amount of chemical energy energy in consumers food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period.

secondary production

Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability for example:

some species produce a lot of offspring at one time which is less energy efficient - this is more common in unstable environments where resources are not readily available and the environment experiences frequent changes

The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community.

species diversity

the number of different species in a community

species richness

GENERALLY, THE SMALLER THE ORGANISM

the higher the metabolic rate

What is a trophic level?

the position an organism occupies in a food chain

A model of community organization in which predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which in turn control plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control nutrient levels; also called the trophic cascade model.

top-down model

The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.

trophic efficiency

The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling

trophic structure