AP BIO

____ 56. Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

it is found in the cytosol, doesn't involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms

63. Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

stroma of the chloroplast

83. Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place?

stroma of the chloroplast

____ 27. Which of the following represents the activation energy required for a noncatalyzed reaction?

c

____ 94. inactive in the dark

c

____ 30. What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which glucose (C6H12O6) is degraded to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water?

c cellular respiration

6. Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) some aspect of energy in living organisms?

e. A, B, and C

____ 14. Which of the following statements regarding ATP is (are) correct?

e. A, B, and C a. ATP serves as a main energy shuttle inside cells. b. ATP drives endergonic reactions in the cell by the enzymatic transfer of the phosphate group to specific reactants. c. The regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate is an endergonic reaction.

____ 31. Which of the following statements is (are) correct about an oxidation-reduction (or redox) reaction?

e. Both A and B are correct. a. The molecule that is reduced gains electrons. b. The molecule that is oxidized loses electrons.

4. Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways?

e. both B and C b. They are highly regulated sequences of chemical reactions. c. They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.

2. Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

e. catabolism

____ 33. Where does glycolysis takes place?

e. cytosol

____ 41. During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?

e. mitochondrial matrix

____ 52. Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water?

e. oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)

74. What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve?

establishment of a proton gradient

65. During photosynthesis, visible light has enough energy to

excite electrons

____ 96. CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they

fix CO2 into organic acids during the night

____ 54. Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of the cell?

glycolysis and fermentation

68. In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?

harvest protons and transfer light energy to the reaction center chlorophyll

____ 57. You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a "low carb" diet. How did the fat leave her body?

it was released as CO2 and H2O

____ 97. In C4 photosynthesis, carbon fixation takes place in the ____ cells, and then is transferred as malic or aspartic acid to ____ cells, where carbon dioxide is released for entry into the Calvin cycle.

mesophyll; bundle-sheath

66. The figure below shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they different?

other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll

76. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it

64. A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are not being absorbed by this pigment?

red and yellow

55. In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH during the

reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol

61. What is the primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis

to produce ATP and NADPH

80. reduction of NADP+

a

____ 22. Which of the following terms best describes the reaction?

b. exergonic

67. What wavelength of light is most effective in driving photosynthesis?

420 mm

86. One carbon dioxide molecule reacts in each "turn" of the Calvin cycle. How many turns of the cycle are required for the synthesis of one glucose molecule?

6

____ 99. Which of the following statements is true concerning the figure?

A and C

75. In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?

A and C thylakoid membrane, inner mitochondrial membrane

71. Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are true?

A, B, C

85. Which of the following is (are) required in the Calvin cycle?

A, B, C

1. Which of the following describe(s) some aspect of metabolism?

A, B, and C

62. What are the products of the light reactions that are subsequently used by the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

____ 60. Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

____ 59. Which type of organism obtains energy by metabolizing molecules produced by other organisms?

B and C autotrophs and decomposers

72. As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from?

C) cyclic electron flow

____ 98. Plants that fix CO2 into organic acids at night when the stomata are open and carry out the Calvin cycle during the day when the stomata are closed are called

CAM plants

____ 88. produces molecular oxygen (O2)

a

____ 90. produces NADPH

a

____ 32. Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

a. C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.

5. Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

7. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

a. dehydration reactions

10. A chemical reaction that has a positive G is correctly described as

a. endergonic.

____ 53. Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?

a. glycolysis

____ 24. Which of the following bests describes the reaction?

a. negative G, spontaneous

____ 34. The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

a. substrate-level phosphorylation.

____ 47. During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by ____ and used primarily for ____.

a. the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis

____ 58. Organisms that can exist with light as an energy source and an inorganic form of carbon and other raw materials

are called autotrophs

79. reduction of oxygen which forms water

b

89. requires ATP

b

91. produces three-carbon sugars

b

____ 26. Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

b

____ 92. requires CO2

b

____ 40. In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

b. 2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.

____ 17. Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?

b. Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction.

8. The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is: G = H - T S. Which of the following is (are) incorrect?

b. H is the change in enthalpy, the energy available to do work.

____ 11. Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?

b. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.

9. Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?

b. The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

____ 35. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

b. accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

____ 45. The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

b. act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

____ 29. How does a non-competitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?

b. by binding at an alternative site and changing the structure of the enzyme

____ 43. During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?

b. food NADH electron transport chain oxygen

____ 36. Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?

b. glycolysis

____ 19. An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by

b. lowering the energy of activation of a reaction.

____ 42. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

78. synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism

c

81. generation of proton gradients across membranes

c

____ 18. Which of the following is not true of enzymes?

c. Enzymes provide activation energy for the reaction they catalyze.

____ 39. In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

c. NADH and pyruvate

3. Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) catabolic pathways?

c. They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers.

____ 16. Sucrose is a disaccharide, composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase results in

c. breaking the bond between glucose and fructose and forming new bonds

____ 12. ATP generally energizes a cellular process by

c. coupling free energy released by ATP hydrolysis to free energy needed by other reactions.

____ 21. Which curve represents the behavior of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?

c. curve 3

____ 13. What term is used to describe the transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways?

c. energy coupling

____ 50. The primary function of the mitochondrion is the production of ATP. To carry out this function, the mitochondrion must have all of the following except

c. enzymes for glycolysis.

____ 44. Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

c. mitochondrial inner membrane

____ 46. During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?

c. molecular oxygen (O2)

____ 38. During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is

c. retained in the pyruvate.

70. All of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis except

carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA

____ 100. Oxygen would inhibit the CO2 fixation reactions in

cell II only

____ 23. Which of the following represents the G of the reaction?

d

____ 93. requires glucose

d

____ 25. Which of the following represents the difference between the free-energy content of the reaction and the free-energy content of the products?

d.

____ 51. How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be released from the complete aerobic respiration of a molecule of sucrose (C12H22 O11), a disaccharide?

d. 12

____ 15. How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

d. Add a catalyst.

____ 28. Which best describes the reaction?

d. The amount of free energy released as a result of the catalyzed reaction is indicated by "d."

____ 20. According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, which of the following is CORRECT?

d. The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site.

____ 37. Which of the following statements about glycolysis false?

d. The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O.

____ 48. When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the

d. creation of a proton gradient.

____ 49. Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?

d. inner membrane

73. Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?

synthesis of ATP

84. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

synthesize simple sugars from CO2

82. Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

the light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to calvin cycle, the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to light reactions

87. All of the following statements are correct regarding the Calvin cycle except:

these reactions begin soon after sundown and before sunrise

____ 95. Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?

they use PEP carboxylase to intially fix CO2

69. The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because

this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm

77. Where is the electron transport chain found in plant cells?

thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts