AP Bio Ch 53, 55 Practice

Using the table, determine which age class year would cause the largest decline in the resulting population growth, if it were wiped out by disease. A) age class year 1 B) age class year 2 C) age class year 3 D) age class year 4

A

Using the table, how would you describe the population dynamics of the Eurasian lizard, Z. vivipara? A) The population is increasing. B) The population is decreasing. C) The population is stable. D) The table does not provide this information

A

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion? A) red squirrels, who actively defend territories B) cattails, which grow primarily at edges of lakes and streams C) dwarf mistletoes, which parasitize particular species of forest tree D) lake trout, which seek out cold, deep water high in dissolved oxygen

A

Which of the following statements about human populations in industrialized countries is incorrect? A) Birth rates and death rates are high. B) Average family size is relatively small. C) The population has undergone the demographic transition. D) The survivorship curve is Type I.

A

Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others? A) heterotrophs B) herbivores C) carnivores D) primary consumers

A

Which of the following traits is characteristic of K-selected populations? A) offspring with good chances of survival B) many offspring per reproductive episode C) small offspring D) a high intrinsic rate of increase

A

Which one of the following correctly ranks these organisms in order from lowest to highest percent in production efficiency? A) mammals, fish, insects B) insects, fish, mammals C) fish, insects, mammals D) mammals, insects, fish

A

Use the survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. Which curve best describes survivorship in elephants? A) A B) B C) C D) E

A

A population's carrying capacity A) may change as environmental conditions change. B) can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model. C) increases as the per capita population growth rate decreases. D) can never be exceeded.

A

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square kilometer (km2) in one woodlot and 20 km2 in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing? A) density B) dispersion C) carrying capacity D) range

A

Consider the food chain of grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk. About how much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100 percent) is available to the hawk? A) 0.01% B) 0.1% C) 1% D) 10%

A

During exponential growth, a population always A) has a constant per capita population growth rate. B) quickly reaches its carrying capacity. C) cycles through time. D) loses some individuals to emigration

A

During exponential growth, a population always ________. A) grows at its maximum per capita rate B) quickly reaches its carrying capacity C) adds more new individuals when the population is small than when it is large D) loses some individuals to emigration

A

How does inefficient transfer of energy among trophic levels result in the typically high endangerment status of many top-level predators? A) Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed. B) Predators have relatively large population sizes. C) Predators are more disease-prone than animals at lower trophic levels. D) Top-level predators are more likely to be stricken with parasites

A

In the figure, which of the following survivorship curves most applies to humans living in developed countries? A) curve A B) curve B C) curve C D) curve A or curve B

A

In which of the following situations would you expect to find the largest number of r-selected individuals? A) a recently abandoned agricultural field in Colorado B) a sand dune community south of Lake Michigan C) an old-growth forest with large, mature trees D) a coral reef community off the coast of Mexico

A

Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, has revealed that A) predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling. B) hares and lynx are so mutually dependent that each species cannot survive without the other. C) both hare and lynx population sizes are affected mainly by abiotic factors. D) the hare population is r-selected and the lynx population is K-selected.

A

The figure represents the dynamics of ________. A) metapopulations B) extinction C) emigration D) both extinction and emigration

A

A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Using these birth and death rates, calculate an estimate of the total number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year. A) 120 individuals added B) 40 individuals added C) 20 individuals added D) 400 individuals added

B

A population of white-footed mice becomes severely overpopulated in a habitat that has beendisturbed by human activity. Sometimes intrinsic factors cause the population to increase in mortality and cause lower reproduction rates to occur in reaction to the stress of overpopulation. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic population control? A) Owl populations frequent the area more often because of increased hunting success. B) Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation, and many individuals sufferdepressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation. C) Clumped dispersion of the population leads to increased spread of disease and parasites, resulting in a population crash. D) All of the resources (food and shelter) are used up by overpopulation, and much of the population dies of exposure and/or starvation.

B

After looking at the figure, what can be said about productivity in this ecosystem? A) Nothing can be said based on this information. B) Between 80% and 90% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels. C) Between 10% and 20% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels. D) Productivity increases with each trophic level.

B

After looking at the results in the figure, what can be concluded about productivity in the experimental ecosystem? A) Productivity is higher at depth than at the surface, but only initially. B) Productivity is higher at the surface than at depth; however, an additional experiment could further test the effect of depth by introducing FeSO4 at 30 m deep and measuring the chlorophyll a response. C) Productivity is higher at the surface than at depth, and would be predicted to increase sharply after day 12. D) Productivity at a depth of 30 m is low only because of a lack of sunlight, not a lack of iron sulfate

B

As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following outcomes is predicted by the logistic equation? A) The population growth rate will not change. B) The population growth rate will approach zero. C) The population size will increase exponentially. D) The carrying capacity of the environment will increase.

B

During a year, plants never use 100% of the incoming solar radiation for photosynthesis. What is a reasonable explanation for this? A) Plants cannot photosynthesize as well in warm temperatures as in cold temperatures. B) Plants do not intercept all incoming light, as some light will strike water, bare soil, or rock. C) The pigments that drive photosynthesis absorb all of the wavelengths of light that are available; however, some of the light is subsequently reflected. D) At least 75% of all incoming light is reflected, absorbed, or scattered back by clouds in the atmosphere.

B

Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Species C is toxic to predators. Which species is most likely to benefit from being a mimic of C? A) A B) B C) C D) E

B

For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids composed of species abundances, biomass, and energy are similar in that they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that ________. A) secondary consumers and top carnivores require less energy than producers B) at each step, energy is lost from the system C) biomagnification of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores D) top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producer

B

How is net ecosystem production (NEP) typically estimated in ecosystems? A) by detecting the amount of heat energy released by the ecosystem B) by measuring gas exchange from vegetation as well as estimates of respiration by all other organisms C) by measuring the rate of decomposition by detritivores D) by calculating the annual total of incoming solar radiation per unit of area

B

In July 2008, the United States had a population of approximately 302,000,000 people. How many Americans were there in July 2009, if the estimated 2008 growth rate was 0.88%? A) 567,760,000 B) 304,657,600 C) 304,000,000 D) 2,657,600

B

In the figure, populations of a plant species labeled I, II, and III are depicted using simplified age structures containing three age classes: young seedlings, middle-aged juveniles, and older adults. Which population(s) appear(s) to have stable growth? A) I B) III C) I and II D) II and III

B

In the figure, which of the following survivorship curves implies that an animal may lay many eggs, of which a regular number die each year on a logarithmic scale? A) curve A B) curve B C) curve C D) curves A or C

B

Long-term studies of Belding's ground squirrels show that immigrants move nearly 2 kilometers from where they are born and become 1%-8% of the males and 0.7%-6% of the females in other populations. On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant? A) These immigrants make up for the deaths of individuals, keeping the other populations' size stable. B) These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations. C) Those individuals that emigrate to these new populations are looking for less crowded conditions with more resources. D) Gradually, the populations of ground squirrels will move from a clumped to a uniform population pattern of dispersion.

B

Looking at the data in the figure, what can be said about survival and clutch size? A) Animals with low survival tend to have smaller clutch sizes. B) Large clutch size correlates with low survival. C) Animals with high survival tend to have medium-sized clutches. D) Probability of survivorship does not correlate with clutch size.

B

Many of the organisms in the ocean are nutrient-limited. If you wanted to investigate this phenomenon, one reasonable approach would be to ________. A) observe Antarctic Ocean productivity from year to year to see if it changes B) experimentally enrich some areas of the ocean and compare their productivity to that of untreated areas C) compare nutrient concentrations between the photic zone and the benthic zone in various marine locations D) contrast nutrient uptake by autotrophs in marine locations that are different temperatures

B

Matter may be gained by, or lost from, ecosystems. How does this occur? A) Chemoautotrophic organisms can convert matter to energy. B) Matter can move from one ecosystem to another. C) Photosynthetic organisms convert solar energy to sugars. D) Heterotrophs convert heat to energy.

B

Owls eat rats, mice, shrews, and small birds. Assume that, over a period of time, an owl consumes 5,000 J of animal material. The owl loses 2,300 J in feces and owl pellets and uses 2,500 J for cellular respiration. What is the production efficiency of this owl? A) 8% B) 7.4% C) 2% D) 40%

B

Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to A) determine a population's carrying capacity. B) determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population. C) determine if a population is regulated by density-dependent processes. D) determine the factors that affect the size of a population.

B

The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that A) resources are distributed unevenly. B) the members of the population are competing for access to a resource. C) the members of the population are neither attracted to nor repelled by one another. D) the density of the population is low.

B

To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum, ________. A) producers B) producers and decomposers C) producers, primary consumers, and decomposers D) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers

B

Use the figures to answer the following question. Based on the diagrams in the figure and on the large population of baby boomers in the United States, which graph best reflects U.S. population in 20 years? A) A B) B C) C D) D

B

What is the primary limiting factor that determines why no female animal can produce a very large number of very large eggs? A) Time is limited. B) There are energy constraints. C) Temperature constraints will prevent females from carrying too many eggs. D) There will be an increase in predation pressure if the females carry too many large eggs.

B

Which of the following ecosystems would likely have the largest net primary productivity per hectare and why? A) open ocean, because of the total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs B) grassland, because of rapid growth, the small standing crop biomass that results from consumption by herbivores, and rapid decomposition C) tundra, because of the incredibly rapid period of growth during the summer season D) deep ocean, due to the high activity of chemoautotrophs at deep sea vents

B

Which of the following examples are plausible explanations for a population that would produce curve A in the figure? I. Ongoing predation of rabbits throughout their lives II. Susceptibility of older humans to heart disease III. High seedling mortality in sunflowers A) I only B) II only C) I and II D) II and III

B

Which of the following scenarios would provide the most accurate data on population density? A) Count the number of nests of a particular species of songbird and multiply this by a factor that extrapolates these data to actual animals. B) Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10-meter-square plots and extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area these plots represent. C) Use the mark-recapture method to estimate the size of the population. D) Calculate the difference between all of the immigrants and emigrants to see if the population is growing or shrinking

B

Which of the following statements about human population in industrialized countries are correct? I) Life history is r-selected. II) The population has undergone the demographic transition. III) The survivorship curve is Type III. IV)Age distribution is relatively uniform. A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV

B

Why does the U.S. population continue to grow even though the United States has essentially established a zero population growth (ZPG)? A) emigration B) immigration C) baby boomer reproduction D) the 2007-2009 economic recession

B

You observe two breeding female fish of the same species. One female lays 100 eggs and the other female lays 1,000 eggs. Which one of the following outcomes is most likely, given the limits of fitness trade-offs? A) The female laying 1,000 eggs breeds more often than the female laying 100 eggs. B) The female laying 100 eggs lives longer than the female laying 1,000 eggs. C) The eggs from the female laying 1,000 eggs have larger yolks than the yolks of the eggs from the female laying 100 eggs. D) The female laying 100 eggs is larger than the female laying 1,000 eggs.

B

A porcupine eats 3,000 J of plant material. Of this, 2,100 J is indigestible and is eliminated asfeces, 800 J are used in cellular respiration, and 100 J are used for growth and reproduction. What is the approximate production efficiency of this animal? A) 0.03% B) 3% C) 11% D) 33%

C

After looking at the experiment in the figure, what can be concluded about productivity in marine ecosystems? A) Nothing can be said based on this information. B) Marine organisms break down iron for energy and thus for productivity. C) Iron can be a limiting nutrient in productivity. D) Productivity increases when chlorophyll a is added.

C

Based on current growth rates, Earth's human population in 2019 will be closest to A) 2.5 million. B) 4.5 billion. C) 7.5 billion. D) 10.5 billion.

C

Consider two old-growth forests: One is undisturbed while the other is being logged. In which region are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why? A) old growth, because of stable conditions that would favor exponential growth of all species in the forest B) old growth, because each of the species is well established and can produce many offspring C) logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow D) logged, because the various populations are stimulated to a higher reproductive potential

C

Graph (b) in the figure shows the normal fluctuations of a population of grouse, a ground-nesting bird. Assuming graph (a) in the figure is the result of some experimental treatment in the grouse population, what can be concluded? A) The experimental treatment intensified the population cycling. B) The experimental treatment did not affect population cycling in this species. C) The experimental treatment has most likely identified the cause of population cycling. D) The experimental treatment involved the introduction of a predator of the bird.

C

If the figure represents a marine food web, zooplankton are most likely ________. A) A B) B C) C D) E

C

If the sun were to suddenly stop providing energy to Earth, most ecosystems would eventually vanish. Which of the following ecosystems would likely survive the longest after this hypothetical disaster? A) pelagic ocean B) tundra C) deep benthic ocean D) a desert spring

C

In 2008, the population of New Zealand was approximately 4,275,000 people. If the birth rate was 14 births for every 1,000 people, approximately how many births occurred in New Zealand in 2008? A) 6,000 B) 42,275 C) 59,850 D) 140,000

C

In the accompanying life table of a hypothetical population, what are the missing values for lx (y and z)? lx = the proportion alive at the start of year (age specific survivorship rate). A) y = 0.5, z = 0.5 B) y = 1.0, z = 0.5 C) y = 0.5, z = 0.1 D) y = 1.0, z = 0.2

C

In the ecosystem figure, which unit of the food web has the potential to lose the most energy as heat? A) secondary and tertiary consumers B) primary consumers C) primary producers D) microorganisms and other detritivores

C

In the figure, curves A-D depict per capita rate increases (r). Which of the following best explains the difference between the shapes of these curves? A) The population growth is logistic as generations continue to form. B) The growth is exponential for curves A and B, but because population growth for C and D is slower, it is considered logistic. C) Population growth within each curve gets steeper as time passes because growth depends on both per capita rates of increase and current population size. D) Curve A has the fastest rate of logistic growth.

C

In the figure, imagine a different scenario where the death rate per capita was dependent upon (and positively correlated with) the density of the population, and the birth rate was instead density independent. As the density of the population increased, ________. A) the death rate would decrease and the birth rate would decrease B) the death rate would increase and the birth rate would decrease C) the death rate would increase and the birth rate would remain stable D) the death rate would remain stable and the birth rate would increase

C

In the figure, what could the jagged arrow leaving microorganisms and other detritivores represent? A) organic compounds broken down by bacteria B) energy consumed by bacteria C) energy lost from a worm during cellular respiration D) CO2 and heat loss from decomposing materials due to the effects of solar radiation and precipitation

C

Which of the following statements regarding the future of populations in developing, less industrialized countries are correct? I) The reproductive rates are predicted to remain below replacement level. II) Survivorship will increase. III) Overall population size will increase dramatically. IV)The fertility rate is predicted to remain high, especially in some regions. A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only II, III, and IV D) only I, II, and II

C

Which statements about K are correct? I) K varies among populations. II) K varies in space. III) K varies in time. IV)K is constant for any given species. A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and III D) only II, III, and IV

C

Looking at the figure, what factor is contributing significantly to stabilizing the population size over time? I) no migration II) low migration III) high migration A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III

C

Starting from a single individual, what is the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a 2-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.) A) 16 B) 32 C) 64 D) 128

C

Suppose researchers marked 800 turtles and later were able to trap a total of 300 individuals in that population, of which 150 were marked. What is the estimate for total population size? A) 200 B) 1,050 C) 1,600 D) 2,100

C

Suppose you are studying the nitrogen cycling between vegetation, sediments, and water in apond ecosystem over the course of a month. While you are collecting data, a flock of 100 Canadageese lands and spends the night during a fall migration. What could you do to eliminate error in your study as a result of this event? A) Find out how much nitrogen is consumed in plant material by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and add that amount to the total nitrogen in the ecosystem. B) Find out how much nitrogen is eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and subtract that amount from the total nitrogen in the ecosystem. C) Find out how much nitrogen is consumed from vegetation and eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period and multiply this number by 100; enter this +/- value into the nitrogen budget of the ecosystem. D) Put a net over the pond so that no more migrating flocks can land on the pond and alter the nitrogen balance of the pond.

C

To measure the population of lake trout in a 250-hectare lake, 400 individual trout were netted and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake was netted again, and out of the 200 lake trout that were caught, 50 had fin clips. Using the mark-recapture estimate, the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following? A) 200 B) 400 C) 1,600 D) 80,000

C

Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with ________. A) patterns of high humidity B) the random distribution of seeds C) competitive interaction between individuals of the same population D) the concentration of nutrients within the population's range

C

What advantage would there be for an ecosystem ecologist to measure net ecosystem production (NEP) instead of net primary production (NPP)? A) NPP cannot be expressed in energy/unit of area/unit of time. B) NEP can be expressed in terms of carbon fixed by photosynthesis for an entire ecosystem, minus respiration by producers, allowing the measurement of net CO2 flux. C) NEP represents the amount of energy from light converted to chemical energy, minus the energy used by all organisms for cellular respiration, which could indicate whether or not carbon is being stored. D) NPP shows the rate at which the standing crop is utilized by consumers

C

Which of the following examples would most accurately measure the dispersion of a population being studied? A) counting the number of times a one-kilometer transect is intersected by tracks of red squirrels after a snowfall B) measuring the distance between several burrows within a large prairie dog colony in a grassland C) measuring the average distance between individuals and their nearest neighbor, and then analyzing the variation and comparing those measurements at larger scales D) counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations

C

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling within an ecosystem? A) the ecosystem's rate of primary production B) the secondary production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers C) the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem D) the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem

C

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding mineral nutrients in soils and their implication for primary productivity? A) Globally, phosphorous availability is most limiting to primary productivity. B) Adding a nonlimiting nutrient will stimulate primary productivity. C) Phosphorous is sometimes unavailable to producers due to leaching. D) Alkaline soils are more productive than acidic soils.

C

Which of the following organisms is correctly paired with its trophic level? A) cyanobacterium—primary consumer B) grasshopper—secondary consumer C) phytoplankton—primary producer D) fungus—primary consumer

C

Why is it that satellites, using wavelength reflectance technology, detect variable levels of productivity across Earth's oceans, rather than an increase toward the equator? A) Temperatures at the equator often exceed those which are optimal for primary production. B) Light at the equator is too constant and direct. C) NPP in Earth's open oceans could differ due to variability in depth, the presence of coral reefs,or by ocean currents. D) Satellites detect differences by measuring the amount of water vapor emitted by transpiring producers, and this is a variable measurement in the oceans.

C

You own 300 acres of patchy temperate forest mixed with grassy meadows. Which one of the following actions would increase the net primary productivity of the area the most? A) adding fertilizer to the entire area B) introducing 100 rabbits into the area C) planting 500 new trees D) relocating all of the deer found in the area

C

A recent study of ecological footprints concluded that ________. A) Earth's carrying capacity would increase if per capita meat consumption increased B) current demand by industrialized countries for resources is much smaller than the ecological footprint of those countries C) it is not possible for technological improvements to increase Earth's carrying capacity for humans D) the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high

D

Analyzing ecological footprints reveals that A) Earth's carrying capacity would increase if per capita meat consumption increased. B) current demand by industrialized countries for resources is much smaller than the ecological footprint of those countries. C) it is not possible for technological improvements to increase Earth's carrying capacity for humans. D) the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.

D

Based on the figure, which of the following are plausible reasons for the results? I) Nutrients in the control watershed are being lost due to evapotranspiration from leaves. II) Nutrients dissolve in the water running through the watershed. III) Nutrients are attached to small particles of sand or clay that leave the watershed. IV) Intact vegetation includes plant roots that held soil particles and prevented nutrient loss. A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) I, II, III, and IV D) only II, III, and IV

D

Based on the figure, which of the following statements correctly interprets the data? A) Clutch size is always lowest at a density of about 35 females. B) As female density increases, survivorship decreases. C) Clutch size increases as female density increases. D) Clutch size is inversely related to density

D

Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Which pair of species could be omnivores? A) A and D B) B and C C) C and D D) C and E

D

Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Which species is most likely a decomposer on this food web? A) A B) B C) C D) E

D

If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starting from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be accurate? A) Polar bears can provide more food for humans than seals can. B) The total biomass of the fish is lower than that of the seals. C) Seal populations are larger than fish populations. D) Fish can potentially provide more food for humans than seal meat.

D

If you applied a fungicide to a cornfield, what would you expect to happen to the rate of decomposition and net ecosystem production (NEP)? A) Both decomposition rate and NEP would decrease. B) Both decomposition rate and NEP would increase. C) Decomposition rate would increase and NEP would decrease. D) Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase.

D

Imagine that you are managing a large game ranch. You know from historical accounts that a species of deer used to live there, but they have been extirpated. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriately sized founding population, you reintroduce them. You then watch the population increase for several generations, and graph the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the number of generations (horizontal axis). With no natural predators impacting the population, the graph will likely appear as ________. A) a diagonal line, getting higher with each generation B) an "S" that ends with a vertical line C) an upside-down "U" D) a "J," increasing with each generation

D

Looking at the data in the figure from the hare/lynx experiment, what conclusion(s) can you draw? I) Food is a factor in controlling hare population size. II) Excluding lynx is a factor in controlling hare population size. III) The effect of excluding predators and adding food in the same experiment is greater than the sum of excluding lynx alone plus adding food alone. A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and II

D

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between ________. A) choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live B) producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization C) increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care D) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

D

Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering thelogistic equation for the wolf population, which of the factors accounts for the effect of the moose population? A) r B) N C) rN D) K

D

Use the survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. 20) Use the survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. Which statement best explains survivorship curve B? A) It is likely a species that provides little postnatal care, but lots of care for offspring during midlife as indicated by increased survivorship. B) This curve is likely for a species that produces lots of offspring, only a few of which are expected to survive. C) It is likely a species where no individuals in the cohort die when they are at 60-70% relative age. D) Survivorship can only decrease; therefore, this curve could not happen in nature.

D

Use the survivorship curves in the figure to answer the following question. Which curve best describes survivorship in marine mollusks? A) A B) B C) C D) E

D

What conclusion can you draw from the figure? A) Hares decrease in number just before lynx population size increases. B) Lynx control hare population size. C) Lynx and hare populations are independent of each other. D) The relationship between the populations cannot be determined only from this graph.

D

What treatment results that were presumably part of the experimental design are not fully depicted in the graph? A) Chlorophyll a concentration at 30 m depth within the treatment area B) Chlorophyll a concentration at the surface within the treatment area C) An indicator of net primary production in the treatment area at the surface and at 30 m deep D) An indicator of net primary production outside the treatment area at depth and at 30 m deep

D

Which of the following assumptions must be made regarding the mark-recapture estimate of population size? I) Marked and unmarked individuals have the same probability of being trapped. II) The marked individuals have thoroughly mixed with the population after being marked. III) No individuals have entered or left the population by immigration or emigration, and no individuals have been added by birth or eliminated by death during the course of the estimate. A) I only B) II only C) I and II only D) I, II, and III

D

Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? A) favorable climatic conditions B) removal of predators C) decreased death rate D) competition for resources

D

Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems? A) Many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders. B) Decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy. C) Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition. D) Energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient.

D

Which of the following is the best natural example of a uniform pattern of dispersion? A) bees collecting pollen in a wildflower meadow B) moss spores floating in the wind to new locations of a forest C) territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season D) mushrooms growing on the floor of an old growth forest

D

Which of the following is the most important assumption for the mark-recapture method to estimate the size of wildlife populations? A) More individuals emigrate from, as opposed to immigrate into, a population. B) Over 50% of the marked individuals were trapped during the recapture phase. C) There is a 50:50 ratio of males to females in the population before and after trapping and recapture. D) Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.

D

Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves? A) semelparous; r-selected B) semelparous; K-selected C) iteroparous; r-selected D) iteroparous; K-selected

D

Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is consumed but not used to produce new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem? A) It is undigested and winds up in the feces and is not passed on to higher trophic levels. B) It is used by organisms to maintain their life processes through the reactions of cellular respiration. C) Heat produced by cellular respiration is used by heterotrophs for thermoregulation. D) It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat as a result of cellular respiration consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.

D

Which trophic level is most vulnerable to extinction? A) producer level B) primary consumer level C) secondary consumer level D) tertiary consumer level

D

Why does a vegetarian leave a smaller ecological footprint than an omnivore? A) Fewer animals are slaughtered for human consumption. B) There is an excess of plant biomass in all terrestrial ecosystems. C) Vegetarians need to ingest less chemical energy than omnivores. D) Eating meat is an inefficient way of acquiring photosynthetic productivity

D

Why is terrestrial productivity higher in equatorial climates? A) Productivity increases with temperature. B) Productivity increases with water availability. C) Productivity increases with available sunlight. D) The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.

D