AP Bio Chapter 1-3 Quiz

Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water? 1. Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of two adjacent water molecules 2. Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules 3. Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule 4. Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule 5. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other types of molecules

3. Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

What is the maximum number of atoms or molecules a single carbon atom can bond with?

4

Complex polymers are built from combinations of smaller monomers. What type of reaction is shown, and what is a product of the following reaction? Assume water is also produced.

A dehydration reaction producing sucrose and water

What are the monomers that make up proteins called?

Amino acids

What type of protein facilitates or accelerates chemical reactions?

An enzyme

Where is the linkage made that combines two amino acids?

Between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other

How do buffers help prevent drastic swings in pH?

Buffers absorb excess hydrogen and hydroxide ions to prevent increases or decrease in pH. An example is the bicarbonate system in human body.

Which of the following is used to carry the genetic code? A. Proteins B. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic acids D. Lipids E. Steroids

C. Nucleic acids

A feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is the presence of what? A. ionizing chemical groups B. electrons C. carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other D. oxygen E. hydrogen bonds

C. carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other

What makes up the outer layer of some insects?

Carbohydrates

What property of carbon makes it essential for organic life?

Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing it to form long chains.

Plant cells walls contain which of the following in abundance?

Cellulose

Which of the following may cause a protein to denature?

Changes in pH, high temperatures, and the additions of some chemicals

The unique properties of water are important in biological processes. For the following three properties of water, define the property and give one example of how the property affects living organisms: 1. cohesion 2. adhesion 3. heat of vaporization

Cohesion is the attraction between the water molecules, which helps create surface tension. Insects can walk on water because of cohesion. Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other molecules. Water moving up from the roots of plants to the leaves as a result of capillary action is because of adhesion. Heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required to convert liquid into gas. This property helps humans maintain homeostasis of body temperature by evaporation.

What are some differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil.

What may a nucleotide of DNA contain?

Deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group

How do the differences in amino acid sequences lead to different protein functions?

Different amino acids produce different proteins based on the bonds formed between them.

The synthesis of protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct? A. ATP B. Oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. Urea E. Water

E. Water

What are three examples of how the characteristics of water are important in maintaining life?

First, the lower density of water as a solid versus a liquid allows ice to float, forming an insulating surface layer for aquatic life. Second, the high specific heat capacity of water insulates aquatic life or bodily fluids from temperature changes. Third, the high heat of vaporization of water allows animals to cool themselves by sweating.

What is the basic structure of a steroid?

Four fused hydrocarbon rings

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

Fructose

Which of these best describes the production of sucrose, maltose, and lactose?

Glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose. Glucose and galactose combine to form lactose. Two glucose monomers combine to form maltose.

Why are hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions necessary for cells?

Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions form weak associations between and/or within molecules, providing the necessary shape and structure of DNA and proteins to function in the body.

During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?

Hydrolysis

Why can some insects walk on water?

Insects can walk on water because of its high surface tension.

You have been identifying the sequence of a segment of a protein. The sequence to date is: leucine-methionine-tyrosine-alanine-glutamine-lysine-glutamate. You insert arginine between the leucine and methionine. What effect would this have on the segment?

Inserting arginine places a positively charged amino acid in a portion that is non-polar, creating the possibility of a hydrogen bond in this area.

What are three functions that lipids serve in plants and/or animals?

Lipids serve in the storage of energy, as a structural component of hormones, and also as signaling molecules.

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

Which of the following are classified as lipids?

Oils and waxes

Why do hydrogen and oxygen form polar covalent bonds within water molecules?

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, generating a partial negative charge near the oxygen atoms.

How do phospholipids contribute to cell membrane structure?

Phospholipids orient their heads towards the polar molecules and tails in the interior of the membrane, thus forming a bilayer.

What categories of amino acids would you expect to find on the surface of a soluble protein and which would you expect to find in the interior? Which of these are some examples for each part of the answer?

Polar and charged amino acids will be found on the surface whereas non-polar in the interior.

Dehydration synthesis leads to the formation of what?

Polymers

The word hydrolysis is defined as the lysis of water. How does this apply to polymers?

Polymers break by separating water into hydrogen and hydroxyl group that are added to the monomers.

Cellulose and starch are examples of what?

Polysaccharides

What is found in RNA that is not in DNA?

Ribose and uracil

What happens to the pH of a solution when acids are added?

The pH of the solution decreases.

Describe the pH scale and how it relates to living systems. Give an example of how drastic pH changes are prevented in living systems.

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where anything below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline. The bicarbonate system in the human body buffers the blood.

Of what are phospholipids important components?

The plasma membrane of animal cells

What causes the changes in protein structure through the three or four levels of structure?

The primary chain forms secondary α-helix and β-pleated sheets which fold onto each other forming the tertiary structure.

The alpha-helix and the beta-pleated sheets are part of which protein structure?

The secondary structure

Which structural level of proteins is most often associated with their biological function?

The tertiary structure

The fatty acids of triglycerides are classified as saturated, unsaturated, or trans fats. What is it about the structure of these compounds that gives them their physical characteristics?

Unsaturated fats and trans fats have some double bonded carbon atoms, while saturated fats do not.

What are the four types and functions of RNA?

mRNA is a single stranded transcript of DNA. rRNA is found in ribosomes. tRNA transfers specific amino acids to a developing protein strand. miRNA regulates the expression of mRNA strands.