AP Bio Chapter 10 Book

Phase 3 of the Calvin Cycle: Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP): In a complex series of reactions, the _______ _____ of five molecules of ____ are rearranged by the last steps of the Calvin Cycle into _____ molecules of _____. To accomplish this, the cycle spends ____ more molecules of ___. The RuBP is now prepared to accept ___ again, and the cycle continues

carbon skeletons; G3P; three; RuBP; Three; ATP; CO2

Specifically during reduction: the electrons form NADPH reduce a _____ ____ on 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to the ______ _____ of G3P, which stores more _____ _____.

carboxyl group; aldehyde group; potential energy

hydrocarbons that are in various shades of yellow and orange because they absorb violet and blue-green light

carotenoids

The citric acid cycle is __________, oxidizing _____ ___ and using the energy to synthesize ATP.

catabolic; Acetyl CoA

Although the two pigments in photosystems I and III are identical in ________ _ molecules, their association with different _______ in the thylakoid membrane affects the ______ distribution in the two pigments and accounts for the slight differences in their _____-_______ properties

chlorophyll A; proteins; electron; light absorbing

According to what has come to be known as the endosymbiont theory, the original ___________ was a photosynthetic ___________ that lived inside an ancestor of eukaryotic cells

chloroplast; prokaryote

On a hot, dry day, most plants _____ their ______, a response that conserves ______. This response also reduces __________ _____ by limiting access of ___.

close; stomata; water; photosynthetic yield; Co2

In the mitochondrion, protons diffuse down their _________ _____ from the intermembrane space, through ATP ________, driving ATP ________. In the chloroplast, ATP is synthesized as the hydrogen ions diffuse from the _______ ____ back to the ____ through ATP synthase complexes whose ______ _____ are on the stroma side of the membrane

concentration gradient; synthase; synthesis; thylakoid space; stroma; catalytic knobs

If photorespiration could be reduces in certain plant species without otherwise affecting photosynthetic productivity, ___ ____ and food supplies might_______

crop yields; increase

Some of the electron carries such as _______, are very similar in chloroplast and mitochondria. the ___ ____ complexes of the two organelles are also quite similar.

cytochromes; ATP synthase

In fact, photorespiration _________ the photosynthetic output by siphoning organic material from the Calvin Cycle and releasing ___ that would otherwise be fixed.

decrease; CO2

Electromagnetic waves, however, are disturbances of _______ and ______ fields rather than disturbances of a material medium such as water

electric; magnetic

Isolated chlorophyll fluoresces because there is no ______ ____, so electrons of photo excited chlorophyll ___ right back to the ground state

electron acceptor; drop

Photosynthesis reverses the direction of _______ ______. Water is ____ and electrons are transferred along with ______ ____ from the water to carbon dioxide, reducing it to sugar

electron transport; split; hydrogen ions;

the solar-power transfer of an ______ from the ________- _______ _______ _ pair to the _______ ____ ____ is the first step of the light reactions. As soon as the chlorophyll electron is excited to a higher energy level, the ______ ________ _____ captures it; this is a ____ reaction

electron; reaction center; primary electron acceptor; redox

The Seventh Step in Linear Electron Flow: Photo excited electrons are passed in a series of ____ reactions from the primary electron acceptor of __ _ down a second _____ ____ ______ through the protein _______(__) (this chain does not create a proton gradient and thus does not produce ATP)

redox; PS I; electron transport chain; ferredoxin; Fd

NADP+ differs from NAD+ only because there is an extra _________ _______ in the NADP+ molecule

phosphate group

Chlorophyll a appears ____ _____ and chlorophyll b appears _____ _____ under visible light

blue green; olive green

Carotenoids may ______ the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis, however, a more important function of at least some carotenoids seen to be _______________: these compounds absorb and dissipate excessive ______ ______ that would otherwise damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen

broaden; photo protection; light energy

Notice that in the CAM pathways is similar to the C4 pathway in that ______ ____ is first incorporated into organic _______ before it enters the Calvin Cycle

carbon dioxide; intermediate

The _______ _____ of chlorophyll a alone underestimates the effectiveness of certain wavelengths in driving photosynthesis. This is partly because accessory ________ with different absorption spectra broaden the spectrum of _____ that can be used for photosynthesis

absorption spectrum; pigments; colors

The calvin cycle began with ___ carbon's worth of carbohydrate, in the form of ____ molecules of the five-carbon sugar _____. Now there are __carbons' worth of carbon in the form of ___ molecules of G3P

15; Three;RuBP; 18; six

In contrast to the citric acid cycle, the Calvin cycle is ________, building carbohydrates from smaller molecules and consuming energy

anabolic

cyclic flow does generate ____

ATP

Clavin Cycle uses the chemical energy of ___ and _____ to reduce CO2 to ______

ATP; NADPH; Sugar

The Calvin Cycle spends ___ as an energy source and consumes _______ as reducing power for adding high-energy ______ to make sugar

ATP; NADPH; electrons

Light drives the synthesis of ___ and _____ by energizing the two photosystems embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The key to this energy transformation is the flow of ________ through the photosystems and other molecular components build into the thylakoid membrane. This is called _______ ______ ____, and it occurs during the _____ reactions of photosynthesis

ATP; NADPH; electrons; linear electron flow; light

Photorespiration uses ____ rather than producing it and produces no _____

ATP; sugar

The anatomy of a C4 leaf is correlated with the mechanism of __ __________. In C4 plants, there are two distinct types of photosynthetic cells ____-_____ cells and _______ cells

C4 photosynthesis; bundle sheath; mesophyll

The __ pathway is believed to have evolved independently at least __ separate times and is used by several thousand species in at least 19 different plant families including ______ and ____, members of the grass family

C4; sugarcane; corn

___ is in chlorophyll a

CH3

___ is in chlorophyll B

CHO

With stomata even partially closed, ___ _________ begin to decrease in the air spaces within the leaf, and the concentration of ___ released from the light reactions begins to _______. These conditions within the leaf favor an apparently wasteful process called ______________

CO2 concentrations; O2; increase; photorespiration

________ enters the calvin cycle in the form of Co2 and leaves as sugar

Carbon

Phase 1 of the Calvin Cycle: ______ ______ The Calvin Cycle incorporates each ___ molecule one at a time, by attaching it to a _____-_____ ____ named ______ ________ (RuBP). The enzyme that catalyzes this first step if ________ (this is thought to be one of the most abundant protein in chloroplast ) The products of the reaction is a ___ _____ _______ that is short lived because it is so energetically __________ that it immediately splits in half, forming ___ molecules of _-___________

Carbon Fixation: CO2; Five carbon sugar; ribulose bisphosphate; rubisco; six carbon sugar; unstable; two; 3-phosphoglycerate

chloroplast and mitochondria both generate ATP by the same process: _________. An Electron transport chain pumps __ across a membrane as electrons are passed through a series of ______ that are progressively more _________. Thus, electron transport chains transform ___ energy to a _____-_____ ____, potential energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane.

Chemiosmosis; H+; carriers; electronegative; redox; proton motive force

in effect, the mesophyll cells of a C4 plant pump ___ into the bundle sheath, keeping the CO2 concentration in the bundle sheath cells ____ enough for ______ to bind CO2 rather than __.

Co2; high; rubisco; O2

As CO2 becomes scarce within the air spaces of the leaf and O2 build up, Rubisco adds __ to the Calvin Cycle instead of ___. The product _____, and a ___-______ compound leaves the Chloroplast.

O2; Co2; splits; two carbon

Chloroplast do not need molecules from _____ to make ATP;

Food

the O2 given off by plants does not come from CO2 but from ____

H2O

In certain cases, photoexcited electrons can take an alternative path called cyclic electron flow , which uses photosystem _ but not photosystem __.

I; II

Photosystem __ acts first in light reactions

II

The Eighth Step in Linear Electron Flow: The enzyme _____ ________ catalyzes the transfer of electrons from __ to ______. ___ electrons are required for its reduction to _______. This molecule is at a higher energy level than ____, so its electrons are more readily available for reactions of the _____ ____. This process also removes an __ from the Stroma

NADP+ reductase; Fd; NADP+; two; NADPH; water; Calvin Cycle; H+

The Calvin Cycle relies on the _____ and ____ that the light reactions provide

NADPH; ATP

_______ like ATP is produces on the side of the ______ ______ the stroma, where the Calvin Cycle takes place

NADPH; membrane facing

Waste product of photosynthesis

Oxygen

The reaction center chlorophyll a of photosystem II is known as ______ because this pigment is best at absorbing light at a wavelength of ____ (the ___ part of the spectrum)

P680; 680 nm; red

In the second step of linear electron flow, the excited electron in the ____ is transferred to the _____ ______ ____. We can refer to the resulting form of P680, missing an electron, as _____

P680; primary electron acceptor; P680+

The chlorophyll a at the reaction-center complex of photosystem I is call _____ because it most efficiently absorbs light of the wavelength _____ (in the far ___ part of the spectrum).

P700; 700nm; red

Sixth Step of Linear Electron Flow: Meanwhile, Light energy has been transferred via light-harvesting complex pigments to the ___ reaction center complex, exciting an electron of the ____ pair of chlorophyll a molecules located there. The photo excited electron is then transferred to the PS I's primary ____ _____ creating an electron Hole in the P700- which we can now call ______. Now This can act as an electron acceptor, accepting an electron that reaches the bottom of the electron transport chain from __ __

PS I; P700; electron acceptor; P700+;PS II

Fourth Step of Linear Electron Flow: Each photo excited electron passes from the primary electron acceptor of ___ to ___ via _____ _____ ___. The electron transport chain between PS II and PS I is made up of the electron carrier __________ (__), a cytochrome complex, and a protein called _________ (__)

PS II; PS I; Electron transport chain; plastoquinone; Pq; plastocyanin; Pc

The ___ step in the C4 Pathway: In bundle sheath cells, ___ is released and enters the _____ ____

Third: CO2; Calvin Cycle

In the third step in linear electron flow, an ______ catalyzes the splitting of a _____ molecule into ___ electrons, ___ hydrogen ions, and ___ oxygen atom. The electrons are supplies one by one to the ____ pair, each electron replacing one _______ to the Primary electron acceptor. The H+ are released into the ______ _____. the oxygen atom combines with an oxygen atom generated by the splitting of another water molecule forming __

enzyme; water; 2; 2; 1; P680+; transferred; thylakoid space; o2

the only photons absorbed are those whose energy is _____ _____ to the energy difference between the ________ ____ and the _______ _____, and this energy difference varies from one kind of molecule to another

exactly equal; ground state; excited state

Plants that are impaired in their ability to carry out Photorespiration are more susceptible to damage by ______ ____. Researches consider this clear evidence that photorespiration acts to ________ the otherwise damaging products of the light reactions, which build up when ___ __ concentration limits the progress of the Calvin Cycle

excessive light; neutralize; low Co2

The Fifth Step of Linear Electron Flow: the ________ fall of electrons to a lower energy level, provides the energy needed for the _______ of ___. As electrons pass through the ________ complex, H+ are pumped into the thylakoid space, contributing to the _____ _____ that is subsequently used in chemiosmosis

exergonic; synthesis; ATP; cytochrome; proton gradient

Photons act like objects in that each of them has a _______ _______ of energy

fixed quantity

As electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow called __________

fluorescence

Mitochondria use cheimosmosis to transfer chemical energy from ___ ______ to ATP, whereas chloroplasts transform ____ _____ into chemical energy in ATP

food molecules; light energy

The carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin Cycle is actually not _______, but a _____-_____ _____; the name of this sugar is G3P

glucose; three carbon sugar

G3P is a sugar - the some three carbon sugar formed in ________ by the splitting of glucose

glycolysis

The shorter the wavelength, the _______ energy of each photo. Thus a photon of _____ light packs nearly twice as much energy as a photon of ___ light

greater; violet; red

A significant result of shuffling of atoms during photosynthesis is the extraction of _______ from water and its incorporation into sugar

hydrogen

When chloroplast in an experimental setting are ______, the pH in the thylakoid space drops to about __ (the __ concentration increases), and the pH in the stroma ________ to about _ (The __ concentration decreases) This gradient of ____ pH units corresponds to the ________ difference in H+ concentration.

illuminated; 5; H+; increases; 8; H+; three; thousandfold

The difference is that in C4 plants, the ______ steps of carbon fixation are separated _______from the Calvin Cycle, whereas in CAM plants, ___ steps occur at ______ times but within the same cell

initial; structurally; two; separate

When their stomata partially close on hot, dry days, C3 plants produce ____ _____ because the declining level of ___ in the leaf starves the ______ ____.

less sugar; Co2; Calvin Cycle

Each photosystem converts _____ _____ to ________ ____, which will ultimately be used for the synthesis of sugar

light energy; chemical energy

Once the absorption of photon raises an electron to an excited state, the electron cannot stay there for ____, The excited state, like all high energy states, is _______.

long; unstable

Between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface are more ______ arranged ________ cells

loosely; mesophyll

In the C4 pathways the first step occurs in the ________ _____, the enzyme ___ _________ adds CO2 to ____

mesophyll cells; PEP carboxylase; PEP

The _______ cells of CAM plants store organic acids they made during the night in their ______ until morning

mesophyll; vacuoles

The G3P spun off from the Calvin Cycle becomes the starting material for ______ _______ that synthesize other organic compounds, including _______ (formed by combining two molecules of G3P)

metabolic pathways; glucose

The pair of chlorophyll _ molecules in the reaction-center complex are special because of their ______ _____- their location and the other molecules with which they are associated- enables them to use the _____ from light not only to boost one of their electrons to a higher energy level, but also to _______ it to a different molecule - the primary electron acceptor

molecular environment; energy; transfer

the _______ and _______ of pigment molecules enable a photosystem to harvest light over a large surface area and a larger portion of the spectrum than could any single pigment molecule alone

number; variety

For the net synthesis of ___ G3P molecule, the Calvin Cycle consumes a total of ____ molecules of ATP and ___ molecules of NADPH

one; nine; six

In the presence of light, the green parts of the plant produce ________ ______ and _______ from __ and ___

organic compounds; oxygen; Co2; H20

In the Reduction stage of the Calvin Cycle: Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate receives an additional _____ ____ from ATP, becoming _,_-_______________. Next, a pair of _________ donated from NADPH ________ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which also loses a _______ _____ in the process, becoming ___

phosphate group; 1,3-bisphosphogycerate; electrons; reduces; phosphate group; G3P

absorption of a ______ boosts an electron to an orbital of higher energy

photon

IN the first step of linear electron flow, a ______ of light strikes one of the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex of __ __, boosting one of its ________ to a higher energy level. As this _______ falls back to its ground state, an electron in a nearby ______ molecule is simultaneously raised to an ______ ____. The process continues, with the energy being relayed to other molecules until it reaches the _____ pair of chlorophyll a. It excites an electron in this pair of chlorophylls to a ____ ______ state.

photon; PS II; electrons; electron; pigment; excited state; P680; higher energy

When a pigment molecule absorbs a _________, the energy is transferred from pigment molecule to ______ ______ within a light-harvesting complex, somewhat like a human "____" at a sports arena, until it is passed into the ______-_______ _______

photon; pigment molecule; wave; reaction center complex

Evolutionary biologist hypothesize that these bacterial groups are descendants of ancestral bacteria in which ________ first evolved, in a form similar to ______ _____ ____

photosynthesis; cyclic electron flow

Several of the currently existing groups of _________ _____ are known to have a single photosystem related to either PS II or PS I. For these species cyclic electron flow is the one and only means of generating ATP during the process of ______________

photosynthetic bacteria; photosynthesis

________ _______ and other molecules are groups together in a biological membrane, enabling the necessary series of chemical reactions to be carried out efficiently

photosynthetic enzymes

In their native environment of the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll molecules are organized along with other small organic molecules and proteins into complexes called ____________

photosystems

Cyclic electron flow can also occur in photosynthetic species that process both ______; this includes some prokaryotes such as ________

photosystems; cyanobacteria

Each light-harvesting complex consists of various ________ molecules bound to ________

pigment; proteins

Because the electrons increase the ____ ______ as they move from water to sugar, this process requires energy. Therefore it is ____________

potential energy; endergonic

The reaction center complex is an organized association of _______ holding a special pair of chlorophyll _ molecules

proteins; a

The inner membrane of the mitochondrion pumps _____ from the _______ matrix out to the ______ ____, which then serves as a reservoir of hydrogen ions. The ______ ______ of chloroplast pumps protons from the ____ into the thylakoid space, which functions as the __ reservoir

protons; mitochondrial; inter membrane space; thylakoid membrane; stroma; H+

Each photosystem has a characteristic _____-______ _______

reaction center complex

Electromagnetic energy travels in ______ _____ analogous to those created by dropping a pebble into a pond

rhythmic waves

In most plants, initial fixation of carbon occurs via ________, the Calvin Cycle enzyme that add CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate. Such plants are called __ _______ because the first organic product of carbon fixation is a _____-_______ compound, _-___________

rubisco; C3 plants; three carbon; 3-phosphoglycerate

In addition, _______ is capable of binding O2, in place of ___

rubisco; Co2

In the C4 pathways the _____ step: A _____-______ compound conveys the atoms of the ___ into a _____-_____ cell via _______________

second: four carbon; CO2; bundle sheath; plasmodesmata

Bundle-sheath cells are arranged into tightly packed _____ around the _____ of the leaf

sheaths; veins

Cyclic flow is a _____ ____: The electrons cycle ___ from _________ to the cytochrome complex and from there continue onto a ____ _________ in the PS I reaction center Complex.

short circuit; back; ferredoxin; P700 chlorophyll

The ___ molecules of G3P: ____ molecule exits the cycle to be used by the plant cell, but the other _______ must be recycled to regenerate three molecules of _____

six; one; five; RuBP

the light reactions are the steps of photosynthesis that convert _______ _______ to chemical energy. Water is split, providing a source of _______ and protons, and giving off O2 as a by-product. ____ absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of the electrons and hydrogen ions from water to an acceptor called ____, where they are temporarily stored

solar energy; electrons; light; NADP+

The light reactions use ____ ____ to generate ATP and NADPH, which provide chemical energy and ______ ____, respectfully, to the ______ _______ reactions of the Calvin Cycle

solar power; reducing power; carbohydrate synthesizing

All the green parts of a plant including the______, _________ fruit have chloroplast

stems; unripened

A second photosynthetic adaptation to arid conditions involves the plants to _____ their stomata during the _____ and _____ them during the day

stomata; night; close

In the _________ environment of a chloroplast, an _______ ________ is readily available, and ______ _____ represented by the excited electron is not dissipated as light and heat. Each photosystem functions in the chloroplast as a ____

structured; electron acceptor; potential energy; unit

During the Calvin Cycle, For every _____ molecules of CO2 that enter the cycle, ____ molecules fo G3P are formed, But only ____ ________ of this tree-carbon sugar can be counted as a ___ ___ of carbohydrate because the rest are required for the cycle

three; six; one molecule; net gain

the _______ _______ is populated by two types of photosystems that cooperate in the ______ reactions of photosynthesis

thylakoid membrane; light

Leaves also use _______ to export sugar to roots and other non photosynthetic parts of the plant

veins

Chlorophyll molecules excited by absorption of light energy produce ____ _______ results in an intact __________ than they do in isolation.

very different; chloroplast

We see green when we look at a leaf because Chlorophyll absorbs _____-_____ and ____ light, while transmitting and reflecting green light

violet; blue; red

the spectrum of chlorophyll a suggest that _____-____ and __ light work best for photosynthesis.

violet; blue; red

The part of the spectrum we can see - _______ _____- is also the radiation that drives photosynthesis

visible light

In the photo synthesis equations ______ appears on both sides, because __ molecules are consumed and _ molecules are newly formed during photosynthesis,

water; 12; 6

Cloding the stomata during the day helps desert plants conserve ______, but it also prevents ___ from entering the leaves. During the night, when their stomata are open, these plants take up ___ and incorporate it into a variety of organic _____. This mode of carbon fixation is called ________ ___ _____ or ___

water; co2; Co2; acids; crassulacean acid metabolism; CAM

IN chloroplast, the high-energy electrons dropped down the electron transport chain come from _____, while in the mitochondria, they are extracted from ______ _____.

water; organic molecules

a particular compound absorbs only photon corresponding to specific ________, which is why each pigment has a unique absorption spectrum

wavelength

Rice, _____, and _______ are C3 plants that are important to agriculture

wheat; soybeans