ap bio chapter 44

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

a marine bony fish

One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What is another waste product that accumulates during normal physiological functions in vertebrates? I) ammonia II) uric acid III) urea

I, II, and III

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia.

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates?

The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys.

Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?

desert

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _____.

differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient

To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must _____.

excrete large quantities of water

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will _____.

excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion

Which process in the nephron is LEAST selective?

filtration

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would _____.

increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _____.

is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment

isoosmotic; saltwater

The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that _____.

loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include _____.

lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of _____.

proteins and nucleic acids

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____.

requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by _____.

severe sweating on a hot day

The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____.

the concentration gradient; ATP

Urea is _____.

the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that _____.

urea is less toxic than ammonia