AP Bio Chapters 48-50 Test

15) Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the ________ nervous system. A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) visceral E) parasympathetic

A

18) The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with A) resting and digesting. B) release of epinephrine into the blood. C) increased metabolic rate. D) fight-or-flight responses. E) intensive aerobic exercise.

A

38) The motor cortex is part of the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) spinal cord. D) midbrain. E) medulla oblongata.

A

42) Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions? A) frontal lobedecision making B) occipital lobecontrol of skeletal muscles C) temporal lobevisual processing D) cerebellumlanguage comprehension E) occipital lobespeech production

A

44) The establishment and expression of emotions involves the A) frontal lobes and limbic system. B) frontal lobes and parietal lobes. C) parietal lobes and limbic system. D) frontal and occipital lobes. E) occipital lobes and limbic system.

A

51) Bipolar disorder is similar to schizophrenia in that researchers suspect that both include trouble with the neurotransmitter A) dopamine. B) acetylcholine. C) norepinephrine. D) nitric oxide. E) ethanol.

A

53) The primary neurotransmitter from the parasympathetic system that influences its autonomic targets is A) acetylcholine. B) adenosine. C) norepinephrine. D) adrenaline. E) dopamine.

A

58) The botulinum toxin reduces the synaptic release of A) acetylcholine. B) epinephrine. C) endorphin. D) nitric oxide. E) GABA.

A

63) The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.

A

8) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by A) the dendritic membrane. B) the presynaptic membrane. C) axon hillocks. D) cell bodies. E) ducts on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

9) In the communication between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle, A) the motor neuron is considered the presynaptic cell and the skeletal muscle is the postsynaptic cell. B) the motor neuron is considered the postsynaptic cell and the skeletal muscle is the presynaptic cell. C) action potentials are possible on the motor neuron but not the skeletal muscle. D) action potentials are possible on the skeletal muscle but not the motor neuron. E) the motor neuron fires action potentials but the skeletal muscle is not electrochemically excitable.

A

9) The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact A) spinal cord. B) hypothalamus. C) corpus callosum. D) cerebellum. E) medulla.

A

Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help answer the next question 54) In the figure, which letter points to the thalamus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

A

10) For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in A) the depolarization of the neuron. B) the hyperpolarization of the neuron. C) the replacement of potassium ions with sodium ions. D) the replacement of potassium ions with calcium ions. E) the neuron switching on its sodium-potassium pump to restore the initial conditions.

B

16) Exercise and emergency reactions include A) increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system. B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic branches. C) decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic branches. D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system. E) reduced heart rate and blood pressure.

B

24) A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to A) prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential. B) prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential. C) prevent graded potentials. D) increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules. E) have most of its effects on the dendritic region of a neuron.

B

25) After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by A) the opening of sodium activation gates. B) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels. C) a decrease in the membrane's permeability to potassium and chloride ions. D) a brief inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump. E) the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels.

B

27) Immediately after an action potential passes along an axon, it is not possible to generate a second action potential; thus, we state that the membrane is briefly A) hyperexcitable. B) refractory. C) fully depolarized. D) above threshold. E) at the equilibrium potential.

B

29) Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the A) corpus callosum. B) medulla oblongata. C) thalamus. D) pituitary. E) cerebellum.

B

47) When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential, this is an example of A) temporal summation. B) spatial summation. C) tetanus. D) the refractory state. E) an action potential with an abnormally high peak of depolarization.

B

51) Functionally, which cellular location is the neuron's "decision-making site" as to whether or not an action potential will be initiated? A) axonal membranes B) axon hillocks C) dendritic membranes D) mitochondrial membranes E) presynaptic membranes

B

62) The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.

B

7) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by A) the dendritic membrane. B) the presynaptic membrane. C) axon hillocks. D) cell bodies. E) ducts on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

B

Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help answer the next question 57) In the figure, which letter points to the hypothalamus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

B

2) The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have A) a complete gut. B) bilateral symmetry. C) radial symmetry. D) a closed circulatory system. E) excitable membranes.

C

35) Neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap is accomplished by A) the movement of sodium and potassium ions from the presynaptic neuron into the postsynaptic neuron. B) impulses traveling as electrical currents across the gap. C) impulses causing the release of a chemical signal and its diffusion across the gap. D) impulses ricocheting back and forth across the gap. E) the movement of calcium ions from the presynaptic into the postsynaptic neuron.

C

38) The observation that the acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of A) a voltage-gated sodium channel. B) a voltage-gated potassium channel. C) a ligand-gated sodium channel. D) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel. E) a chemical that inhibits action potentials.

C

40) The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which sequence of events is correct? A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 B) 2 → 3 → 5 → 4 → 1 C) 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4 D) 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 5 E) 5 → 1 → 2 → 4 → 3

C

41) Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect A) olfaction. B) vision. C) speech. D) memory. E) hearing.

C

5) In the human knee-jerk reflex, as the calf is raised from the vertical toward the horizontal, the muscles of the quadriceps (flexors on the ventral side of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (extensors on the dorsal side of the thighs) are A) both excited and contracting. B) both inhibited and relaxed. C) excited and inhibited, respectively. D) inhibited and excited, respectively.

C

58) Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with A) increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. B) decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems. D) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems. E) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, decreased activity in the parasympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the enteric nervous system.

C

59) When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would A) lose the ability to reason. B) lose all short-term memory. C) have greatly altered emotional responses. D) lose all long-term memory. E) lose their sense of balance.

C

6) The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called A) the axon hillock. B) the dendrite. C) the synapse. D) the cell body. E) the glia.

C

6) The stretch receptors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the A) gastrocnemius muscle, in the calf. B) cartilage of the knee. C) quadriceps, the flexor muscles on the ventral side of the thighs. D) hamstring, the extensor muscles on the dorsal side of the thighs. E) brain, the sensorimotor relay.

C

64) The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are closing or closed, and many potassium channels have opened at label A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.

C

68) What happens when a resting neuron's membrane depolarizes? A) There is a net diffusion of Na+ out of the cell. B) The equilibrium potential for K+ (EK) becomes more positive. C) The neuron's membrane voltage becomes more positive. D) The neuron is less likely to generate an action potential. E) The cell's inside is more negative than the outside.

C

70) Where are neurotransmitter receptors located? A) the nuclear membrane B) the nodes of Ranvier C) the postsynaptic membrane D) synaptic vesicle membranes E) the myelin sheath

C

Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help answer the next question 55) In the figure, which letter points to the olfactory bulb? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

C

11) Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the A) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord. B) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord. C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord. D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord. E) all areas of the brain and spinal cord.

D

12) The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves A) sodium and potassium ions into the cell. B) sodium and potassium ions out of the cell. C) sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell. D) sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. E) sodium and potassium ions into the mitochondria.

D

22) The "threshold" potential of a membrane A) is the point of separation from a living to a dead neuron. B) is the lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce. C) is the minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the occurrence of action potentials. D) is the minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. E) is the peak amount of depolarization seen in an action potential.

D

23) Action potentials move along axons A) more slowly in axons of large than in small diameter. B) by the direct action of acetylcholine on the axonal membrane. C) by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane. D) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons. E) by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions.

D

3) The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the A) dendritic region. B) axon hillock. C) axon. D) cell body. E) axon terminals.

D

34) The fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials is observed in A) thin, non-myelinated neurons. B) thin, myelinated neurons. C) thick, non-myelinated neurons. D) thick, myelinated neurons.

D

34) The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.

D

61) The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.

D

Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help answer the next question 53) In the figure, which letter points to the amygdala? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

D

12) An amino acid neurotransmitter that operates at inhibitory synapses in the brain is A) acetylcholine. B) epinephrine. C) endorphin. D) serotonin. E) gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA.

E

17) Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to A) decreased heart rate. B) increased secretion by the pancreas. C) increased secretion by the gallbladder. D) increased contraction of the stomach. E) relaxation of the airways in the lungs.

E

18) A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by A) increasing its membrane's permeability to Na+. B) decreasing its membrane's permeability to H+. C) decreasing its membrane's permeability to Cl-. D) increasing its membrane's permeability to Ca++. E) increasing its membrane's permeability to K+.

E

26) Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because A) they cease breathing while sleeping and remain underwater. B) they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease breathing. C) they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep. D) they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water. E) they alternate which half of their brains is asleep and which half is awake.

E

31) Saltatory conduction is a term applied to A) conduction of impulses across electrical synapses. B) an action potential that skips the axon hillock in moving from the dendritic region to the axon terminal. C) rapid movement of an action potential reverberating back and forth along a neuron. D) jumping from one neuron to an adjacent neuron. E) jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next in a myelinated neuron.

E

32) The surface on a neuron that discharges the contents of synaptic vesicles is the A) dendrite. B) axon hillock. C) node of Ranvier. D) postsynaptic membrane. E) presynaptic membrane.

E

33) Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via A) osmosis. B) active transport. C) diffusion. D) transcytosis. E) exocytosis.

E

37) The release of acetylcholine from the terminal of a motor neuron is most directly linked to A) the entry of potassium into the axon terminal. B) the exit of potassium from the axon terminal. C) the entry of sodium into the axon terminal. D) the exit of sodium from the axon terminal. E) the entry of calcium into the axon terminal.

E

41) The activity of acetylcholine in a synapse is terminated by A) its active transport across the presynaptic membrane. B) its diffusion across the presynaptic membrane. C) its active transport across the postsynaptic membrane. D) its diffusion across the postsynaptic membrane. E) its degradation by a hydrolytic enzyme on the postsynaptic membrane.

E

46) Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to A) act independently of their receptor proteins. B) close potassium channels. C) open sodium channels. D) close chloride channels. E) hyperpolarize the membrane.

E

52) Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by A) initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells. B) causing molecular changes in the cells. C) affecting ion-channel proteins. D) altering the permeability of the cells. E) All of these options are correct.

E

54) The major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the human brain is A) acetylcholine. B) epinephrine. C) glutamate. D) nitric oxide. E) GABA.

E

65) Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt A) short-term memory. B) coordination during locomotion. C) executive functions, such as decision making. D) sorting of sensory information. E) regulation of body temperature.

E

65) The neuronal membrane is at its resting potential at label A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.

E

Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help answer the next question 56) In the figure, which letter points to the hippocampus? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

E