Ap bio immune system practice questions

These cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, and they respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes: A) cytotoxic T cells B) natural killer cells C) helper T cells D) macrophages E) B cells

A) cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following is true of the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen? A) It is dependent on the surface antigens of the pathogen not changing. B) It requires a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies. C) It is not possible without knowing the structure of the surface antigens on the pathogen. D) It is dependent on the pathogen having only one epitope. E) It is dependent on MHC molecules being heterozygous.

A) it is dependent on the surface antigens of the pathogen not changing

Which of the following cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response? A) memory cells B) macrophages C) stem cells D) B cells E) T cells

A) memory cells

When antibodies attack antigens, clumping of the affected cells generally occurs. This is best explained by A) the shape of the antibody with at least two binding regions. B) disulfide bridges between the antigens. C) complement that makes the affected cells sticky. D) bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules. E) denaturation of the antibodies.

A) the shape of the antibody with at least two binding regions

In which of the following situations will helper T cells be activated? A) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell B) when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines C) when natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumor cell D) in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test E) when B cells respond to T-independent antigens

A) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell (antigen-presenting cell)

These cells are involved in innate immunity, and a person lacking these cells may have a higher than normal chance of developing malignant tumors: A) cytotoxic T cells B) natural killer cells C) helper T cells D) macrophages E) B cells

B) Natural killer cells

Which of the following is a pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells? A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface C) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released D) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released E) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

B) body cell becomes infected with a virus -> new viral proteins appear -> class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface

Inflammatory responses may include which of the following? A) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area E) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow

B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area.

Which of the following would be most beneficial in treating an individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin? A) vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin B) injection of antibodies to the toxin C) injection of interleukin-1 D) injection of interleukin-2 E) injection of interferon

B) injection of antibodies to the toxin

Which statement best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells? A) B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. B) B cells kill viruses directly; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells. C) B cells secrete antibodies against a virus; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells. D) B cells accomplish the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells accomplish the humoral response. E) B cells respond the first time the invader is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times.

C) B cells secrete antibodies against a virus; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells

Which of the following differentiates T cells and B cells? A) T cells but not B cells are stimulated to increase the rate of their cell cycles. B) Only B cells are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow. C) T cells but not B cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens. D) T cells but not B cells have surface markers. E) Only B cells take part in cell-mediated immunity.

C) T cells but not B cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens.

Which of the following is the last line of defense against an extracellular pathogen? A) lysozyme production B) phagocytosis by neutrophils C) antibody production by plasma cells D) histamine release by basophils E) lysis by natural killer cells

C) antibody production by plasma cells

A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because A) specific B cells and T cells must be selected prior to a protective response. B) it takes up to two weeks to stimulate immunologic memory cells. C) no memory cells can be called upon, so adequate response is slow. D) antigen receptors are not the same as for a flu virus to which she has previously been exposed. E) V-J gene rearrangement must occur prior to a response.

C) no memory cells can be called upon, so adequate response is slow.

Naturally acquired passive immunity would involve the A) injection of vaccine. B) ingestion of interferon. C) placental transfer of antibodies. D) absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes. E) injection of antibodies.

C) placental transfer of antibodies.

If a newborn were accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would most likely happen? A) His cells would lack class I MHC molecules on their surface. B) His humoral immunity would be missing. C) Genetic rearrangement of antigen receptors would not occur. D) His T cells would not mature and differentiate appropriately. E) His B cells would be reduced in number and antibodies would not form.

D) His T cells would not mature and differentiate appropriately.

What is the primary function of humoral immunity? A) It primarily defends against fungi and protozoa. B) It is responsible for transplant tissue rejection. C) It protects the body against cells that become cancerous. D) It produces antibodies that circulate in body fluids. E) It primarily defends against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells.

D) It produces antibodies that circulate in body fluids.

What are antigens? A) proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump B) proteins embedded in B cell membranes C) proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains D) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies E) proteins released during an inflammatory response

D) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels, and increase in their permeability. Which of the signs of inflammation are therefore associated with histamine release? A) redness and heat only B) swelling only C) pain D) redness, heat, and swelling E) all of the signs of inflammation

D) redness, heat, and swelling.

Which of the following is true of active but not passive immunity? A) acquisition and activation of antibodies. B) proliferation of lymphocytes in bone marrow. C) transfers antibodies from the mother across the placenta. D) requires direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen. E) requires secretion of interleukins from macrophages.

D) requires direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen.

Which of the following results in long-term immunity? A) the passage of maternal antibodies to a developing fetus B) the inflammatory response to a splinter C) the administration of serum obtained from people immune to rabies D) the administration of the chicken pox vaccine E) the passage of maternal antibodies to a nursing infant

D) the administration of the chicken pox vaccine

Which cell type interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways? A) plasma cells B) cytotoxic T cells C) natural killer cells D) CD8 cells E) helper T cells

E) helper T cells

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when A) B cells produce IgE antibodies. B) B cells release cytokines. C) helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface. D) helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. E) helper T cells release cytokines.

E) helper T cells release cytokines.

To replace burned skin, doctors can successfully transplant replacement skin taken from another part of the body of the burn victim. Which statement best explains why the transplanted skin is not rejected?

The antigens of the replacement skin are the same as those of the damaged skin.

viruses frequently infect bacteria and insert new genes into the genetic material of the bacteria. when these infected bacteria reproduce asexually, which genes would most likely be passed on?

both the original and the new genes

the virus that causes bird flu can attach to the cells of the lower part of the respiratory system in humans, but not to the cells of the upper part of the respiratory system. the most likely reason for this is that these two groups of cells have different:

receptor molecules in their membranes

Vaccinations help prepare the body to fight invasions of a specific pathogen by:

stimulating antibody production

the immune system of humans may respond to chemicals on the surface of an invading organism by:

synthesizing antibodies that mark these organisms to be destroyed

which statement best describes what will most likely happen when an individual receives a vaccination containing a weakened pathogen?

the ability to fight disease caused by the pathogen will increase due to antibody production

which transplant method would prevent the rejection of tissue after an organ transplant?

using organs cloned from the cells of the patient

A vaccine used against an infectious disease may contain

weakened pathogens