AP BIO Quiz 2

mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria that are...

- Enveloped by a double membrane - contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules - Grow and reproduce somewhat independent in cells

Componets of endomembrane system

- nuclear envelope - endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Lysosomes - Vacuoles - plasma membrane

Smooth (agranular) ER

- synthesis lipids - metabolizes carbohydrates - detoxifies drugs and poisons -stores calcium ions

A student formulated a hypothesis that water-soluble pollutants damage living organisms by increasing the permeability of cellular membranes. To test the hypothesis, the student investigated the effect of isopropanol and acetone on beet root cells. The vacuoles of beet root cells contain large amounts of betacyanin, a water-soluble pigment that is released into the extracellular environment as a result of increased membrane permeability. The student prepared identical samples of beet root tissue and incubated each sample for 15 minutes in the specific solution for that group. At the end of the incubation period, the student measured the absorbance of 460 nm light for each sample. A greater concentration of betacyanin in the solution surrounding the beet root cells results in a greater absorbance of 460 nm light. The results of the experiment are shown in the table above. The student analyzed the data from the investigation and concluded that the estimate of the mean of one treatment group was unreliable. Which of the following identifies the treatment group most likely to have provided an unreliable estimate of the mean, and correctly explains why the estimate appears unreliable? Treatment group II; it has a lower than expected mean absorbance and the largest standard error of the mean. A Treatment group III; it has a higher than expected mean absorbance and the largest standard error of the mean. B Treatment group IV; it has a higher than expected mean absorbance and the smallest standard error of the mean. C Treatment group V; it has a lower than expected mean absorbance and the smallest standard error of the mean. D

A

To model a plant cell, a permeable, nonflexible case is placed around each piece of dialysis tubing. The greatest pressure potential will develop within dialysis tube number 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6

A

Which of the following best describes the condition expected after 24 hours? The bag will contain more water than it did in the original condition. A The contents of the bag will have the same osmotic concentration as the surrounding solution. B Water potential in the bag will be greater than water potential in the surrounding solution. C Starch molecules will continue to pass through the bag. D A glucose test on the solution in the bag will be negative. E

A

(diagram) Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a loss of ion pump function in the cell's lysosomes?

B-The internal pH of the lysosomes will increase, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food.

Which statement best explains why correct protein folding is critical in the transmembrane protein shown above? Interactions of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids help to anchor the protein in the membrane. A Interactions of the peptide bonds of the protein with the membrane will affect the rate at which substances can cross the membrane. B Interactions of the protein and phospholipids increase membrane fluidity. C Interactions of the quaternary structure of the protein will increase hydrogen bonding in the membrane and make the membrane less fluid. D

A

(diagram) Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process?

A -H+ will stop moving through the protein

Microtubules

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. Distinguishes plant cells from animal cells. Prokaryotes, fungi and some protists also have them

Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

A- Enzyme modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins.

Inside the cell, vesicles can travel along _____ provided by the cytoskeleton

tracks

(Diagram) Evolved from a photoautotrophic prokaryote.

B

Cystic fibrosis is a recessively inherited disorder that results from a mutation in the gene encoding CFTR chloride ion channels located on the surface of many epithelial cells. As shown in the figure, the mutation prevents the normal movement of chloride ions from the cytosol of the cell to the extracellular fluid. As a consequence of the mutation, the mucus layer that is normally present on the surface of the cells becomes exceptionally dehydrated and viscous. An answer to which of the following questions would provide the most information about the association between the CFTR mutation and the viscous mucus? Is the mucus also secreted from the cells through the CFTR proteins? A How does the disrupted chloride movement affect the movement of sodium ions and water by the cell? B How does the mutation alter the structure of the CFTR proteins? C What is the change in nucleotide sequence that results in the CFTR mutation? D

B

The salinity of a small inland lake has recently started to increase. Researchers are planning to study the lake over several decades to investigate how freshwater organisms survive significant changes in their natural habitat. Which of the following physiological mechanisms will the researchers most likely observe among the surviving organisms in the lake? Prokaryotic organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract swelling of cells as a result of increased water uptake. A Single-celled organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the increased flow of water from cells to the environment. B Eukaryotic organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the diffusion of positively charged ions across the cell membrane. C Multicellular organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the loss of cell adhesion as a result of calcium deficiencies. D

B

Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport? Phospholipid A Protein B Lipid C Phosphate D Cholesterol

B

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data presented in Figure 1 ? Mouse β-cells are more effective than implanted hESC-β cells at regulating blood glucose levels. A Implanted hESC-β cells are effective at regulating blood glucose levels in the absence of mouse β-cells. B Mouse b-cells do not regulate blood glucose levels in the presence of implanted hESC-β cells. C Implanted hESC-β cells cause type 1 diabetes in laboratory mice. D

B

Changing the shape or morphology... Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?

D- Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the mitochondrial membranes will decrease.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data in the table? In response to the hypotonic environment in which freshwater fish live, they excrete ammonia in concentrated urine or across their gills. A The kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is needed to excrete uric acid. B Birds excrete ammonia in addition to uric acid, and the ratio of the two substances is independent of whether the birds are primarily terrestrial or aquatic species. C The similar regulation of extracellular fluid volume and composition in all the organisms suggests conservation of kidney structure throughout evolution. D

B

Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

B- Golgo apparatus

Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, while fungal walls are composed of chitin.... Which of the following observations would best support the alternative hypothesis described above?

B- In Both plant cells and fungal cells, the cell wall surrounds the outside of the cell membrane.

Cholesterol is an important component of animal cell membranes... Based on the information presented, which of the following is the most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal?

B- The animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis.

Organelles such as mitochondria...Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?

B- They have highly folded membranes.

Which statement best describes the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if the aquaporin in figure ceases to function?

B- Water molecules will move across the membrane but at a slower rate.

Contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of marcomolecules

B-Lysosome

In response to elevated blood glucose levels, beta (β) cells in the pancreas release insulin, a regulatory hormone. Insulin signals body cells to take up glucose from the blood, which returns blood glucose levels back to normal. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that destroys β-cells, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Which of the following modifications to the experimental design would improve the reliability of the results presented in Figure 1 ? Measuring blood glucose levels in human patients who have type 1 diabetes A Measuring blood glucose levels in a group of mice that were not given STZ B Using a drug that destroys both mouse β-cells and hESC-β cells C Injecting the mice in the experiment with sucrose or fructose D

C

When a substance moves across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as facilitated diffusion A osmosis B active transport C pinocytosis D the work of an ion pump

C

A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific (innate) immune response. Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?

C (diagram)

(diagram) Plasma membrane. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel involved in membrane transport?

C- Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement.

If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited?

C- Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient.

Researches claimed that a particular organelle originated from a free-living prokaryotic cell that was engulfed by a larger cell, as shown in figure 1. Which of the following best provides evidence to best support the researchers' claim?

C- The organelle has a double membrane.

A prokaryotic cell has which of the following?

C- plasma membrane

A student formulated a hypothesis that water-soluble pollutants damage living organisms by increasing the permeability of cellular membranes. To test the hypothesis, the student investigated the effect of isopropanol and acetone on beet root cells. The vacuoles of beet root cells contain large amounts of betacyanin, a water-soluble pigment that is released into the extracellular environment as a result of increased membrane permeability. The student prepared identical samples of beet root tissue and incubated each sample for 15 minutes in the specific solution for that group. At the end of the incubation period, the student measured the absorbance of 460 nm light for each sample. A greater concentration of betacyanin in the solution surrounding the beet root cells results in a greater absorbance of 460 nm light. The results of the experiment are shown in the table above. Which of the following is the dependent variable in the experiment? The percent by volume of isopropanol in the treatment solutions A The percent by volume of water in the treatment solutions B The length of time each sample was incubated in the treatment solutions C The absorbance of 460 nm light by the treatment solutions D

D

Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of substances across cell membranes? Ions are unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the phospholipids are hydrophobic. A Ions are able to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the polar head regions of the phospholipids are charged. B Water is able to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the phospholipids are charged. C Water is unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the polar head regions of the phospholipids are charged. D

D

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of intracellular (within the cell) vesicles. Which of the following processes would be blocked?

D- Golgi Complex

In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the Synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following? I. Ribosomes II. Mitochondria III. Chloroplasts

D- II and III only

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?

D- Some organelles contain their own DNA that is more similar to prokaryotic DNA in structure and function than to eukaryotic DNA found in the cell's nucleus.

A human kidney filters about 200 liters of blood each day. If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?

D- The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except

D- nuclear envelope

cell junctions

Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, or organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact

extracellular matrix

The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin because they lack cell walls.

actin filaments

bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell

the nuclear membrane is a .... membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer.

double

Most cells synthesize and secrete materials that are... to the plasma membrane

external

Endromembrane System

is a complex and dynamic player in the cell's compartmental organization.

Integrins

membrane proteins; they transmit signals between the ECM and cytoskeleton

Food vacuoles are formed by

phagocytosis

chloroplasts contain... chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis.

pigment

Peroxisomes

produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water

Cristae present a....for enzymes that synthesize ATP during the process of cellular respiration

surface area