ap bio quiz 7.10-7.11

Some scientists claim that amphibians are currently experiencing a period of mass extinction. Which of the following should be included in an alternative hypothesis that would best support this claim? A The current extinction rate of amphibians compared with the background rate of extinction as determined by the fossil record B The extinction rate of amphibians in the 21st21st century compared with the extinction rate of amphibians during the 20th20th century C The number of species of amphibians currently alive compared with the number of amphibian species known to be extinct D The number of new amphibian species being discovered per year compared with the number of amphibian species becoming extinct during the same time period

A The current extinction rate of amphibians compared with the background rate of extinction as determined by the fossil record

Which of the following best predicts a long-term effect of the differences between the EE and ZZ strains? A The difference between the forms of the sex pheromone 11−TDA11−TDA produced by EE and ZZ strains will act as a prezygotic reproductive barrier leading to sympatric speciation. B The difference between the forms of the sex pheromone 11−TDA11−TDA produced by EE and ZZ strains will act as a postzygotic reproductive barrier, leading to allopatric speciation. C Since the EE and ZZ strains are both part of the same species, they will produce fertile offspring, leading to a single strain that produces both forms of 11−TDA11−TDA. D Since the EE and ZZ strains are found in the same geographic area, they will hybridize, leading to a single strain that produces the dominant form of 11−TDA11−TDA.

A The difference between the forms of the sex pheromone 11−TDA11−TDA produced by EE and ZZ strains will act as a prezygotic reproductive barrier leading to sympatric speciation.

Which of the following is the null hypothesis most relevant for evaluating the data in Table 1 ? A There is no significant difference between the extinction rate of animals between 1950 and 2000 in China and the background extinction rate. B There is no significant difference between the extinction rates of mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles in China. C There is a significant difference between the extinction rate for mammals in China and the background extinction rate for mammals. D Because of climate change, habitat loss, pollution, and excessive exploitation of resources, China experienced a mass extinction event between 1950 and 2000.

A There is no significant difference between the extinction rate of animals between 1950 and 2000 in China and the background extinction rate.

Paleoclimatic analysis has generated a claim that there is a possible correlation between an extinction event around 29 million years ago that allowed grasslands to become abundant and the adaptive radiation of several groups of butterflies. Which of the following proposes the best alternative hypothesis for the claim? A Climate analysis conducted by sampling pollen preserved in amber shows an increase in grass pollen 29 million years ago, but there is no significant difference between speciation rate, as well as species richness with regard to butterflies, before and after 29 million years ago. B Climate analysis conducted by sampling pollen preserved in amber shows an increase in grass pollen 29 million years ago, which indicates there was an increase in grasslands that correlates to an increase in butterfly speciation during the same time period. C There is a correlation between the rapid and wide-ranging decrease

B Climate analysis conducted by sampling pollen preserved in amber shows an increase in grass pollen 29 million years ago, which indicates there was an increase in grasslands that correlates to an increase in butterfly speciation during the same time period.

Which of the following data could best support the claim that species B arose from a speciation event in Lake II? A All of the fish species occupy the same niches in their respective lakes. B DNA analysis shows fewer differences between species A and species B in Lake II than between species B and the populations in Lake IIII. C Species A and species B have similar body shapes due to convergent evolution in their habitats. D Individuals of species A from Lake II can mate and produce viable offspring with individuals of species A from Lake IIII.

B DNA analysis shows fewer differences between species A and species B in Lake II than between species B and the populations in Lake IIII.

Which of the following best describes the cause of the rapid increase in the number of mammalian species between 65 and 55 million years ago? A It took over 100 million years for enough random mutations to occur in the genomes of early mammals to provide the variation needed for the observed speciation. B It took over 100 million years for the early mammals to disperse over a wide enough geographic area to allow allopatric speciation to occur. C After the dinosaur extinction, many ecological niches became available, leading to the adaptive radiation of mammals. D After the dinosaur extinction, mammal population sizes increased, allowing species to become more easily detectable in the fossil record.

C After the dinosaur extinction, many ecological niches became available, leading to the adaptive radiation of mammals.

Which of the following best explains how the ecological conditions are likely to be different in the two models? A In model A the ecological conditions remain unchanged for long periods of time and then change drastically; in model B the ecological conditions change drastically from generation to generation. B In model A the ecological conditions remain unchanged; in model B the ecological conditions change gradually over long periods of time. C In model A the ecological conditions are changing drastically from generation to generation; in model B the ecological conditions remain unchanged. D In model A the ecological conditions change gradually over a long period of time; in model B the ecological conditions remain unchanged for long periods of time and then change drastically.

D In model A the ecological conditions change gradually over a long period of time; in model B the ecological conditions remain unchanged for long periods of time and then change drastically.

Which of the following mechanisms could most likely account for the origin of species BB in Lake II? A Allopatric speciation B Directional selection C Stabilizing selection D Sympatric speciation

D Sympatric speciation

A small number of lizards from a mainland population have been deposited on four isolated islands because of the effects of a rare strong storm. Which of the following best predicts the outcome of these lizards reproducing for many generations on the islands? A Courtship rituals specific to each island lizard species prevent the lizards from interbreeding. B Speciation results from bottleneck events that happened before the ancestral species reached the islands. C The different species that currently exist are the result of hybridization between lizards from different islands. D The isolation prevents gene flow; thus, the lizards on different islands experience prezygotic isolation.

D The isolation prevents gene flow; thus, the lizards on different islands experience prezygotic isolation.