AP Bio Review 2

Based on the tabular data, and assuming that time advances vertically, which cladogram (a type of phylogenetic tree) is the most likely depiction of the evolutionary relationships among these five species?

(E on the longest line, then B, C, D, and A)

In those parts of equatorial Africa where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the b hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool. If the sickle-cell allele is recessive, what proportion of the population should be susceptible to sickle-cell anemia under typical conditions?

0.04

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms are applicable? 1. sympatric species 2. prezygotic isolation 3. postzygotic isolation 4. allopatric species 5. habitat isolation 6. reduced hybrid fertility

1 and 2

On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. If a speciation event occurred on Sao Tomé, producing D. santomea from a parent colony of D. yakuba, then which terms apply? I. macroevolution II allopatric speciation III. sympatric speciation

1 and 3

Figure 26.5. Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are members of a clade called the great apes, which shared a common ancestor about 18 million years ago (Figure 26.4). Gibbons and siamangs comprise a clade called the lesser apes. Tree-branch lengths indicate elapsed time. Which is true of the phylogeny in Figure 26.5? 1.It is rooted. 2.The gibbons and slamangs represent an outgroup of the great apes. 3.Chimps and humans are the closet extant sister taxa depicted here. 4.It is absolute meaning free of error 5. The last common ancestor of the great apes lived about 14 million years ago.

1, 2, 3, and 5

Assuming the existence of fossilized markers for each of the following chemicals, what is the sequence in which they should be found in this sediment core, working from ancient sediments to recent sediments? 1. chitin coupled with protein 2. chlorophyll 3. bone 4. cellulose

2, 4, 1, 3

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.

2, 4, 1, 3

Rank the following from most general to most specific: 1. gametic isolation 2. reproductive isolating mechanism 3. pollen-stigma incompatibility 4. prezygotic isolating mechanism

2, 4, 1, 3

If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has one-sixteenth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old?

22,900

Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be

28

Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend?

3.5 billion years

How many other bands of sea-floor crust in Figure 25.1 have the same magnetic polarity as the crust that directly straddles the rift valley?

4 bands

What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses

4, 1, 3, 2, 5

According to this tree, what percent of the species seem to be extant (in other words, not extinct)? Figure 22.2

66%

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?

9.0

Which extinct species should be the best candidate to serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2 in figure 26.1?

A

Which zone experiences the most abiotic change over a 24 -hour period?

A

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?

A) Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z.

In order for speciation to occur, what must be true?

At least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change.

On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. What is the best way to promote fusion between two related populations of mosquitofish, one of which lives in a predator-rich pond, and the other of which lives in a predator-poor pond?

Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators.

Which climograph shows the climate for location 5?

C

Which zone is comprised largely of detritus-feeding organisms?

C

If a particular marine organism is fossilized in the sediments immediately overlying the igneous rock at the arrow labeled "II," at which other location, labeled A-E, would a search be most likely to find more fossils of this organism?

C only

If a particular marine organism is fossilized in the sediments immediately overlying the igneous rock at the arrow labeled "II," at which other location, labeled A-E, would a search be most likely to find more fossils of this organism? A) B only B) C and D C) C only D) B and C E) D only

C only

If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?

D and F

Pax-6 usually causes the production of a type of light-receptor pigment. In vertebrate eyes, though, a different gene (the rh gene family) is responsible for the light-receptor pigments of the retina. The rh gene, like Pax-6, is ancient. In the marine ragworm, for example, the rh gene causes production of c-opsin, which helps regulate the worm's biological clock. Which of these most likely accounts for vertebrate vision?

During vertebrate evolution, the rh gene for biological clock opsin was co-opted as a gene for visual receptor pigments.

Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, which can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. When this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined, thereby producing a genetically distinctive virus, which can subsequently cause widespread disease. The production of new types of flu virus in the manner described above is most similar to the phenomenon of

Gene flow

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?

Genetic variation among individuals

Several scientific laboratories across the globe are involved in research concerning the origin of life on Earth. Which of these questions is currently the most problematic and would have the greatest impact on our understanding if we were able to answer it?

How did RNA sequences come to carry the code for amino acid sequences?

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life? I. formation of protobionts II. synthesis of organic monomers III. synthesis of organic polymers IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems

II, III, I, IV

Figure 26.2 contrasts the ¨Within the artiodactyls¨ origin of whale lineage with the ¨Without the artiodactyls¨ origin of whale lineage. What can be properly inferred from Figure 26.2?

In the "Without" tree, pigs are more closely related to hippos than are whales.

Which of these four gene parts should allow the construction of the most accurate phylogenetic tree, assuming that this is the only part of the gene that has acted as a reliable molecular clock?

Intron VI

How many of the following statements concerning the loss of hind limbs during whale evolution are true? 1. It is well documented by a series of transitional fossils. 2. It explains why modern whales have vestigial pelvic girdles. 3. It involved changes in the sequence or expression of Hox genes. 4. It is an example of macroevolution. 5. It, and the loss of limbs by snakes, are an example of similar adaptations to a similar environment.

It is an example of macroevolution

One morphological feature of modern cetaceans is a vestigial pelvic girdle. If it is determined that cetacean lineage diverged from the artiodactyls' lineage after the divergence of pigs and other artiodactyla, then what should be true of the vestigial pelvic girdle of cetaceans?

It should be considered a shared derived character of the cetaceans

Imagine that a deep temperate zone lake did not "turn over" during the spring and fall seasons. Based on the physical and biological properties of limnetic ecosystems, what would be the difference from normal seasonal turnover?

Lakes would suffer a nutrient depletion in surface layers.

The major evolutionary episode corresponding most closely in time with the formation of Pangaea was the

Permian extinctions

Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient proteobacterium cyanobacterium?

Plantae

Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.

Which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic, and therefore unacceptable, based on cladistics?

Protista

The growing season would generally be shortest in which of the following biomes?

Taiga

In which community would organisms most likely have adaptations enabling them to respond to different photoperiods?

Temperate Forest

Which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants and animals?

Temperature

Which of the following statements most detracts from the claim that the human appendix is a completely vestigial organ?

The appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue.

The oxygen revolution changed Earth´s enviornment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?

The evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules

Which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes?

The oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes.

An organism has a relatively large number of Hox genes in its genome. Which of the following is true of this organism?

The organism has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy.

HIV's genome of RNA includes the code for reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme that acts early in infection to synthesize a DNA genome off of an RNA template. The HIV genome also codes for protease (PR), an enzyme that acts later in infection by cutting long viral polyproteins into smaller, functional proteins. Both RT and PR represent potential targets for antiretroviral drugs. Drugs called nucleoside analogs (NA) act against RT, whereas drugs called protease inhibitors (PI) act against PR. In a hypothetical population's gene pool, an autosomal gene, which had previously been fixed, undergoes a mutation that introduces a new allele, one inherited according to incomplete dominance. Natural selection then causes stabilizing selection at this locus. Consequently, what should happen over the course of many generations?

The proportions of both types of homozygote should decrease.

Which of the following best substantiates why location 3 is an equatorial (tropical) climate?

The temperature is high for each monthly average

Which portion of Figure 26.4 may ultimately be better depicted as a ¨ring¨?

The trunk of the tree

About 13 different species of finches inhabit the Galápagos Islands today, all descendants of a common ancestor from the South American mainland that arrived a few million years ago. Genetically, there are four distinct lineages, but the 13 species are currently classified among three genera. The first lineage to diverge from the ancestral lineage was the warbler finch (genus Certhidea). Next to diverge was the vegetarian finch (genus Camarhynchus), followed by five tree finch species (also in genus Camarhynchus) and six ground finch species (genus Geospiza). If the six ground finch species have evolved most recently, then which of these is the most logical prediction?

Their genomes should be more similar to each other than are the genomes of the five tree finch species.

If one organ is an exaptation of another organ, then what must be true of these two organs?

They are both homologous organs.

The next few questions refer to the following evolutionary tree, whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and whose vertical axis represents morphological change. Which of these five species is the extant (i.e., not extinct) species that is most closely related to species X, and why is this so?

V; shared a common ancestor with X most recently

Which of the five common ancestors, labeled V-Z, has been least successful in terms of the percent of its derived species that are extant? Figure 22.2

W

Charles Darwin was the first person to propose

a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence.

If two continents converge and are united, then the collision should cause

a net loss of intertidal zone and coastal habitat

The most important feature that permits a gene tp act as a molecular clock is

a reliable average rate of mutation

In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is

a shared ancestral character

Which of the following is a defining characteristic that all protobionts had in common?

a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure

Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon?

a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation

Which marine zone would have the lowest rates of primary productivity (photosynthesis)?

abyssal

A hybrid zone is properly defined as

an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring.

Evolution A. must happen whenever a population is not well-adapted to its environment. B. must happen, due to organisms' innate desire to survive. C. requires that populations become better suited to their environments. D. can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met.

an happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met.

The first genes on Earth were probably

auto-catalytic RNA molecules.

Which of these fly organs, as they exist in current fly populations, best fits the description of an exaptation?

balancing organs

On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. Which type of reproductive isolation operates to keep the mosquitofish isolated, even when fish from different ponds are reunited in the same body of water?

behavioral isolation

Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?

biological

If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum?

c

If a meteor impact or volcanic eruption injected a lot of dust into the atmosphere and reduced the sunlight reaching Earth's surface by 70% for one year, which of the following marine communities most likely would be least affected?

deep-sea vent

Deserts typically occur in a band at 20 degrees north and south latitude because

descending air masses tend to be cool and dry

Which of the following is most likely to produce an African butterfly species in the wild whose members have one of two strikingly different color patterns?

disruptive selection

Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?

ecosystem, community, population, individual

A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy. The evolution of the swim bladder from lungs of an ancestral fish is an example of

exaptation

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of Cuvier's consideration of fossils found in the vicinity of Paris?

extinction of species yes; evolution of new species no

Which of the following has not yet be accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life?

formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids

Which of the following steps has not yet been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life?

formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids

Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than 1 million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by

founder effect

Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing

gene flow

Which of these should decline in hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring?

gene flow between distinct gene pools

If the original finches that had been blown over to the Galápagos from South America had already been genetically different from the parental population of South American finches, even before adapting to the Galápagos, this would have been an example of

genetic drift and founder´s effect

In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female space colonists (all unrelated to each other) settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations. All ten of the original colonists had free earlobes, and two were heterozygous for that trait. The allele for free earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes. If four of the original colonists died before they produced offspring, the ratios of genotypes could be quite different in the subsequent generations. This would be an example of

genetic drift.

There are currently two large, permanent bridges that span the Panama Canal. The bridges are about 8 miles apart. If snapping shrimp avoid swimming at night and avoid swimming under shadows, then what do these bridges represent for the snapping shrimp?

geographical barriers

An organism has a relatively large number of Hox genes in its genome. Which of the following is true of this organism?

has a relatively complex anatomy

As climate changes because of global warming, species' ranges in the northern hemisphere may move northward, using effective reproductive adaptations to disperse their seeds. The trees that are most likely to avoid extinction in such an environment are those that

have seeds that are easily dispersed by wind or animals

The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is

having a reliable average rate of mutation.

According to the punctuated equilibria model,

most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species.

Certain proteins of the complex motor that drives bacterial flagella are modified versions of protins that had previously belonged to plasma membrane pumps. This evidence supports the claim that

natural selection can produce new structures by coupling together parts of other structures

Certain proteins of the complex motor that drives bacterial flagella are modified versions of proteins that had previously belonged to plasma membrane pumps. This evidence supports the claim that

natural selection can produce new structures by coupling together parts of other structures.

Bagworm moth caterpillars feed on evergreens and carry a silken case or bag around with them in which they eventually pupate. Adult female bagworm moths are larval in appearance; they lack the wings and other structures of the adult male and instead retain the appearance of a caterpillar even though they are sexually mature and can lay eggs within the bag. This is a good example of

paedomorphosis

Which of the following items does not necessarily exist in a simple linear relationship with the number of gene-duplication events when placed as the label on the vertical axis of the following graph?

phenotypic complexity

The best classification system is that which most closely

reflects evolutionary history

When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification?

shared derived characters

The loss of ventral spines by modern freshwater sticklebacks is due to natural selection operating on the phenotypic effects of Pitx1 gene

silencing (loss of expression)

The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?

the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules

Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of

the fossil record

In the development of terrestrial biomes, which factor is most dependent on all the others?

the species of colonizing animals

In order to assign absolute dates to fossils in this sediment core, it would be most helpful if

volcanic ash layers were regularly interspersed between the sedimentary strata

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

wolf