AP Bio Test 1

chitin

a structural polysaccharide in insects/crabs/lobster exoskeletons

competitive inhibitor

active site

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are..

all polymers of glucose.

monomer

amino aid

unsaturated fats

bent tails, not tightly packed, liquid at room temp, heart healthy

functions of this class of molecules include immediate energy, energy transport, energy storage, structural; formulas are often multiples of CH2O

carbohydrates

fat

glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails

Animals store glucose in the form of

glycogen

In a DNA molecule, what holds together nitrogenous bases from the two polymer chains?

hydrogen bonds

molecules in this class are grouped together because they are non polar and hydrophobic

lipids

activation energy

lower Ea to get the reaction started at a faster rate

glucose

monomer used to build starch, cellulose, glycogen

Glucose is a

monosaccharide

non competitive inhibitor

not on active site

these molecules store and transmit information

nucleic acids

In the formation of a macromolecule, what type of bond would join two amino acid subunits?

peptide bond

Nucleic acids are chains of 5-carbon sugars linked by ____ bonds with an organic base protruding from each sugar.

phosphodiester

phospholipids

polar head (hydrophilic), 2 non polar tails (hydrophobic)

starch

polymer of glucose (plants)

polymer

polypeptide

cellulose

polysaccharide of glucose structural component of cell wall

insulin

protein hormone secreted by the pancreas

built from 20 different amino acids

proteins

There are several levels of protein structure, the most complex of which is

quaternary

Assuming they all had the same number of carbon atoms, which of the following has the most C-H bonds?

saturated

An α helix is an example of which level of protein structure?

secondary

saturated fats

straight tails, tightly packed, solid at room temp, not heart healthy

nucleic acids

tell us how to arrange the amino acids

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called the

tertiary structure

What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?

the bond between two subunits of a macromolecule is broken

Why is cellulose so difficult for most animals to digest?

they don't have the proper enzyme to break the bonds between subunits

active site

where substrate enters

disaccharide

2 sugars ex.sucrose

steroids

4 fused rings of carbon with different functional groups attached

Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is not true? A) Monomers of carbohydrates have six carbon atoms. B) Monomers of carbohydrates are linked together during dehydration. C) Carbohydrates are energy storage molecules. D) None of the above

A) Monomers of carbohydrates have six carbon atoms.

What would you expect to be true of the R groups of amino acids located on the surface of protein molecules found within the interior of biological membranes? A) The R groups would be hydrophobic. B) The R groups would be hydrophilic. C) The R groups would be polar . D) The R groups would be able to form disulfide.

A) The R groups would be hydrophobic.

Cellulose and starch are composed of the same monomers. Which of the following results in their being structurally and functionally different? A) They have different types of glycosidic linkages. B) They have different numbers of glucose monomers. C) They are held together by different bond types. D) None of the above

A)They have different types of glycosidic linkages.

Amino acids are linked together into proteins by which of the following bond types? A) Noncovalent bonds B) Peptide bonds C) Phosphodiester bonds D) Both a and b

B)Peptide bonds

DNA utilizes the bases guanine, cytosine, thymine, and adenine. In RNA, _______ is replaced by _______. A) adenine; arginine B) thymine; uracil C) cytosine; uracil D) cytosine; arginine

B)thymine; uracil

Elements in Carbs

C H O

Elements in Lipids

C H O

Elements in Nucleic Acids

C H O N P

Elements in Proteins

C H O N S

What characteristic of phospholipids allows them to form a bilayer? A) They have a hydrophilic fatty acid tail. B) They have a hydrophobic head. C) They have a hydrophobic fatty acid tail. D) All of the above

C) They have a hydrophobic fatty acid tail.

The double helix formation of DNA is due to _______. A) ionic bonds B) covalent bonds C) hydrogen bonds D) hydrophobic side chains

C) hydrogen bonds

Which of the following characteristics differentiate carbohydrates from other macromolecule types? A) Carbohydrates are constructed of monomers that always have a ring structure. B) Carbohydrates never contain nitrogen. C) Carbohydrates consist of a carbon bonded to hydrogen and a hydroxyl group. D) None of the above

C)Carbohydrates consist of a carbon bonded to hydrogen and a hydroxyl group.

Complex carbohydrates should be a mainstay of your diet. What properties make them excellent food sources?

Complex carbohydrates are easily broken down into glucose monomers, which provide nearly all cellular energy. By storing glucose monomers in large carbohydrates, the osmotic strain on any given cell is reduced without sacrificing availability of energy.

Which of the following statements concerning polymers is not true? A) Polymers are synthesized from monomers during condensation. B) Polymers are synthesized from monomers during dehydration. C) Polymers consist of at least two types of monomers. D) Both b and c

D) Both b and c

You have isolated a monomer with the following components: a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. Polymers synthesized from this monomer belong to what class of macromolecule? A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Protein D) Nucleic acid

D)Nucleic acid

Double helix describes the structure of a molecule of

DNA

You are a biochemist and have recently discovered a new macromolecule. Studies of the bond types found in this macromolecule reveal many hydrogen bonds and peptide bonds. You most likely have found what type of macromolecule?

Protein

Amino acid R groups have a variety of chemical properties. How do these different properties contribute to the final three-dimensional shape of the molecule?

The size of the R group, the charge of the R group, and any special binding properties all contribute to the final orientation of a protein molecule.

hemoglobin

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through RBCs

In the formation of a macromolecule, what type of reaction would join two subunits together?

dehydration reaction

glycogen

energy storage in muscle and liver cells (animals)